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Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (The Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea)

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Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (The Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea) Seventeenth century 1629 At the Yenisei Voivodes’ House “The Inventory of the Lena, the Great River” was compiled and it reads that “the Lena River flows into the sea with its mouth.” 1633 The armed forces of Yenisei Cossacks, headed by Postnik, Ivanov, Gubar, and M. Stadukhin, arrived at the lower reaches of the Lena River. The Tobolsk Cossack, Ivan Rebrov, was the first to reach the mouth of Lena, departing from Yakutsk. He discovered the Olenekskiy Zaliv. 1638 The first Russian march toward the Pacific Ocean from the upper reaches of the Aldan River with the departure from the Butalskiy stockade fort was headed by Ivan Yuriev Moskvitin, a Cossack from Tomsk. Ivan Rebrov discovered the Yana Bay. He Departed from the Yana River, reached the Indigirka River by sea, and built two stockade forts there. 1641 The Cossack foreman, Mikhail Stadukhin, was sent to the Kolyma River. 1642 The Krasnoyarsk Cossack, Ivan Erastov, went down the Indigirka River up to its mouth and by sea reached the mouth of the Alazeya River, being the first one at this river and the first one to deliver the information about the Chukchi. 1643 Cossacks F. Chukichev, T. Alekseev, I. Erastov, and others accomplished the sea crossing from the mouth of the Alazeya River to the Lena. M. Stadukhin and D. Yarila (Zyryan) arrived at the Kolyma River and founded the Nizhnekolymskiy stockade fort on its bank. 1644 The beginning of mass sea marches of merchants and tradesmen from the Lena River to the Kolyma River and back. 1645 The first attempt to travel from the Kolyma River to the delta of the Anadyr River was undertaken by F. A. Alekseev (Popov) and S. I. Dezhnev. 1647 Departing from the delta of the Kolyma River, S. I. Dezhnev, F. A. Alekseev (Popov), G. Ankudinov, and others went around the Chukotski (Chukchi) Peninsula by “kochi,” one-mast sail-rowing boats and entered the Pacific Ocean, providing the proof of the existence of the channel separating Asia from America (the Bering Strait). F. A. Alekseev perished. The results of the expedition were unknown for a long time. The announcement of this discovery was not published until 1758. 1650 Yuri Seliverstov, a soldier, was sent from Yakutsk to the Novosibirsk Islands. 1652 Ivan Rebrov was sent to explore the territories to the north of the delta of the river Yana. 1687 The voivode Musin-Pushkin reported to Jesuit Philippe P. Avril about an island opposite the delta of the Kolyma River. (continued) # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 375 I.S. Zonn et al., The Eastern Arctic Seas Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Seas, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24237-8 376 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic Eighteenth century 1702 M. Nasedkin, a manufacturer, undertaking a sea voyage from the Kolyma River to Indigirka River, saw an island, which according to the local inhabitants constituted a part of America. 1705 Y. Permyakov discovered Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island during his navigation from the Lena River to the Kolyma River. 1711 The Siberian governor M. P. Gagarin assigned a Cossack V. Stadukhin to explore the territory to the north of the Kolyma River. It was not performed due to the ice condition. The Russian Cossack Petr Popov departed from the Anadyr stockade town to the east of Chukotka expecting to reach the islands of the Bering Strait. 1714 G. Kuzyakov under the authority of the Siberian governor M. P. Gagarin made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the Medvezhyi Islands (the Bear Islands). 1715 The Cossack A. Markov departed from the delta of the Yana River directly to the north, with a detachment using draft dogs. Although they proceeded for 7 days, they failed to approach the dry land. 1716 Johann Goman published “The World Atlas” in Nuremberg where the channel between Asia and America was called “Deschnews Strasse” (“The Dezhnev Strait”) on the map of the world. 1716–1719 Colonel Y. Elchin’s expedition was supplied for the exploration of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the neighboring territories. It was known as “The Bolshoy Kamchatskiy Naryad.” For a number of reasons, the expedition was not successful. 1720 I. Vilegin, a manufacturer, departing from the delta of the Kolyma River, managed to reach the Medvezhyi Islands by ice. 1720–1721 An expedition to search a sea passage from the delta of the Ob River to the east was supplied. The land surveyor P. I. Chichagov and the merchant Miller took part in it. 1724 Peter the Great signed the decree about the organization of the First Kamchatka Expedition. Captain V. I. Bering was put in charge of it and A. I. Chirikov and M. P. Shpanberg were appointed his mates. The Secretary of the Senate I. K. Kirillov compiled a handwritten “Map of the Geographical Part of the Far-Eastern Siberia and Tartar and also the New Lands of Kamchatka and Japan Islands...” where the latest Russian discoveries were represented. For the compilation of his map, the author of the first geographical atlas in Russia I. I. Kirillov used the map of I. M. Evreinov, a land surveyor and cartographer, who was sent to a confidential expedition aimed at determining the existence of a channel between Asia and America and who provided the map of Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands. 1732 The Empress Anna Ioanovna signed the decree about sending the Second Kamchatka Expedition headed by Captain-Commander V. Bering (the First Academic or the Great Northern Expedition). 1733–1743 The Great Northern Expedition on northern Eurasian shores investigation. 1735 The boat “Irkutsk” under the command of the major-lieutenant Peter Lassinius, appointed by Vitus Bering, entered the Laptev Sea from the Lena River through the Bykovskiy Channel and went to the east in the direction of Svyatoy Nos Cape. 1741–1742 The Lena- Khatanga detachment of the Great Northern Expedition performed terrestrial operations aimed at describing the coastal line of the Taymyr Peninsula. During these operations the navigator S. I. Chelyuskin reached the terminal northern point of the Eurasia continent. 1753 The Senate lifted the ban which was imposed in 1704, thus permitting free navigation from the Pomorye to the rivers Ob and Taz. 1755 The Siberian tradesmen I. Bakhov and N. P. Shalaurov obtained the permission of the Senate to go around the Chukotskiy Nos in the direction of Kamchatka, with the departure from the Lena River, by their own boat. 1757 The expedition of I. Bakhov and N. P. Shalaurov started the navigation and reached the Yana River, with three breaks for winter stays on the way. Here, I. Bakhov left the crew. 1760 The Siberian governor F. I. Soymonov assigned Colonel F. K. Plenisner, the head of the Okhotsky and Kamchatskiy Districts, to explore the territories to the north of the delta of the Kolyma River and lying opposite the entire coastline of Chukotka. 1761 N. P. Shalaurov, with a new crew of the expedition, started the navigation from the delta of the Yana River. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic 377 1762 N. P. Shalaurov, who was a merchant from Veliky Ustyug, conducted the first exploration of the Chaunskaya (Chaun) Bay. 1763 Colonel F. K. Plenisner sent a detachment under the command of Sergeant S. Andreev to the Medvezhyi Islands (the Bear Islands). F. K. Plenisner compiled the first map of the Medvezhyi Islands, based on the data provided by S. Andreev, where he gave the islands their actual name. 1764 N. P. Shalaurov exited the delta of the Kolyma River to the open sea and never returned. S. Andreev was sent to the Medvezhyi Islands for the second time. He saw the sixth island to the northwest of the Medvezhyi Islands, but was unable to reach it. 1770 The Yakutsk merchant I. Lyakhov performed a sledge crossing on the ice of the Laptev Sea and discovered two unknown islands, which he reported to St. Petersburg. The islands were called the Lyakhovsky (Ostrova) Islands. 1773 I. Lyakhov, together with I. Protodyakonov, another merchant from Yakutsk, discovered an island which was called Kotelnyi, Novosibirskiye Islands. 1775–1778 S. Khvoynov described and mapped the Lyakhovsky Islands. 1778 The westernmost point of the American continent was named Cape Prince of Wales by Captain James Cook. 1785–1792 The expedition of I. I. Billings and G. A. Sarychev produced a description of the Commander Islands, the Aleutian (Aleutskiy) Islands, Pribilof Island, St. Lawrence Island, St. Mathew’s Island, Gvozdev Island, and the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the northwest of America. 1787 The northeastern geography and astronomy sea expedition under the command of I. Billings entered the open sea from Nizhnekolymsk and reached the 11-mile point to the east of Cape Bolshoy Baranov along the northern coast of Chukotka, but was forced to return due to the impassable ice. 1800 Y. Sannikov, the foreman of the merchant Lyakhov’s artel, discovered an island, which he named Stolbovoy, Lyakhov’s Islands. Nineteenth century 1803–1829 A number of separate reconnoitering maritime descriptions of the eastern coastline of the Kamchatka and Chukotka peninsulas, the western coastline of North America, and the Aleutian Islands were made during the circumnavigations and semi-circumnavigations by sailboats, the Russian fleet vessels, and the vessels of the Russian-American Company under the leadership of Y. F. Lisyanskiy (1803–1806), O. E. Kotzebue (1815–1818), V. M. Golovnin (1817–1819), M.
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