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UNKNOWN WATERS Unknown Waters A Firsthand Account of the Historic Under- Ice Survey of the Siberian Continental Shelf by USS Queenfi sh (SSN-651) Alfred S. McLaren Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.) With a foreword by Captain William R. Anderson, U.S. Navy (Ret.) THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS Tuscaloosa Copyright © 2008 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Typeface: AGaramond ∞ The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences- Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data McLaren, Alfred Scott. Unknown waters : a fi rsthand account of the historic under- ice survey of the Siberian continental shelf by USS Queenfi sh / Alfred S. McLaren, Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.) ; with a foreword by Captain William R. Anderson, U.S. Navy (Ret.). p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8173-1602-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8173-8006-9 (electronic) 1. Queenfi sh (Submarine) 2. McLaren, Alfred Scott. 3. Arctic regions— Discovery and exploration— American. 4. Continental shelf— Arctic regions. 5. Continental shelf— Russia (Federation)—Siberia. 6. Underwater exploration— Arctic Ocean. I. Title. II. Title: Firsthand account of the historic under- ice survey of the Siberian continental shelf by USS Queenfi sh. VA65.Q44M33 2008 359.9′330973—dc22 2007032113 All chartlets were taken from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), Research Publication RP-2, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado USA 80305, 2004. The IBCAO chart is in the public domain and not protected by copyright. To Vice Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, U.S. Navy, and Waldo K. Lyon, Ph.D.— Pioneers, Patriots, Visionaries Contents List of Illustrations ix Foreword by Captain William R. Anderson, U.S. Navy (Ret.) xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi 1. Man Overboard! 1 2. Becoming a Submarine Offi cer 5 3. The Advent of the True Arctic Submarine 12 4. Construction and Commissioning of USS Queenfi sh (SSN-651) 22 5. The First Arctic Test of Queenfi sh: The Davis Strait Marginal Sea- Ice Operation 32 6. Prospective Commanding Offi cer Training for Submarine Command 37 7. Taking Command of Queenfi sh 45 8. Mission Underway: En Route to the Arctic at Last 48 9. A Brief on the Arctic Ocean and Siberian Continental Shelf 60 10. Through the Bering Strait and into the Chukchi Sea 68 11. First Surfacings in the Arctic Ocean: En Route to the Geographic North Pole 88 12. Exploring the Nansen Cordillera for Volcanic Activity 113 13. The Northeast Passage and the Development of the Northern Sea Route 117 14. To Severnaya Zemlya and the Beginning of the Shelf Survey 123 viii / Contents 15. The East Coast of Severnaya Zemlya and the Vilkitsky Strait 132 16. Alteration of the Survey Plan in the Shallow Laptev Sea 145 17. Northward around the New Siberian Islands 157 18. The Even Shallower East Siberian Sea 170 19. Return to Survey the Northwestern Chukchi Sea 181 20. Nome and the Long Journey Home 191 Epilogue 198 Appendix 205 Notes 209 Glossary 221 Bibliography 229 Index 233 Illustrations Figures P.1. USS Queenfi sh cachet/ insignia xviii P.2. Graphic of USS Queenfi sh’s route through the Arctic Basin xix 2.1. Hyman G. Rickover 7 2.2. Alfred S. McLaren 11 3.1. Artist’s concept of USS Nautilus during 1958 transpolar voyage 16 3.2. Waldo K. Lyon and William R. Anderson on USS Nautilus 17 3.3. USS Skate 18 3.4. USS Sargo 19 4.1. Launch of USS Queenfi sh 25 5.1. Schematic of USS Queenfi sh 33 8.1. USS Queenfi sh, Dabob Bay, Washington 50 8.2. Loading stores on board USS Queenfi sh at Dabob Bay, Washington 51 8.3. USS Queenfi sh control panel and diving station 53 8.4. Bird’s- eye view of special electronics equipment 54 8.5. Toby G. Warson, Jack B. Patterson, and Grant H. Youngman 57 8.6. Toby G. Warson briefi ng wardroom offi cers 58 9.1. General bathymetry of the Arctic Basin 61 9.2. Graphic of typical maximum Arctic pack ice and marginal sea ice 65 x / Illustrations 9.3. Richard J. Boyle 66 9.4. M. Allan Beal 67 10.1. Satellite view of Bering Strait 69 10.2. Artist’s conception of USS Queenfi sh 74 10.3. Iceberg detector presentation of deep- draft ice 74 10.4. Path of iceberg detector acoustic rays under ideal acoustic conditions 75 10.5. Path of iceberg detector acoustic rays in Chukchi Sea 76 10.6. Karl Thomas (Tom) Hoepfner 77 10.7. Artist’s concept of USS Queenfi sh hugging bottom 77 10.8. Edge of Arctic ice pack in Chukchi Sea 83 11.1. Typical surface of Arctic ice pack 90 11.2. Artist’s concept of Queenfi sh’s maneuvers 90 11.3. Clarence F. Williams and Alfred S. McLaren 94 11.4. Polar bear watch 95 11.5. Ralph E. Beedle and Alfred S. McLaren 96 11.6. Ice island on horizon 102 11.7. Top sounder recording 103 11.8. Alfred S. McLaren on bridge 106 11.9. Alfred S. McLaren and Santa Claus (Jack B. Patterson) 107 11.10. USS Queenfi sh at North Pole 108 11.11. USS Queenfi sh at North Pole with hull number pasted on sail 108 11.12. Alfred S. McLaren holding Hawaiian state fl ag 109 11.13. Toby G. Warson in scuba gear 110 11.14. Underside of Arctic ice pack at North Pole 111 11.15. USS Queenfi sh on surface at North Pole just prior to departing for Nansen Cordillera and Siberian shelf 111 15.1. Satellite view of Severnaya Zemlya and western Laptev Sea 134 15.2. Water column layers of different salinity/ density in Laptev Sea 137 15.3. Periscope view of glaciers on October Revolution Island 139 15.4. Periscope view of iceberg in Laptev Sea 139 16.1. Artist’s concept of USS Queenfi sh hugging bottom in Laptev Sea 146 16.2. Clarence F. Williams checking depth of water 148 16.3. Satellite view of Laptev and East Siberian seas 149 Illustrations / xi 17.1. Alfred S. McLaren on periscope 158 17.2. Female polar bear 159 17.3. Three polar bears near Queenfi sh periscope 160 18.1. Artist’s concept of USS Queenfi sh passing over ice scour 174 19.1. Satellite view of Wrangel Island, eastern East Siberian Sea, and northwestern Chukchi Sea 182 19.2. Last look at southern edge of Arctic ice pack 189 20.1. USS Queenfi sh returns to Pearl Harbor 196 E.1. Alfred S. McLaren receiving second Legion of Merit 199 Chartlets 9.1 Arctic Ocean 62 9.2 Siberian continental shelf 63 10.1 Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea 71 11.1 Northeastern edge of Chukchi Sea to latitude 80° north 89 11.2 Latitude 80° north to North Pole 99 12.1 North Pole to Nansen Cordillera 114 14.1 North Pole to Severnaya Zemlya 124 15.1 Severnaya Zemlya 133 16.1 Laptev Sea 146 17.1 New Siberian Islands 162 18.1 East Siberian Sea 171 19.1 Northwestern Chukchi Sea to Bering Strait 184 Foreword Vice Admiral John Nicholson, U.S. Navy (Ret.), once observed that, whereas con- trol of the seas generally required a combination of surface ships, submarines, and aircraft, control of the Arctic Ocean could come only through the nuclear- powered submarine. Nicholson, a true pioneer of Arctic submarining, knows by his own ex- perience that true control can come only through exploration and mapping of un- charted waters under the ice spread across the Arctic. The most diffi cult and haz- ardous area of Arctic ice to explore is the shallow waters of the continental shelf north of Siberia, and that is exactly what this fascinating book is about. It is the true story of Captain Fred McLaren and his offi cers and crew of the nuclear sub- marine USS Queenfi sh (SSN-651), who made, through every conceivable hazard of ice and seafl oor, history’s fi rst survey of that remote and important region. Although six times the size of the Mediterranean Sea, the Arctic Ocean is the world’s smallest ocean and remains to this day the least understood and charted. Before hearing my own siren song of the Arctic, I visualized the region at the top of the world in terms of a lot of ice and snow. This is true, but the more important fact is that the ocean supports much of that ice and snow. Because ocean waters are on the move, the ice fl oating on top is also on the move— constantly shifting and heaving great pieces of ice one on another. This action creates pressure ridges: high ice projections on top of the ice and deep ice keels below the water surface. Even on tried- and-true routes, one must realize that the only thing predictable about sea ice is its unpredictability. A submarine exploring a new route can fi nd itself in shallow water due to a rapidly shoaling seabed or face to face with an underwater moun- xiv / Foreword tain peak. Throw in the possibility of encountering an iceberg, and the under water picture becomes quite crowded with hazards. For example, Queenfi sh encountered ice keels projecting more than one hundred feet below the ocean’s surface. Such en- counters were more likely to occur in missions such as mine and Fred McLaren’s, where the main point of exploration was to gather information on these uncharted parts of the globe.
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  • Introduction to Picor-Ice SNAME Presentation Notes Slide 1 – Title Thank You, SNAME Arctic, for Your Kind Invitation to Speak

    Introduction to Picor-Ice SNAME Presentation Notes Slide 1 – Title Thank You, SNAME Arctic, for Your Kind Invitation to Speak

    Introduction to PicoR-Ice SNAME Presentation Notes Slide 1 – Title Thank you, SNAME Arctic, for your kind invitation to speak. This goes back to an excellent presentation earlier in the year (2018) by Bruce Calderbank on ice- related marine casualties in Canada. I asked if a blatant commercial presentation might be in order. Following last month’s update on the Arktos evacuation vehicle, the chairman invited me to deliver today’s presentation on PicoR-Ice. Thank you again. Slide 2 – The PicoR-Ice System PicoR-Ice is a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), the same technology you see on cable TV documentaries of treasure hunts and archaeological digs. But PicoR- Ice focuses on ice and snow thickness measurements. It is “non-invasive,” reducing need for drilling in ice. It processes radar returns and displays the underfoot reflection pattern instantly. And the entire system fits in a very manageable carrying bag, seen here on my back deck table with a standard champagne bottle for scale. Slide 3 – System Spec Sheet We have an engineering audience here today and so the system specifications are essential. A few highlights. Optimum ice thickness measurement down to 2 metres underfoot; snow layer thickness to 3 metres. Accurate to 2-3 cm. Transmission frequency of 1700 MHz trades off depth of penetration for increased resolution, important for operational underfoot thickness calculations. 30 to 60 pulses per second. When running vehicle-based survey, maximum vehicle speed of 40 km/h. The sensing technology is enclosed in a rugged and compact transmit-receive package (show actual module to audience).