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Oliver Cromwell Cromwell's Custom, Statutes, Episcopacy, Monarchy, Church lands and tithes, the Ship of State safely through trials and tribulations, till it has Nobility and the House of Lords, and ‘gaine’, symbolised by a pile now come to rest in the sunny uplands of divine favour. Somewhat of coin; it excretes ‘The Fruits of a Commonwealth’, identified as more puzzling, even sinister, is the third scene, the Sacrifice of ‘Taxes’, ‘Excise’, ‘monthly Assesments’, ‘Liberties’, ‘Loan mony’, Isaac, with Abraham’s sword poised about to de-capitate the boy; ‘Oaths of Covenants’, ‘Ingagements’ and ‘Abjuration’, while the surely this cannot allude to the king’s beheading? common people are bound within the chain that forms the The bottom of the sheet is filled with several emblematic dragon’s tail, ironically exclaiming ‘O wonderfull Reformation’. scenes of peace and prosperity (left) and machinations against The book includes a second frontispiece, the reduced version of the state (right). A shepherd pipes to his sheep beneath another the frontispiece to Quarles’s Shepherds Eclogues (1645), described punning olive tree, labelled ‘Oliva Pacis’ (‘the olive of peace’, but above. also, ‘Oliver’s peace’), and the Isaian prophecy ‘They shall beat their Speares into Pruneing-hooks And their Swords into Plow- shears’ is literally enacted in two further miniature scenes. Interesting is the last of these peaceful emblems, the war helmet Oliver Cromwell that has become used as a hive by bees; already 150 years old Just as contemporaries do not seem to have gone overboard in by this date, it first appears in England in Whitney’s A Choice producing dramatic and horrific images of the beheading of King of Emblemes (1586), but there derives from Alciati’s original Charles i at the Restoration, neither do they seem to have gone in emblem book of 1531. Closer in date to Faithorne’s print of for pictorial demonisation and vilification of the man who Cromwell, it had also appeared in Wither’s Collection of Em- supplanted him.57 Although the woodcut-illustrated sheet The blemes (1635), the plates for which (engraved by Crispijn de True Emblem of Antichrist (held uniquely in the British Museum’s Passe) had been first used to illustrate Rollenhagen’s Nucleus Department of Prints and Drawings) – the text of which seems to Emblematum (Arnhem, 1611). imply that Cromwell is dead (d. 1658) – sounds alarming in its In the bottom right-hand corner of the sheet two bonneted portrayal of him as ‘the Chief Head of the Fanaticks and their Jesuits are depicted, one carrying a dark lantern, a man with Vices Supported by Devils’, it is merely a schematic ‘genealogy’, bellows trying to set light to barrels of gunpowder, and a pair of with a small portrait bust of Oliver at its head, literally supported foxes yoked by the tails about to fire a cornfield (these last not in by two winged devils. He is styled ‘Anti-christ Pontiff of Hell’, and Barlow’s preparatory drawing), some of which imagery recurs a his hand is joined in the marriage-clasp with ‘Pride Daughter of few years later in Pyrotechnica Loyolana, Ignatian fireworks Ignorance’, who, the inscriptions go on to say, ‘begot Hereticks (1667), which is discussed in Chapter Five. A gallows with noose Blasphemers Atheists’ and a host of contemporary sects. is labelled ‘Proditorum finis funis’ (The rope is the end of traitors). At any rate, it is a very different image from Faithorne’s The gunpowder is placed within a cavern of the rock on which engraving after Barlow’s drawing of Cromwell in Glory, against a the right-hand pillar featuring the representations of England, background of emblems, in a superb large sheet entitled The Scotland and Ireland stands, and is also attacked by a number of Embleme of Englands Distractions As also of her attained, and men (one with a ?fox’s head, punning perhaps on Fawkes) further expected Freedome, & Happiness Per H M 1658 wielding pickaxes – literal attempts to undermine the state, (pl. 4.17).58 Oliver stands holding a sword piercing three crowns presumably. The final scene, which remains mysterious to me, is upraised in one hand, an open book in the other, and tramples with of three rustics, one with pitchfork, approaching a small copse at one foot between the bare breasts of the prostrate Whore of the foot of the same rock.59 Ironically, in the fifth state of the plate Babylon, who pours the contents of her ‘cup of abominations’ over (1690), the head is changed to that of William of Orange, while a hydra-headed serpent labelled ‘Error’ and ‘Faction’, which his the head of Queen Mary tops the left-hand pillar.60 other foot pins to the ground. Above his head are the dove bearing the olive branch of peace (and punning on his name), and a glory, cromwell’s car indicating divine approval. He stands, himself a pillar of the state, like a latter-day Hercules between two columns, on one of which John Nalson’s A true copy of the journal of the High Court of allegorical figures representing England, Ireland and Scotland offer Justice, for the tryal of K. Charles I (1684) is prefaced by a him laurel wreaths, while the other is composed of the fundam- frontispiece engraving of Cromwell being driven in a triumphal entals of English civil society, Magna Carta, the Rule of Law, etc. car by a devil, in a clear allusion to the proverb ‘Needs must when Three Old Testament vignettes are placed above him. The first, the devil drives’. Another minor devil holds up the Arms of the showing Noah’s ark safely arriving through wind and wave to the Commonwealth over the triumphing rider’s head. The three top of Ararat, on which the sun beams down, is clearly another female personifications of England, Ireland and Scotland that we example of the ship metaphor explored above: Oliver has steered left, a generation earlier, constituting one of the pillars of 4.17 William Faithorne, Embleme of Englands Distractions, 1658, engraving, British Museum 22 Princeps Proditorum is the very earliest English publication to illustrate the Gunpowder Plot, for, mysteriously – as if the nation and its artists were still in shock – no surviving English print concerning it can be dated before The Papists Powder Treason of 1612 (see below). Not only did the half-length portrait of Garnet, holding a document labelled ‘The Popes Pardon’, appear on the title page of Princeps Proditorum (pl. 3.8), but, to judge from Trevilian’s copies, the remaining twelve conspirators also appeared in pairs on the following pages of the pamphlet (pl. 3.9). At the bottom of the present Powder Treason print, beneath the plotters, who are disposed in an arc with Garnet at its apex, is a hell mouth – portrayed in the medieval fashion as the mouth of a gaping beast – in which a devil brandishes what is probably intended for that same alleged advance papal pardon, rather in the manner of a letter of introduction, before the resident fiends, the plotters behind him being labelled ‘Ignations conclaue’, that is, a conclave of Jesuits, or ‘Ignatians’, followers of Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556), founder of the Order of Jesus (Donne’s scurrilous anti-Jesuit polemic Ignatius His Conclave had appeared in 1611). Suggestively, in a letter to Tobie Matthew of 1607/8, Francis Bacon referred, in passing, to ‘this last Powder Treason, fit to be tabled and pictured in the chambers of meditation, as another hell above the ground’.16 Henry Garnet SJ But I come back to the ‘Pope’s darling’, the Princeps Proditorum himself, the plotters’ Jesuit confessor, Father Henry Garnet. On 21 March 1607 – just under a year after his execution – the 3.8 Thomas Trevilian, Princeps Proditorum, The Great Book, 3.9 Thomas Trevilian, Robery Keyes Gent & Guydo Faux, Stationers’ Register licensed to Roger Jackson and Christopher page 265, 1616, ink and colour wash, Sir Paul Mellon, Gent, The Great Book, page 271, 1616, ink and colour wash, Purset, ‘A booke called The popishe myracles or wonders Walmsley Sir Paul Mellon, Walmsley conteyninge the strawe, the grasse, and the Child with a confutation of them and their Lyinge’. As published, this is Robert Pricket’s The Iesuits miracles, or new popish wonders. Containing and heads were to be placed after execution. A Catholic layman Furthermore, Sir Thomas Edmondes, English ambassador to the the straw, the crowne, and the wondrous child, with the took the corn-ear away as a relic splashed with the Jesuit’s blood. States General, based in Brussels, complained about a reproduction confutation of them and their follies. It features an important It was not until a few days later, that, on closer inspection, he of the image being circulated in that city in 1607, a fact we know engraving, initialled by Jan Wierix, on its title page (pl. 3.10) that noticed that a double-headed apparition had revealed itself on the thanks to a letter from Sir Henry Wotton, ambassador in Venice, was issued as a single sheet on the Continent, and doubtless ear. Instantly proclaimed miraculous, it became a popular image of December 1607: ‘For your picture of Garnet and his straw 3.7 Anonymous, Princeps Proditorum, 1606/7, woodcut, British Museum circulated amongst Catholics in England, and this, the earliest amongst Continental Catholics. Indeed, on 12 May 1607 Sir Ralph received in your last . I do very much thank you.’19 English record of the image, seems all but unknown to historians Winwood, English agent to the Dutch States General, wrote that A year or so later, on 19 or 20 September 1608, the intrepid 3.7).
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