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Thèse Migrations Et Métissages Dans La Littérature Caribéenne

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Thèse Migrations Et Métissages Dans La Littérature Caribéenne UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS - RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société CIREMIA THÈSE présentée par : Aline GOURMAUD-GONZÁLEZ soutenue le : 17 décembre 2012 Pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’Université François - Rabelais Discipline/ Spécialité : Lettres et Langues/Espagnol MIGRATIONS ET MÉTISSAGES DANS LA LITTÉRATURE CARIBÉENNE THÈSE dirigée par : Monsieur BANSART Andrés Professeur Émérite, Université François - Rabelais RAPPORTEURS : Monsieur DELPRAT François Professeur Émérite, Université de Paris III-Sorbonne Nouvelle Madame HERNÁNDEZ Sandra Maître de Conférences habilité à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes JURY : Monsieur DELPRAT François Professeur émérite de l'Université Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle Madame HERNÁNDEZ Sandra Maître de conférences habilité à diriger des Recherches, Université de Nantes Madame ZAPATA Mónica Professeur, Université François - Rabelais de Tours Carte publiée par: URL: <http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/ui/images/caraib_topo.fr.gif> A Luis, Ismael et Ana 3 Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude en premier lieu à M. Andrés Bansart pour son aide, son soutien pendant ces huit années, tant sur le plan académique que sur le plan personnel, ainsi qu'à sa femme Mme Coral Delgado pour sa gentillesse. D'autre part, je tiens à remercier Mme Sandra Hernández qui m'a ouvert un chemin passionnant lors de la maîtrise, en m'orientant dans mes lectures. Merci à Mme Rojas, M. López Nieves et M. Veloz Maggiolo qui ont eu l'amabilité de répondre à mes questions. A Emilie également avec qui j'ai passé tant d'heures dans les bibliothèques universitaires, les plus belles étant certainement à la Bibliothèque de l'Université Centrale du Venezuela, à l'heure où les "guacamayas" venaient se coucher dans les palmiers. A mes amis et collègues vénézuéliens qui m'ont beaucoup enseigné d'une manière ou d'une autre. Merci à mon amie de toujours, Stéphanie, qui m'a encouragé depuis le départ et qui a pris le temps de relire une partie de cette thèse. Merci à Cécile pour le temps passé à la relecture et pour ses commentaires plein de bon sens, à Marie aussi pour le résumé en anglais. Je veux remercier bien sûr mes parents pour leur soutien inconditionnel et matériel depuis le début de mes études. Enfin, un grand merci à Luis dont la principale qualité a été mise à rude épreuve durant ces années: sa patience. 4 Résumé Ce travail de recherche porte sur la littérature caribéenne et plus précisément sur la narration. Le corpus littéraire sert de support pour l'étude des migrations et des métissages dans les sociétés de Cuba, Porto Rico et la République Dominicaine. L'importance de l'Histoire chez les écrivains caribéens, leur attachement à décrire leur société est un phénomène constant depuis le début du XXe siècle. Dans cette thèse, nous essayerons de voir si tous les apports laissés par ces mouvements migratoires vers, dans la Caraïbe et vers l'extérieur sont reconnus par les cultures d'accueil. La thèse se divise en trois parties: une première partie de présentation des concepts et des contextes des œuvres, une deuxième d'analyse littéraire et une troisième centrée sur les points de vue de trois écrivains. Marta Rojas, Luis López Nieves et Marcio Veloz Maggiolo répondent à cinq questions sur la littérature caribéenne, leur œuvre et leurs influences. Grâce à leurs réponses, nous tenterons de savoir si on peut parler aujourd'hui d'une littérature caribéenne, ou bien si elles sont multiples. Mots clés: narrations, migrations, métissages, Cuba, Porto Rico, République Dominicaine. 5 Abstract This research work deals with Caribbean literature and more precisely with the issue of narration. A literary corpus will be used to study migrations and hybridizations within societies living in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Caribbean writers have always been very concerned with History, and their attempts to describe their own society have been a constant phenomenon since the early 20th century. Thanks to this thesis, we will try to see whether all the contributions brought along via migratory movements toward, inward and outward Caribbean have been acknowledged by the culture of the host countries. The study is divided in three parts: the first will present the concepts and the historical background alluded to in the novels and short stories, the second will consist in a textual analysis, the third will focus on some authors' points of view. Marta Rojas, Luis López Nieves and Marcio Veloz Maggiolo have been asked five questions about Caribbean literature, their own oeuvre and their sources of inspiration. Thanks to their answers, we will try to figure whether nowadays Caribbean literature should be considered as one or many. Key words: narrations, migrations, hybridizations, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic. 6 Table des matières Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11 Première partie ..................................................................................................................... 18 Les concepts, la théorie et les contextes ............................................................................... 18 1.1. Les concepts .............................................................................................................. 19 1.1.1. Les phénomènes migratoires .............................................................................. 19 1.1.1.1. La migration ................................................................................................ 20 1.1.1.2. Le déplacement ........................................................................................... 21 1.1.1.3. L'exode ........................................................................................................ 22 1.1.1.4. L'exil ............................................................................................................ 22 1.1.2. Les métissages .................................................................................................... 23 1.1.2.1. La culture ..................................................................................................... 23 1.1.2.2. La définition de métissage de l'Europe à la Caraïbe ................................... 26 1.1.3. La narration ........................................................................................................ 30 1.2. Les textes: la théorie et la méthodologie ................................................................... 33 1.2.1. L'histoire et la littérature .................................................................................... 33 1.2.2. La sociologie et la littérature .............................................................................. 35 1.2.3. Une approche méthodologique ........................................................................... 37 1.2.3.1. La littérature comparée ................................................................................ 37 1.2.3.2. La pertinence des thèmes ............................................................................ 39 1.3. Les contextes ............................................................................................................. 41 1.3.1. Le contexte géopolitique .................................................................................... 41 1.3.1.1. Une définition de la Caraïbe ........................................................................ 41 1.3.1.2. Une présentation géographique ................................................................... 43 1.3.1.3. Les aspects politiques .................................................................................. 45 1.3.1.4. Les aspects écologiques .............................................................................. 45 1.3.2. Le contexte historique ........................................................................................ 47 1.3.2.1. Les migrations vers la Caraïbe .................................................................... 47 1.3.2.2. Les migrations interinsulaires et l'exode rural............................................. 69 1.3.2.3. Les migrations vers l'extérieur .................................................................... 76 1.3.3. Les contextes littéraires: les origines du roman caribéen ................................... 80 1.3.3.1. Les écrits européens sur la Caraïbe ............................................................. 80 1.3.3.2. L'importance des revues .............................................................................. 84 7 1.3.3.3. Quelques courants et hommes de lettres marquants .................................... 88 Deuxième partie ................................................................................................................. 107 Les migrations vers la Caraïbe, les migrations interinsulaires et les migrations vers l'extérieur ............................................................................................................................ 107 2.1. Les migrations vers la Caraïbe ................................................................................ 109 2.1.1. Les migrations espagnoles ............................................................................... 110 2.1.1.1. Présentation des œuvres ............................................................................ 110 2.1.1.2. L'origine des Espagnols ............................................................................
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