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Celebrating and Commemorating the Haitian Revolution

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Celebrating and Commemorating the Haitian Revolution REVOLUTIONARY MEMORIES: CELEBRATING AND COMMEMORATING THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION By ERIN ELIZABETH ZAVITZ A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Erin Elizabeth Zavitz To my familes here and in Haiti ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In Haitian Creole (Kreyòl), a common proverb is men anpil chay pa lò, or with many hands the burden is light. The proverb aptly applies to the process of writing a dissertation. Many hands have helped to make this burden lighter. Haitian sources are scattered throughout archives and libraries. Without the generous support of research grants and patience of librarians at these institutions, this project would not have been possible. The research journey began in Haiti thanks to the James R. Scobie Award from the Conference on Latin American History and a Center for Latin American Studies Field Research Grant. The Dan David Prize Scholarship for Young Researchers and grants from the History Department and Graduate School supported subsequent fieldwork in Haiti. Additional support from the New York Public Library, Chateaubriand Social Sciences and Humanities Fellowship, and the Center for European Studies gave me the opportunity to trace sources to New York, France, and England. Frère Ernest Even at the Bibliothèque Haïtien des Frères de l’Instruction Chrétienne (BHFIC) made my first Haitian archival experience a pleasure. Since 2012, Marie-France Guillaume has adeptly filled his shoes and patiently worked with me to find sources at the library. At the University of Florida, Richard Philips, Paul Losch, and Margarita Vargas-Betancourt exemplified the role of the librarian. They helped track down sources, pointed out new research, and engaged in conversations about rare Haitian books and my project. I am grateful to the Haitians who shared their stories and interpretations of Haiti’s history with me. I would not have been able to conduct these interviews without Elizabeth Pierre-Louis and Erick Toussaint of the Foundation for Knowledge and Liberty (FOKAL) who assisted me in contacting directors of FOKAL’s regional community 4 centers and helped to organize a group interview with members of the foundation’s Port-au-Prince-based debate teams. It is because of Elizabeth and Erick that I met Mét Édris, the director of the Bibliothèque Oswald Durand in Dondon, Haiti. Mét Édris has been an invaluable resource taking the time to introduce me to members of the community, organizing my lodging, and just being there to help this blan (foreigner) navigate life in Haiti. Other individuals have also been integral to the success of my research in Haiti. First, Pasteur my moto-driver in Port-au-Prince made travel around the bustling city relaxing. I would not have been able to get to the archives and various meetings without him. Second, Yvon has been a guide and travel companion since I met him during my first trip to Haiti in 2002. Lastly, in addition to Mét Édris’s help in Dondon, several of the library’s members took a keen interest in my project and invited me back to present for Dondon’s fête patronale (local saint’s day). Joeles, Whitny, Gary, and Jodley spent numerous hours conversing with me about Dondon’s history for which I am grateful. My advisor David Geggus has provided constructive criticism and wit throughout. Although he was at times skeptical of the exact direction of the project, this dissertation would not be what it is without his constant support and feedback. My committee members, Leah Rosenberg, Ida Altman, Jeffrey Needell, Paul Ortiz, and Benjamin Hebblethwaite, also read drafts and provided insightful comments. In addition, I benefited from exchanges with an amazing cohort of fellow Latin Americanists. Thank you to Andrea Ferreira, Bill Fischer, Sarah Kernan, Lauren MacDonald, Diana Reigelsperger, and Rob Taber for listening to all my Haiti stories. 5 Throughout the many years of my studies my family has supported and encouraged me. I am grateful to my parents Diana and John Zavitz and my sister Katie for all they have done, it is be impossible to enumerate on their support. Also, through the last five years of classes, research, writing, and teaching, Brenden Kennedy has stood by my side as a friend, partner, and now husband. He may know more than he ever wanted to about Haitian history and I thank him for reading drafts, listening to ideas, and responding with caring criticism. Mési anpil. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: REVOLUTIONARY BEGINNINGS ............................................... 12 Revolutions, Commemorations, and Legends ........................................................... 15 Plan of the Study ......................................................................................................... 22 The Haitian Revolution ............................................................................................... 25 On the Eve of Revolution ..................................................................................... 25 The Revolution, 1789-1804.................................................................................. 27 1804 ...................................................................................................................... 31 2 PERFORMING REVOLUTION: JEAN-JACQUES DESSALINES AND HAITIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY, 1804-1904 ........................................................................... 38 Declaring Independence and Creating National Symbols ......................................... 43 From Popular to Official: Memories of Dessalines..................................................... 59 3 PAMPHLETEERS, PLAYWRIGHTS, AND CHRONICLERS: EARLY NARRATORS OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION ...................................................... 78 Printing and Performing Independence: 1804 Publications ...................................... 81 Declaring Independence ...................................................................................... 82 A National Memorialist: Louis-Félix Boisrond-Tonnerre ..................................... 84 Independence on Stage: Pierre Flignau’s L’Haïtien expatrié (1804) .................. 92 Divided Loyalties: Kingdom vs. Republic, 1807-1820 ............................................... 99 Royalist and Republican: The Many Faces of Juste Chanlatte ........................100 Of Monarchies and Noirisme: Baron de Vastey ................................................121 The Republic Writes Back: Jules-Solime Milscent and Noël Colombel ...........133 Unification and L’École de 1836 ...............................................................................145 4 INDEPENDENCE’S GOLDEN JUBILEE AND THE TRIUMPH OF THE MULATTO LEGEND .................................................................................................167 Thomas Madiou and Haiti’s First History .................................................................170 A Reactionary Response: Beaubrun Ardouin and Joseph Saint-Rémy ..................187 Émeric Bergeaud’s Stella: Haiti’s First Novel...........................................................209 Conclusion: A Mulatto Moment ................................................................................218 7 5 NOIRISTES RESPOND: TWENTIETH-CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS ..............................................................................................220 Hannibal Price: A Precursor ....................................................................................222 Independence in Crisis: Noiristes and Mulâtristes Debate the Narrative ................229 Occupation and Reaction ...................................................................................229 Noiristes’ Opening Statement ............................................................................231 Mulâtriste Rebuttal: Louis Elie ...........................................................................239 Jean Price Mars: Re-envisioning Haiti...............................................................241 Consolidating the Black Legend ...............................................................................244 6 THE REVOLUTION ON STAGE AND IN THE SALON: LITERARY AND THEATRICAL IMAGININGS 1884-2004 ..................................................................261 Writing in Black: Haitian Realists and Patriotic Dramatists .....................................263 A Second Independence and Institutionalizing Noirisme ........................................292 Romance and Criticism: Toward the Promises of the Bicentennial ........................310 7 BOUCH PA BOUCH: ORAL TRADITIONS AND THE REVOLUTION ....................322 Vodou Songs .............................................................................................................323 Of Lwas and Heroes ..........................................................................................327 Creoles and Fran Ginen .....................................................................................335 Dondon: Revolutionary Ethnography .......................................................................342
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