Haïti 1804 – Lumières Et Ténèbres
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Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: the Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865
Black Citizenship, Black Sovereignty: The Haitian Emigration Movement and Black American Politics, 1804-1865 Alexander Campbell History Honors Thesis April 19, 2010 Advisor: Françoise Hamlin 2 Table of Contents Timeline 5 Introduction 7 Chapter I: Race, Nation, and Emigration in the Atlantic World 17 Chapter II: The Beginnings of Black Emigration to Haiti 35 Chapter III: Black Nationalism and Black Abolitionism in Antebellum America 55 Chapter IV: The Return to Emigration and the Prospect of Citizenship 75 Epilogue 97 Bibliography 103 3 4 Timeline 1791 Slave rebellion begins Haitian Revolution 1831 Nat Turner rebellion, Virginia 1804 Independent Republic of Haiti declared, Radical abolitionist paper The Liberator with Jean-Jacques Dessalines as President begins publication 1805 First Constitution of Haiti Written 1836 U.S. Congress passes “gag rule,” blocking petitions against slavery 1806 Dessalines Assassinated; Haiti divided into Kingdom of Haiti in the North, Republic of 1838 Haitian recognition brought to U.S. House Haiti in the South. of Representatives, fails 1808 United States Congress abolishes U.S. 1843 Jean-Pierre Boyer deposed in coup, political Atlantic slave trade chaos follows in Haiti 1811 Paul Cuffe makes first voyage to Africa 1846 Liberia, colony of American Colonization Society, granted independence 1816 American Colonization Society founded 1847 General Faustin Soulouque gains power in 1817 Paul Cuffe dies Haiti, provides stability 1818 Prince Saunders tours U.S. with his 1850 Fugitive Slave Act passes U.S. Congress published book about Haiti Jean-Pierre Boyer becomes President of 1854 Martin Delany holds National Emigration Republic of Haiti Convention Mutiny of the Holkar 1855 James T. -
Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a social and political upheaval in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (which shared the island of Hispaniola with the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo) during the period from 1791 to 1804. In 1791, slaves and gens de couleur libres (“free people of color”) rebelled against French rule, and in 1804 declared their country’s independence under the original Arawak name of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was, along with the American Revolution, one of the most significant and dramatic challenges to European colonialism in the New World, and historians widely regard it as a milestone in the history of Africans in the Americas. The Haitian Revolution is, in fact, the only successful large-scale slave insurrection in history, and it is often seen as initiating the decline of the slave trade. Causes of the Haitian Revolution The colonial economy was export driven, dominated by agriculture and trade. Saint- Domingue, with its tropical climate, was developed as a coffee- and sugar-producing colony, and sustained many large and profitable plantations. By the second half of the 18th century, sugar and coffee were two of the world’s most traded commodities, and Saint-Domingue produced over 60 percent of the world’s coffee and 40 percent of the world’s sugar. This made Saint-Domingue France’s most profitable plantation colony. To meet the growing needs of this plantation system, Saint-Domingue’s colonists continuously expanded the number of slaves. Thus, the colonial economy fueled the social imbalance that led to the revolution. Colonial society, a racist society, was at fault, in part through its own rigidity. -
THE COLONIAL RELATION in René Philoctète's Monsieur De Vastey
EPILOGUE: COLONIALISM AFTER SOVEREIGNTY: THE COLONIAL RELATION IN RENÉ PHILOCTÈTE’S MONSIEUR DE VASTEY (1975) C’est un penseur, Monsieur de Vastey!… Un guerrier, Monsieur de Vastey! Un héros même, Monsieur le baron de Vastey! —René Philoctète, Monsieur de Vastey If the Haiti of Walcott, Miller, Césaire, Hammerman, and Rodman, is a Haiti isolated by its own leaders, Philoctète’s Monsieur de Vastey shows a country highly connected to and controlled by its formal colonial occu- pier, France, as well as by other regional powers with interests in Haiti, including the United States and Great Britain. Although Philoctète por- trays these countries as manifestly interested in the country, his depiction of the essential connectedness of Haiti to the rest of the world does not revel in blame. The play embraces a central understanding of the colonial relation as necessarily global, enabling its author to simultaneously critique both Haitian political leaders and the world powers that circumscribed their abilities to effectively lead the country. Philoctète shows that one can engage in this kind of analysis without asserting one defnitive cause for Haiti’s ongoing political woes. He paints Haiti’s dire political and eco- nomic problems as directly connected to an amorphous form of neo- colonialism without either viewing Haitian rulers as mere bystanders in © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 183 M.L. Daut, Baron de Vastey and the Origins of Black Atlantic Humanism, The New Urban Atlantic, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-47067-6 184 EPILOGUE: COLONIALISM AFTER SOVEREIGNTY … their own destruction or scapegoating the Haitian people. -
Soup Joumou Webinar and Partake in the Layout Editor Feast of Knowledge That It Turned out to Be
L’OUVERTURE A QU AR T E R L Y P U B L I C AT I O N | DR . J E A N - CL A UD E D U T È S , E D I TOR | V OL 2 NO 1 O F F I C E R S A FEW WORDS FROM OUR EDITOR Mr. Michelet (Mike) Moïse Hello and welcome back! 2020 has seamlessly merged into CHAIRPERSON 2021, bringing with it the chaos, confusion, and helplessness that COVID-19 and its mismanagement have brought to this Dr. Jean-Claude Dutès country. A silver lining, a ray of hope may have been sighted in the VICE-CHAIRPERSON horizon, however. Elections were held and there has been a transition Dr. Guylaine L. Richard to an administration that offers a more sanguine, disciplined, and SECRETARY competent approach to the management of this pandemic. We hope that it will be able to translate its aspirations into Mr. Frantz Y. Richard reality for the sake of the country and our own. We wish the TREASURER Biden-Harris administration much luck and persistent courage in its effort, likely to be Herculean, to redress the national vessel Ms. Cosy Clergé Joseph towards less tumultuous waters. To paraphrase poet Amanda Gorman, with intense fervor, we DIRECTOR OF INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS hope to march forward to what shall be, and not what was. Ms. Jocelyne Cameau At our other home, the situation is no less dire. Some, however, would contend that it is far worse, DIRECTOR OF EXTERNAL with a future smeared by uncertainty and no silver lining on the horizon. -
The Children of San Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion
The Children of San Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion by Paul C. Mocombe [email protected] West Virginia State University The Mocombeian Foundation, Inc. Abstract This work, using a structurationist, structural Marxist understanding of consciousness constitution, i.e., phenomenological structuralism, explores the origins of the contemporary Haitian oppositional protest cry, “the children of Pétion v. the children of Dessalines.” Although viewed within racial terms in regards to the ideological position of Pétion representing the neoliberal views of the mulatto elites, and economic reform and social justice representing the ideological position of Dessalines as articulated by the African masses, this article suggests that the metaphors, contemporarily, have come to represent Marxist categories for class struggle on the island of Haiti within the capitalist world-system under American hegemony at the expense of the African majority, i.e., the Children of Sans Souci. Keywords: African-Americanization, Vodou Ethic and the Spirit of Communism, Religiosity, Black Diaspora, Dialectical, Anti-dialectical, Phenomenological Structuralism Introduction Since 1986 with the topple of the Haitian dictator, Jean-Claude “Baby-Doc” Duvalier (1951-2014), whose family ruled Haiti for almost thirty-years, the rallying cry of Haitian protest movements against dictatorship and American neoliberal policies on the island has been, “the children of Dessalines are fighting or stand against the children of Pétion.” The politically charged moniker is an allusion to the continuous struggles over control of the Haitian nation- state and its ideological apparatuses between the Africans who are deemed the descendants of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the father of the Haitian nation-state; and the mulatto elites (and more recently the Syrian class) who are deemed heirs of the mulatto first President of the Haitian Republic, Alexandre Pétion. -
'A Very Hell of Horrors'? the Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic Raphael Hoermann Published Onlin
Article ‘A Very Hell of Horrors’? The Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic Hoermann, Raphael Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/13535/ Hoermann, Raphael ORCID: 0000-0001-6156-8431 (2015) ‘A Very Hell of Horrors’? The Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic. Slavery & Abolition: A journal of slave and post-slave studies, 37 (1). pp. 183- 205. ISSN 0144-039X It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2015.1086083 For more information about UCLan’s research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for <name of research Group>. For information about Research generally at UCLan please go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/ All outputs in CLoK are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including Copyright law. Copyright, IPR and Moral Rights for the works on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the policies page. CLoK Central Lancashire online Knowledge www.clok.uclan.ac.uk ‘A Very Hell of Horrors’? The Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic Raphael Hoermann Ascription: Raphael Hoermann is the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellow at the Institute of Black Atlantic Research, School of Language, Literature and International Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Harrington 248, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K. Email: [email protected] Published online (24/9/2015) in Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2015.1086083 1 Abstract: This article explores the Gothicisation of the Haitian Revolution in the transatlantic discourse during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. -
Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details A Creole Melting Pot: the Politics of Language, Race, and Identity in southwest Louisiana, 1918-45 Christophe Landry Doctorate of Philosophy in History University of Sussex Submitted September 2015 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX CHRISTOPHE LANDRY (DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY) A CREOLE MELTING POT: THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE, RACE, AND IDENTITY IN SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA, 1918-45 SUMMARY Southwest Louisiana Creoles underwent great change between World Wars I and II as they confronted American culture, people, and norms. This work examines that cultural transformation, paying particular attention to the processes of cultural assimilation and resistance to the introduction and imposition of American social values and its southern racial corollary: Jim Crow. As this work makes clear, the transition to American identity transmuted the cultural foundations of French- and Creole-speaking Creole communities. World War I signalled early transformative changes and over the next three decades, the region saw the introduction of English language, new industries, an increasing number of Protestant denominations, and the forceful imposition of racialized identities and racial segregation. -
Black Cosmopolitans
BLACK COSMOPOLITANS BLACK COSMOPOLITANS Race, Religion, and Republicanism in an Age of Revolution Christine Levecq university of virginia press Charlottesville and London University of Virginia Press © 2019 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper First published 2019 ISBN 978-0-8139-4218-6 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8139-4219-3 (e-book) 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available for this title. Cover art: Jean-Baptiste Belley. Portrait by Anne Louis Girodet de Roussy- Trioson, 1797, oil on canvas. (Château de Versailles, France) To Steve and Angie CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Jacobus Capitein and the Radical Possibilities of Calvinism 19 2. Jean- Baptiste Belley and French Republicanism 75 3. John Marrant: From Methodism to Freemasonry 160 Notes 237 Works Cited 263 Index 281 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book has been ten years in the making. One reason is that I wanted to explore the African diaspora more broadly than I had before, and my knowledge of English, French, and Dutch naturally led me to expand my research to several national contexts. Another is that I wanted this project to be interdisciplinary, combining history and biography with textual criticism. It has been an amazing journey, which was made pos- sible by the many excellent scholars this book relies on. Part of the pleasure in writing this book came from the people and institutions that provided access to both the primary and the second- ary material. -
Toussaint Louverture and Haiti's History As Muse
Toussaint Louverture and Haiti’s History as Muse: Legacies of Colonial and Postcolonial Resistance in Francophone African and Caribbean Corpus by Aude Dieudé Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Deborah Jenson, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Achille Mbembe, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Ian Baucom ___________________________ Ranjana Khanna Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 ABSTRACT Toussaint Louverture and Haiti’s History as Muse: Legacies of Colonial and Postcolonial Resistance in Francophone African and Caribbean Corpus by Aude Dieudé Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Deborah Jenson, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Achille Mbembe, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Ian Baucom ___________________________ Ranjana Khanna An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 Copyright by Aude Dieudé 2013 Abstract This dissertation explores the themes of race and resistance in nineteenth-century Haitian writings and highlights their impact on French-speaking -
The (Un) Kindness of Strangers: Writing Haiti In
Caribbean Studies ISSN: 0008-6533 [email protected] Instituto de Estudios del Caribe Puerto Rico Dash, J. Michael THE (UN)KINDNESS OF STRANGERS: WRITING HAITI IN THE 21ST CENTURY Caribbean Studies, vol. 36, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2008, pp. 171-178 Instituto de Estudios del Caribe San Juan, Puerto Rico Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=39215107009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative THE (UN)KINDNESS OF STRANGERS... 171 THE (UN)KINDNESS OF STRANGERS: WRITING HAITI IN THE 21ST CENTURY J. Michael Dash New York University Garrigus, John D. 2006. Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 396 pp. ISBN: 13:978-1-4039-7140-1. Girard, Philippe. 2005. Paradise Lost: Haiti’s Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hotspot. New York: Palgrave Mac- millan. 230 pp. ISBN: 1-4039-6887-X. Heinl, Robert Debs and Nancy Gordon Heinl. 2005. Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492-1995. Newly revised and expanded by Michael Heinl. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 882 pp. ISBN: 0-7618-3177-0. he question is asked by Robert and Nancy Heinl in Written in Blood “How does one explain Haiti? What is Haiti?” It is Tsurprising that over two hundred years after Haiti became independent that such a question could still be asked. -
Haitian Culture Curriculum Guide Grades K-5
The School Board of Broward County, Florida Benjamin J. Williams, Chair Beverly A. Gallagher, Vice Chair Carole L. Andrews Robin Bartleman Darla L. Carter Maureen S. Dinnen Stephanie Arma Kraft, Esq. Robert D. Parks, Ed.D. Marty Rubinstein Dr. Frank Till Superintendent of Schools The School Board of Broward County, Florida, prohibits any policy or procedure which results in discrimination on the basis of age, color, disability, gender, national origin, marital status, race, religion or sexual orientation. Individuals who wish to file a discrimination and/or harassment complaint may call the Director of Equal Educational Opportunities at (754) 321-2150 or Teletype Machine TTY (754) 321-2158. Individuals with disabilities requesting accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) may call Equal Educational Opportunities (EEO) at (754) 321-2150 or Teletype Machine TTY (754) 321-2158. www.browardschools.com Haitian Culture Curriculum Guide Grades K-5 Dr. Earlean C. Smiley Deputy Superintendent Curriculum and Instruction/Student Support Sayra Velez Hughes Executive Director Multicultural & ESOL Program Services Education Elizabeth L. Watts, Ph.D. Multicultural Curriculum Development/Training Specialist Multicultural Department Broward County Public Schools ACKNOWLEDGMENT Our sincere appreciation is given to Mrs. Margaret M. Armand, Bilingual Education Consultant, for granting us permission to use her Haitian oil painting by Francoise Jean entitled, "Children Playing with Kites” for the cover of the Haitian Culture Curriculum Guide Grades K-5. She has also been kind enough to grant us permission to use artwork from her private collection which have been made into slides for this guide. TABLE OF CONTENTS Writing Team................................................................................................................................. i Introduction .................................................................................................................................. -
Haitian Literature; a Case Study in Collective Trauma
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2011 Haitian Literature; A case study in collective trauma Sarah Fehder CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/67 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Fehder, 1 Sarah Fehder Masters Thesis Project Haitian Literature: A case study in collective trauma “Experiencing trauma is part of being human; history is always written in blood.” These opening words of Bessel A. van der Kolk and Alexander C. McFarlane’s essay “The Black Hole of Trauma” resonate throughout all post-colonial nations. The histories of these communities recount the experiences of living under imperialism as well as the chaotic aftermath of having been a colonized nation. These stories are told, not just in the history, but also in the literature that reflects such communities. The stories from such countries tell of the blood stained history and the embedded colonial trauma that exists in the lives of individuals and the collective. Post-colonial nations often experience rupture due to their traumatic beginnings. The populations within such nations suffer from a trauma in which the individual and collective identities of their people are shattered and replaced with an imposed identity from an outside imperial power. Throughout colonization the people are told that their native identities are false and they must rediscover themselves through the framework they have been given.