Arthur De Gobineau Aux Tropiques : La Réception Et L’Interprétation Des Pensées Raciales Au Brésil Et En Haïti (1880-1930)

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Arthur De Gobineau Aux Tropiques : La Réception Et L’Interprétation Des Pensées Raciales Au Brésil Et En Haïti (1880-1930) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DA AMAZÔNIA Arthur de Gobineau aux tropiques : la réception et l’interprétation des pensées raciales au Brésil et en Haïti (1880-1930) MACKENDY SOUVERAIN Belém – PA 2019 MACKENDY SOUVERAIN Arthur de Gobineau aux tropiques : la réception et l’interprétation des pensées raciales au Brésil et en Haïti (1880-1930) Dissertation de Maîtrise présenté par Mackendy Souverain, sous l’orientation du professeur Dr. Karl Heinz Arenz, en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître en Histoire Sociale de l’Amazonie au Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Amazônia à l’Universidade Federal do Pará (PPHIST-UFPA) Data da aprovação: ___/ ___/ ___ Banca Examinadora: ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Karl Heinz Arenz (Orientador, PPHIST-UFPA) ___________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Rosa Elizabeth Acevedo Marin (Examinadora externa, NAEA-UFPA) ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Nelson Sanjad Rodrigues (Examinador interno, PPHIST-UFPA) ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Filipe Pinto Monteiro (Examinador inerno, PPHIST-UFPA) ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dionísio Lázaro Poey Baró (Examinador suplente, FAHIS- UFPA) Belém-PA 2019 2 Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à adresser un remerciement spécial à ma famille, qui, malgré la distance, m’a toujours apporté du soutien moral. Mon père Jean Baptiste Lamy Souverain, ma tante et marraine Marie Dane Souverain, ma tante Adelcia Lazard et autres : vous avez été tous formidables avec moi. Deux ans passés aussi loin de la famille, certainement, n’a pas été facile, mais j’ai pu m’adapter dans cette terre accueillante (que je considère comme une seconde patrie). Tout cela grâce à un ensemble de personnes qui m’ont épargné de la nostalgie. La raison pour laquelle je prends le soin d’adresser mes reconnaissances à des personnes particulières. Ainsi, je commence par prononcer mes profonds remerciements à mon orientateur, le professeur Karl Heinz Arenz, qui a été d’une patience incommensurable envers moi. Il ne faut pas oublier que ce travail est fait sous sa direction, cela signifie qu’il porte également sa marque. Des fois, pour aller de l’avant, le soutien des autres se révèle très nécessaire. Des amis étudiants/es, professeurs/es ont eu ce rôle également. Ainsi, je tiens à remercier le professeur Filipe Monteiro que je considère comme mon co-orientateur, João Vitor Guimarães Braga da Silva (celui qui a arpenté avec moi tous les archives de Belém dès mon arrivée à Belém), Paula de Souza Rosa (cette grande amie qui m’encourageait et qui m’aidait dans la correction de mes textes en portugais), les professeurs en général (qui ont été très compréhensifs à mon égard). Je remercie également Catarine de Nazaré Moreira Saunier, Lilian Lopes, et toute la communauté estudiantine haïtienne de l’Université Fédérale de Pará. Enfin, malheureusement, je ne pourrais pas remercier tout le monde dans cette petite page. Cependant, je suis reconnaissant à tous/tes ceux et celles qui m’ont soutenu d’une manière ou d’une autre dans le cadre de la réalisation de ce travail et dans ma pleine intégration à Belém. Je ne les saurai oublier. 3 Résumé : Dans le contexte de la propagation de la pensée raciale aux XIXe et début du XXe siècles, de nombreux pays occidentaux ont commencé à se doter d’une identité nationale. Pour cela, les hommes de lettres et les scientifiques ont commencé à établir une classification qui engloberait toutes les populations humaines en vue d’un idéal civilisateur national. La présente étude, intitulée « Arthur de Gobineau aux tropiques : réception et l’interprétation des pensées raciales au Brésil et en Haïti (1880-1930) », analyse ce processus dans deux pays des Amériques comptant un grand nombre de personnes « de couleur ». Ceux-ci, malgré leurs réceptions divergentes de la pensée racicale en vogue à l’époque, reposant sur l’idée de la pureté, faisaient du métissage l’essentiel des caractéristiques de leurs peuples. Le métissage, si frappant au Brésil et, dans une moindre mesure, en Haïti, serait une réponse au racisme par une réinterprétation, une adaptation ou un rejet total des théories raciales venant de l’Europe. On prétend montrer ici combien de penseurs brésiliens et haïtiens se sont penchés sur le phénomène de métissage pour comprendre la complexité du « mélange » de cultures et de personnes d'origines diverses, résultat de la dynamique d'une première mondialisation entre les XVIe et XVIIIe siècles. Mots-clé : discours, race, identité, métissage, État-nation Resumo: No contexto da disseminação do pensamento racial no século XIX e início do século XX, muitos países ocidentais inciaram a construção de suas identidades nacionais. Para isso, homens de letras e cientistas começaram a estabelecer uma classificação que englobaria todas as populações humanas em vista de um ideal civilizatório nacional. O presente estudo, intitulado “Arthur de Gobineau nos trópicos : recepção e a interpretação dos pensamentos raciais no Brasil e Haїti (1880-1930)” analisa esse processo em dois países das Américas com grandes contingentes de pessoas “de cor”. Estes, apesar de suas recepções divergentes do pensamento racial em voga na época, baseado na idéia de pureza, fizeram da miscigenação as principais características de seus povos. A miscigenação, tão marcante no Brasil e, a um grau menor, em Haiti, seria uma resposta ao racismo através de uma reinterpretação, uma adaptação ou uma total rejeição das teorias raciais vindas da Europa. Pretende-se mostrar aqui o quanto pensadores brasileiros e haitianos debruçaram-se sobre o fenômento da miscigenação para compreender a complexidade da “mistura” de culturas e pessoas de diversas origens, resultante da dinâmica de uma primeira globalização entre os séculos XVI e XVIII. Palavras-chave: discurso, raça, identidade, mestiçagem, Estado-nação 4 SOMMAIRE Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 6 1er chapitre : La réception et l’adaptation de la pensée raciale au Brésil ……………. 20 1.1.Sílvio Romeu ………………...………………………………….…………. 20 1.2.Nina Rodrigues ………………………………………….…………………. 33 1.3.Euclides da Cunha ………………………………….……………………… 42 1.4.José Veríssimo ……………..………………………………………………. 49 1.5.João Batista de Lacerda …...…………………………………………..…… 58 2e chapitre : La réception et la contestation de la pensée raciale en Haïti …………….. 69 2.1.Louis-Joseph Janvier ……………………...…………………….…………. 69 2.2.Joseph Anténor Firmin ………….……………………………….………… 78 2.3.Hannibal Price ………………… ……………………………….…………. 88 2.4.Jean Price-Mars ………………………………………….………………… 99 2.5.Jacques Roumain …………………………………………………………..110 3e chapitre : La construction de la nation et de la pensée raciale au Brésil et en Haїti au XIXème siècle ………………………………………………...………… 118 3.1.Le discours national au Brésil …………………….…………...……….… 118 3.2.Le discours national en Haïti ……….…………………..…………….…... 134 3.3.Des historigraphies parallèles et convergentes ………………….……….. 147 Considérations finales ……………………………………………………………..… 157 Sources et références bibliographiques ………………………………………………. 160 5 Introduction Du 26 au 29 juillet 1911, a été organisé par Gustav Spiller le premier Congrès universel des Races à Londres, en Angleterre. Bien entendu, il fut l’unique rencontre réalisé dans ce but précis de favoriser des relations de convivialité convenables, voire de coexistence harmonieuse, entre les peuples de l’Oeust et ceux de l’Est, ou encore ceux dits blancs et ceux dits « de couleur ». Des représentants de divers pays ont manifesté leur présence. Anthropologues, avocats, sociologues et autres spécialistes, venus d’Europe, d’Asie, de l’Amérique et d’Afrique ont repondu à la convocation. De plus, des gouverneurs et des administrateurs coloniaux y ont pris part. Paradoxalement, Helen Tilley a analysé, dans son article Racial science, geopolitics and Empires : paradoxe of power1, que les débats étaient plus pessimistes qu’optimistes. Si au départ, l’objectif les gouvernements était celui de montrer leurs capacités de pouvoir faire vivre ensemble sur un même territoire les différents types humains, l’essence même de la rencontre a été bridé, d’une certaine manière. Tels ont été le cas, par exemple, des représentants du Brésil et d’Haïti, qui, respectivement par le biais de João Baptista de Lacerda et François-Denys Légitime, ont au contraire accentué leurs discours sur la possibilité de leurs sociétés de se civiliser, tout en s’approchant des ideaux de la culture occidentale. Le discours de Lacerda mise l’accent sur le métissage par lequel son pays doit passer impérativement pour se civiliser, et celui de Légitime sur la capacité de sa société d’atteindre le niveau de la civilisation occidentale. Cela montre à quel point l’idéologie raciale a été forte aussi sur la mentalité des peuples hors de l’Europe pendant cette période. Le discours national sur l’identité a été calqué sur la notion d’une race supposément pure, comme s’il s’agissait de montrer que leurs sociétés étaient aptes à la civilisation conçue par l’Occident. Ainsi, on peut affirmer que l’idéologie raciale avait une signification importante en tant que représentation des peuples dans le monde entier. Dans ce sens, les doctrines de la philosophie de l’histoire de Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, formuleés au XIXème siècle, ont été d’une grande importance, car elles sont vues comme la matrice du racialisme moderne. En fait, Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882) constitue une figure emblématique de l’idéologie raciale ou du « racisme scientifique » qui s’est
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