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1 The Legume Handbook By: Jose Escalante Online: <https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2> This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Jose Escalante. Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Collection structure revised: 2019/05/21 PDF Generated: 2019/05/23 14:28:28 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see the "Attributions" section at the end of the collection. 2 This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Table of Contents 1 Legumes 101 . 5 2 Legume Lookout . 7 Legume Visuals . 7 Listen for these . 8 3 Legume Distribution and Production . 9 Index . 11 This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Chapter 1 | Legumes 101* 5 1 Legumes 101 Figure 1.1 Table 1.1 Table of Contents Legumes 101 Legume Lookout Legume Distribution and Production A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae) (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant (also called a pulse). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manure) . Well-known legumes include alfalfa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa) , clover, beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupins, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts, and tamarind. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although the term "pod" is also applied to a number of other fruit types, such as that of vanilla (a capsule) and of the radish (a silique). Legumes are notable in that most of them have symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in structures called root nodules. For that reason, they play a key role in crop rotation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation) . 6 Chapter 1 | Legumes 101* This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Chapter 2 | Legume Lookout* 7 2 Legume Lookout In this section, a few different examples will be shown to help you find some legumes. Figure 2.1 The world runs on legumes. 2.1 Legume Visuals If you've never seen a pinto bean before, that is about to change. Figure 2.2 A friendly group of pinto beans. Cross "staring at a pile of broad beans" off of your bucket list. 8 Chapter 2 | Legume Lookout* Figure 2.3 A batch of broad beans set beautifully against a white background. If you see something like these around, they are likely chickpeas. Know that you are in the presence of legumes, as chickpeas are indeed legumes. Figure 2.4 Watch out for these. 2.2 Listen for these These legumes tend to hide a little bit, but if you use your sense of hearing correctly you can hear their names being whispered and know that legumes are near. Can you hear them? • Kidney bean • Scarlet runner bean • Garden pea • Lupin • Mung bean • Lima bean • Black eyed peas[1] • ALFALFA • Peanuts?! 1. Commonly mistaken for the band, do not eat the band (we need them). This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Chapter 3 | Legume Distribution and Production* 9 3 Legume Distribution and Production Legumes are widely distributed as the third-largest land plant family in terms of number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with about 751 genera and some 19,000 known species, [1] [2] constituting about seven percent of flowering plant species.[3][4] Storage of Grain Legumes Seed viability decreases with longer storage time. Studies done on Vetch, Horse beans, and peas show that they last about 5 years in storage. Environmental factors that are important in influencing germination are relative humidity and temperature. Two rules apply to moisture content between 5 and 14 percent: the life of the seed will last longer if the storage temperature is reduced by 5 degree celsius. Secondly, the storage moisture content will decrease if temperature is reduced by 1 degree celsius. [5] Table 3.1 Pulse Production 2017 That's a lot of legumes. India 953.0 Poland 311.8 United Kingdom 280.0 Mozambique 213.6 China 153.9 Vietnam 133.2 World 4,232,978 If you tried to count every legume in the world you would spend a lot of time counting legumes. You have been warned. 1. Christenhusz MJ, Byng JW (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 2. Stevens PF. "Fabaceae" (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/fabalesweb.htm#Fabaceae) . Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7 May 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2008. 3. Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2002). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associate. pp. 287–292. ISBN 978-0-87893-403-4. 4. Magallón S, Sanderson MJ (September 2001). "Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades" (PDF). Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 55 (9): 1762–80. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x 5. Cereal and grain-legume seed processing : technical guidelines. Rome: Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1981. p. 43. ISBN 9251009805. 10 Chapter 3 | Legume Distribution and Production* Figure 3.1 Wow This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Index 11 Index 12 Index This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Index 13 Attributions Collection: The Legume Handbook Edited by: Jose Escalante URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2/ Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Legumes 101 By: Jose Escalante URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m76769/1.4/ Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Legume Lookout By: Jose Escalante URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m76772/1.2/ Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: Legume Distribution and Production By: Jose Escalante URL: https://legacy.cnx.org/content/m76773/1.3/ Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 14 Index This OpenStax book is available for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col29266/1.2 Index 15 About Connexions Since 1999, Connexions has been pioneering a global system where anyone can create course materials and make them fully accessible and easily reusable free of charge. We are a Web-based authoring, teaching and learning environment open to anyone interested in education, including students, teachers, professors and lifelong learners. We connect ideas and facilitate educational communities. Connexions's modular, interactive courses are in use worldwide by universities, community colleges, K-12 schools, distance learners, and lifelong learners. Connexions materials are in many languages, including English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, Vietnamese, French, Portuguese, and Thai..
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