Classification Middle Layer

 Matured and ripened ovaries.

 Holds and protects the seeds until they mature.

 Helps in the dissemination or dispersal of the seeds.

 Does not only apply to those that have edible portions, but also to those which are commonly referred to as vegetable.

Part of a Fruit

Exocarp Outermost layer Endocarp of the fruit wall Innermost layer

Mesocarp Classification Middle layer

As to the composition or number of flowers As to structure, consistency & dehiscence involved in their formation (includes the state of the pericarp in the ripened fruit) 1.1. FlFlesheshyy 1.1. SimpSimplele FruitsitsFru  when the pericarp is soft, juicy (or pulpy) or succulentsucculent  develops from one ovary 2.2. DrDryy 2.2. AggrAggregategatee Fruit  when the pericarp is dry or papery upon maturity  develops from several ovaries of a single flower

3.3. ColCollectlectiveive oror MulMultipltiplee FruiFruitt  derived from several ovaries of several flowers or from the ovaries of a compact inflorescence.

Dichotomous Key Simple-Fleshy-Berry-

11 SiSimpmplele FrFruiuitsts Derived fromHespiridium a fleshy ovary enclosing several 22 FlFleseshyhy FrFruiuitsts seeds. Has thick leathery skin containing oil. 33 FleshFleshyy partpar deriveddert ived from the ovovaryary 44 EntEntireire ovaryov fary flesleshy,hy, encloclosinsingen g severalseve sral seedseeds .…..…... berberryry 55 LeatherLeatheryy rind ………………………………………………………………………… hespirhespiridiumidium

55 HarHard rid rindnd ………………………………………………………………………….……...pepo 44 Outer ppartart of oovaryvary flfleshy,eshy, innerinner partpart stony usuallusuallyy encloenclosingsing one seed ………………………………………….…….drupe 66 MesMesocaocarprp fleshyfleshy …………………………………………………………….…. flefleshyshy drupeupedr 66 MesMesocaocarprp fibrousfibrous ……………………………………………………………… fibfibrourouss drupe 33 FleshFleshyy partpar deriveddert ived mainly from the totorusrus …………...…………. pome

Kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa)) Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata))

peel/exocarp Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Pepo

flavedo/epicarp Derived fromPepo a fleshy has ovaryhard, thickenclosing rind. many seeds. albedo/mesocarp

endocarp

seedseed

carpels sections with fluid-filled sacs called vesicles

septum

Hespiridium Anatomy Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)) WWaatteerrmmeelloon n(( Citrullus lanatus))

Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fleshy Fleshy mesocarp and ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit).

Pepo Anatomy Peach (Prunus persica)) MMaannggoo((Mangifera Indica))

endocarp

seedseed

Fleshy Drupe Anatomy

Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fibrous Fibrous mesocarp and fleshy ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit)

Coconut (Cocos nucifera)) Fibrous Drupe Anatomy

Simple-Fleshy-Pome Fleshy part derived mainly from torus. Ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium.

Apple (Malus domestica)) PPeeaarrss((Pyrus sp.)) Pome Anatomy

Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Follicle 22 DrDryy FrFruiuitsts 77 DeDehihiscscenentt Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along 88 FruFruitit derderiveivedd from ononee carpelelcarp one seam 99 SplSplittittinging alonlonga g 1 seaseamm (1 ssuturuture)e) .……..…..……….… ……… folfollicliclele 99 SplittSplittinging alalongong 2 seamsseams ((22 sutursutures)es) ...…..……...…..……....legume/pod/pod legume 88 Fruit derivderiveded from 2 or moremore cacarpelrpel

1010 Carpels 2, persistent partition wallwall after splitting …..………………………………..……………………………………… silique 1010 CarpeCarpelsls 2 or more, splittingsplitting in one of four different ways …………………………… capsule 1111 Splitting along the locule ……….…………..loculicidal 1111 Splitting along the septa ……………………septicidal 1111 Splitting along the terminal pore …………..poricidal…………..poricidal

1111 Splitting along a ccircularircular horizontal lineline …..circumscissile Kalachuchi (Plumeria rubra)) Star anise (Illicium verum))

Simple-Dry-Dehiscent- Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Silique Dry fruit derived from two or more carpel with Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along persistent partition wall after splitting Legume/Podtwo seam

Narrowleaf bittercress Bluepod Rockcress Chicharo (Pisum sativum)) Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) ((Cardamine impatiens)) ((Boechera glaucovalvula))

Simple-Dry-Dehiscent- Simple-Dry-Dehiscent- Derived from two or more carpel splitting in one orCapsule four ways Capsule Poricidal Circumscissile Loculicidal Septicidal (Splitting along the terminal pore) (Splitting along a circular horizontal line) (Splitting along the locule) (Splitting along the septum)

Opium (Papaver somniferum)) Twinberry (Menodora scabra)) Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)) Calico Flower ( Aristolochia litlittoralistoralis))

77 IndeIndehishiscencentt FruFruitsits Simple-Dry-Indehiscent- 1212 Seed inseparable from the frfruituit wall ……………………grain/caryopsis SeedGrain/Caryopsis inseparable from the fruit wall. 1212 Seed separaseparableble from the fruit walwalll 1313 Fruit wwithith winwingsgs …………………………………………………………………………..……..samara/key/key samara 1313 Fruit wwithoutithout wwingsings 1414 Fruit wawallll very harhard,d, one seeded ….….……………………….…. nutnut 1414 Fruit walwalll thin, one seed attachattacheded to ovary wall at one point …………………………achene 1212 Seeds not coming out of fruit although united carpels split apart at maturity .…………………………… schizocarp schizocarp

Rice (Oriza sativa)) CCoorrnn(( Zea mays))

RRiicceeGGrraaiin nAAnnaattoommyy CCoorrnnKKeerrnneel lAAnnaattoommyy

Simple-Dry-Indehiscent- Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Nut Seed separableSamara/Key from the fruit wall. Fruit without wings and with very hard fruit wall. Fruit with wings Has only one seed.

Pili nut Cashew nut Mahogany (Shorea negrosensis)) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)) ((Canarium ovatum)) (( Anacardium occidentale))

Simple-Dry-Indehiscent- Simple-Dry-Indehiscent- Seed without wings Achene and with thin fruit wall. One Seed not comingSchizocarp out of fruit although united seed attached to ovary wall at one point. carpels split apart at maturity

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)) Strawberry (Fragaria sp.) Little mallow (Malva parviflora)) QQuueeeenn AAnnnnee’’ss LLaaccee ((Daucus carota))

Compound-Aggregate 11 CoCompmpounound FruiuitstsFrd Many ovaries derived from a single flower 1515 Fruits from several ovaries of one flower massed on a common receptacle .……………………………….....………………………………....aggregate 1515 Fruit from several ovaries of several flowers of compact inflorescinflorescenceence ………………………………….………………………………….collective/multiple

Strawberry (Fragaria sp.))

Compound-Multiple/Collective From several ovaries of several flowers of a Seed Dispersal compact inflorescence

Pineapple ( Ananas comocomosussus))

Plants often solicit the aid of animals, as well as abiotic forces such as wind, to accomplish both of these. Why is dispersal important?  insects — insects much less important for dispersal than pollination, but ants often involved in dispersal  Avoid competition with parent and siblings  birds, mammals, reptiles, and even fish — much more  important for dispersal than pollination Colonize new habitats

  wind — important in both pollination and dispersal Avoid pathogens and predators

  water — minor importance in pollination, somewhat greater Minimize inbreeding in dispersal

 self dispersal — just like some plants carry out self pollination, some plants have mechanisms for self dispersal.

Methods of dispersal are often tied to certain habitats

 Wind — prairie/grprairie/grasslands,asslands, mountains, forest trees, weedy areas

 External attachment to animals — forest plants relatively low to ground

 Ingestion by animals — forest plants

 Water — plants that grow in wetlands and along streams

 Ballistic — various; some parasitic plants, some forest plants, some weedy plants