DOCSLIB.ORG

KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1A. Fruit Derived from Several Ovaries of One Or More Flowers 2A. Fruit Arising from the Several Ovaries of A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1A. Fruit Derived from Several Ovaries of One Or More Flowers 2A. Fruit Arising from the Several Ovaries of A KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1a. Fruit derived from several ovaries of one or more flowers 2a. Fruit arising from the several ovaries of as many flowers (examples: pineapple, mulberry) MULTIPLE FRUIT 2b. Fruit arising from the coalescence of several ripened ovaries of one flower (example: raspberry, blackberry) AGGREGATE FRUIT 1b. Fruit derived from a single ovary (simple or compound) 3a. Fruit fleshy or juicy when ripe 4a. Ovary wall of fruit (or pericarp) entirely or in part fleshy 5a. Fruit indehiscent 6a. Ovary wall entirely fleshy (examples: tomato, cranberry, grape, currant, banana, melon [pepo], and citrus fruit [hesperidium]) BERRY 6b. Ovary wall of three distinct layers, the inner one bony (endocarp), the middle fleshy (mesocarp), and the outer "skin- like" (exocarp) (examples: peach, plum, cherry) DRUPE 5b. Fruit dehiscent 7a. Fruit derived from one carpel FOLLICLE 7b. Fruit derived from a compound gynoecium CAPSULE 4b. Ovary wall (e.g., the outer layer of an apple 'core') of fruit papery, surrounded by a fleshy material that represents the coalescent parts of the stamens, petals, sepals, and (some believe) receptacle (examples: apple, pear, quince) POME 3b. Fruit typically dry and usually hardened when ripe 8a. Fruit indehiscent (does not open or dehisce when mature), generally with one seed 9a. Ovary wall of varying thickness, usually not bony 10a. Fruit not winged (examples: buttercup, 'seeds' of strawberry, sunflower family, sedges, grasses [ovary wall adherent to and surrounding seed, may be called caryopsis or grain]) ACHENE 10b. Fruit winged (examples: elm, tulip tree) SAMARA 9b. Ovary wall hardened and bony 11a. Fruit usually > 5mm long (examples: oak, chestnut, hazelnut) NUT 11b. Fruit small, usually < 5mm long (examples: borage and mint families [Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae] NUTLET 8b. Fruit dehiscent (opens or dehisces when mature, usually along certain definite lines or sutures), with one or more seeds 12a. Fruit derived from a single carpel 13a. Fruit dehiscing along one side (examples: columbine, larkspur, magnolia, milkweed) FOLLICLE 13b. Fruit dehiscing along two sides or breaking crosswise into one- seeded segments 14a. Fruit dehiscing along two sides (example: only the legume family [Fabaceae or Leguminosae]) LEGUME 14b. Fruit breaking into one-seeded segments (example: only the legume family [Fabaceae or Leguminosae]) LOMENT 12b. Fruit derived from a compound gynoecium of two or more carpels (types of capsules) 15a. Fruit always 2-carpellate, two-celled, and with parietal placentation 16a. Fruit > 2-3 times longer than wide (example: only the mustard family [Brassicaceae or Cruciferae]) SILIQUE 16b. Fruit <2-3 times longer than wide (example: only the mustard family [Brassicaceae or Cruciferae]) SILICLE 15b. Fruit 2 or more carpellate, one or more celled, and with various types of placentation. CAPSULE 17a. Fruit dehiscing by pores (poricidal dehiscence; example: poppy) PORICIDAL CAPSULE 17b. Fruit dehiscing along the septa or into the locules or by a lid. 18a. Fruit dehiscing by a lid (examples: Portulacaceae and some Caryophyllaceae) CIRCUMSCISSILE CAPSULE 18b. Fruit dehiscing directly into the locules or along the septa. 19a. Fruit dehiscing directly into the locules (examples: iris, phlox, pyrola, violet, waterleaf) LOCULICIDAL CAPSULE 19b. Fruit dehiscing along the septa 20a. Fruit dehiscing to form 1-seeded segments called mericarps (examples: carrot, maple, spurge) SCHIZOCARPOUS CAPSULE or SCHIZOCARP 20b. Fruit dehiscing to form several-seeded segments (examples: peppers, figwort, rhododendron)) SEPTICIDAL CAPSULE Worksheet exercise: fill in this table, and use the attached key to identify the four unknown fruits set out as demos in lab. Dry or fleshy? Single seeded or Dehiscent or Single carpel or Fruit type many seeded? indehiscent? multiple carpels? 1 2 3 4 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms
    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
    SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 68 Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Emmet J. Judziewicz and Thomas R. Soderstrom SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1989 ABSTRACT Judziewicz, Emmet J., and Thomas R. Soderstrom. Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 68,52 pages, 24 figures, 1 table, 1989.-Although resembling the core group of the bambusoid grasses in many features of leaf anatomy, the Neotropical rainforest grass genera Anomochloa and Streptochaeta share characters that are unusual in the subfamily: lack of ligules, exceptionally long microhairs with an unusual morphology, a distinctive leaf blade midrib structure, and 5-nerved coleoptiles. Both genera also possess inflorescences that are difficult to interpret in conventional agrostological terms. Anomochloa is monotypic, and A. marantoidea, described in 1851 by Adolphe Brongniart from cultivated material of uncertain provenance, was rediscovered in 1976 in the wet forests of coastal Bahia, Brazil. The inflorescence terminates in a spikelet and bears along its rachis several scorpioid cyme-like partial inflorescences. Each axis of a partial inflorescence is subtended by a keeled bract and bears as its first appendages two tiny, unvascularized bracteoles attached at slightly different levels. The spikelets are composed of an axis that bears two bracts and terminates in a flower. The lower, chlorophyllous, deciduous spikelet bract is separated from the coriaceous, persistent, corniculate upper bract by a cylindrical, indurate internode. The flower consists of a low membrane surmounted by a dense ring of brown cilia (perigonate annulus) surrounding the andrecium of four stamens, and an ovary bearing a single hispid stigma.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Anatomy Lab 13 – Seeds and Fruits
    Plant Anatomy Lab 13 – Seeds and Fruits In this (final) lab, you will be observing the structure of seeds of gymnosperms and angiosperms and the fruits of angiosperms. Much of the work will be done with a dissecting microscope, but a few prepared slides will also be used. A set of photocopied images from the plant anatomy atlas will be available as a handout. You can use the handout to help you identify the various structures we will be looking at in seeds and fruits. Also, a fruit key is available as a separate handout. Remember that we will be considering only a small fraction of the structural diversity present among seeds of gymnosperms and the seeds and fruits of angiosperms. Seeds Gymnosperms Obtain a prepared slide of an immature pine ovule and of a mature pine ovule. You will be able to tell them apart from the following observations. • Looking at the immature ovule, you will see a megagametophyte with one or more archegonia at the end near the micropyle. The egg inside may or may not have been fertilized. • Also find the nucellus and integument tissues. Next look at a slide of a mature ovule. Instead of the megagametophyte, you will find a developing embryo. As part of this embryo, find the • cotyledons, • the radicle (embryonic root), and the • shoot apical meristem. Depending on its age, you may also notice procambial strands running between the embryonic root and the shoot apex. Points to consider: We might say that gymnosperms and angiosperms have seeds but only angiosperms have fruits - Why is that? Why don’t we consider the seed cone of a pine tree a fruit? Angiosperms Dicot Obtain a bean pod.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure, Physical Characteristics, and Com- Position of the Pericarp and Integument of Johnson Grass Seed in Relation to Its Physiology 1
    STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND COM- POSITION OF THE PERICARP AND INTEGUMENT OF JOHNSON GRASS SEED IN RELATION TO ITS PHYSIOLOGY 1 By GEORGE T. HARRINGTON, formerly Scientific Assistant, Seed-Testing Laboratories, and WILLIAM CROCKER, formerly Plant Physiologist, Drug Plant, Poisonous Plant, Physiological and Fermentation Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION These investigations were undertaken in hope of explaining some fea- tures of the behavior of Johnson grass seeds during their initial dormancy, their period of after-ripening, and their germination. As has been shown elsewhere (15) ,2 Johnson grass seeds belong to that group whose well- matured embryos are never'appreciably dormant, the dormancy of the intact fruit being imposed by its outer, nonliving structures. These include (1) the closely adhering, hard, brittle scales, (2) the fused pericarp and inner integument. Removal of the former hastens the germination and increases the germination capacity of the caryopses, whether these are freshly gathered, are fully after-ripened, or are in process of after- ripening, but does not appreciably affect the rate of after-ripening. Furthermore, removal of the fused pericarp and integument by corrosion with concentrated sulphuric acid or even its removal over one side of the embryo by means of a sharp needle induces the complete germination within three or four days even of freshly gathered grains which, without such treatment, would scarcely germinate at all in weeks or months. It has also been shown (15, 16) that the germination of Johnson grass seeds is highly dependent upon the maintenance of alternating temper- atures, that this sensitiveness to temperature conditions disappears upon the removal of the seed coverings, and that certain chemical substances exert a stimulating action upon their germination, particularly after the removal of the caryopses from the inclosing scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Germination Season and Watering Regime, but Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual Juan J
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biology Faculty Publications Biology 7-11-2014 Germination Season and Watering Regime, But Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual Juan J. Lu Xinjiang Agricultural University, China Dun Y. Tan Xinjiang Agricultural University, China Jerry M. Baskin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Carol C. Baskin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_facpub Part of the Biology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Repository Citation Lu, Juan J.; Tan, Dun Y.; Baskin, Jerry M.; and Baskin, Carol C., "Germination Season and Watering Regime, But Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual" (2014). Biology Faculty Publications. 50. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_facpub/50 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Germination Season and Watering Regime, But Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual Notes/Citation Information Published in PLOS One, v. 9, issue 7, e102018. © 2014 Lu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • TYPES of FRUITS Botanically, a Fruit Develops from a Ripe Ovary Or Any Floral Parts on the Basis of Floral Parts They Develop, Fruits May Be True Or False
    TYPES OF FRUITS Botanically, a fruit develops from a ripe ovary or any floral parts on the basis of floral parts they develop, fruits may be true or false. True Fruits: A true fruit or eucarp is a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization, e.g., Mango, Maize, Grape etc. False Fruits: A false fruit or pseudo-carp is derived from the floral parts other than ovary, e.g., peduncle in cashew-nut, thalamus in apple, pear, gourd and cucumber; fused perianth in mulberry and calyx in Dillenia. Jack fruit and pine apple are also false fruits as they develop from the entire inflorescence. False fruits are also called spurious or accessory fruits. Parthenocarpic fruits: These are seedless fruits that are formed without fertilization, e.g., Banana. Now a day many seedless grapes, oranges and water melones are being developed by horticulturists. Pomology is a branch of horticulture that deals with Types of Fruits: A fruit consists of pericarp and seeds. Seeds are fertilized and ripened ovules. The pericarp develops from the ovary wall and may be dry or fleshy. When fleshy, pericarp is differentiated into outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp. On the basis of the above mentioned features, fruits are usually classified into three main groups: (1) Simple, (2) Aggregate and (3) Composite or Multiple fruits. 1. Simple Fruits: When a single fruit develops from a single ovary of a single flower, it is called a simple fruit. The ovary may belong to a monocarpellary simple gynoecium or to a polycarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. There are two categories of simple fruits—dry and fleshy.
    [Show full text]
  • 12-Fruit and Seed Types, Seed Morphology
    12-FRUİT TYPES AND SEED MORPHOLOGY 1. FRUIT In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants formed from the ovary after flowering. Or fruits are the mature ovaries or pistils of flowering plants plus any associated accessory parts. Accessory parts are organs attached to a fruit but not derived directly from the ovary or ovaries, including the bracts, axes, receptacle, or perianth. FRUİT TYPES Fruit types are based first on fruit development. The three major fruit developments are simple (derived from a single pistil of one flower), aggregate (derived from multiple pistils of a single flower), or multiple (derived from many coalescent flowers; multiple aggregate 1. SIMPLE FRUIT TYPES The simple fruit types are classified based on a number of criteria, including (1) whether fleshy (succulent) or dry at maturity. A. Fleshy (succulent) Fruits Fleshy fruits are general adaptations for seed dispersal by animals, the succulent pericarp being the rewar. Fleshy fruits are generally indehiscent. The pericarp of some fleshy fruits may be divided into 3 layers. These pericarp wall layers are named the endocarp (innermost layer), mesocarp (middle layer), and exocarp (outermost layer). 1. Bacca: An indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp. For example, Vitis vinifera (grape) 2. Drupe: A drupe is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a single shell of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. Plum For example, as in Prunus (peach, plum), Cerasus sp. (cherry). Cherry B. Dry Fruits The dry furits are divided two basic grup; (1) indehiscent dry fruits and (2) dehiscent dry fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 2: Prioritisation and Pre-Collection Assessment
    Botanic Gardens Conservation International The world’s largest plant conservation network Module 2: Prioritisation and Pre-collection Assessment People Plants Places Science • Why plan • Prioritisation • Prospecting • What, where, when, how • Quantity • Quality Why plan? Be in the right place at the right time and collect quickly and efficiently. Especially important when collecting: • in inaccessible, multispecific natural forests • from different sources and widely spread species • within different countries with differing regulations Prioritisation Decide on the species Decide on the to collect and then sites and identify look for a location. species to collect. OR Prioritisation Species prioritised depends on national and institutional goals. e.g. Millennium Seed Bank Project The three E’s: Endangered species: Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable species or habitats Endemic species: Species native to an area, and neither introduced nor a pan-tropical weed Economic species: Species valued/used by people Prioritisation Other criteria for prioritising can include: • Orthodox seeds: retain viability after drying and freezing • Species required for research • Rare seeds: not already banked or readily available http://data.kew.org/sid/ Prioritisation Target 8 of GSPC: “At least 75 per cent of threatened plant species in ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 per cent available for recovery and restoration programmes.” https://www.bgci.org/policy/gspc/ Prioritisation Over 400 botanic gardens are involved in seed banking. The GSCC will increase the contribution of the botanic garden community towards Target 8 of the GPSC through training, prioritisation, prizes and sharing knowledge. https://www.bgci.org/plant-conservation/seedconservation/ Prioritisation Sharing data helps to prioritise seed collection e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Describing the Fruits Group Activity
    Describing The Fruits Group activity: Each member of the group must select 5 cards and describe each of them, focusing the card on the camera of the mobile device with the application Aprender Es Divertido and the other members of the group must guess what fruit it is. If after 2 minutes the other members have not said the name of the fruit, the person who is describing it must do an activity proposed by the other members. It is a drupaceous fruit of a small tree (Prunus dulcis synonym P. amygdalus) of the rose family with flowers and young fruit resembling those of the peach; especially : its ellipsoidal edible kernel used as a nut It is the fleshy, usually rounded red, yellow, or green edible pome fruit of a usually cultivated tree (genus Malus) of the rose family. It is an oval orange-colored fruit of a temperate-zone tree (Prunus armeniaca) resembling the related peach and plum in flavor It is an elongated usually tapering tropical fruit with soft pulpy flesh enclosed in a soft usually yellow rind It is a usually black or dark purple juicy but seedy edible aggregate fruit of various brambles (genus Rubus) of the rose family It is an edible blue or blackish berry of any of several North American plants (genus Vaccinium) of the heath family it is a red, or blackish juicy drupe of the rose family. it is the edible nut of any of a genus (Castanea) of trees or shrubs of the beech family. It is the drupaceous fruit coming ffrom a palm whose outer fibrous husk yields coir and whose nut contains thick edible meat and, in the fresh fruit, a clear liquid It is the brown, oblong edible fruit of a palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
    [Show full text]
  • EXTENSION EC1257 Garden Terms: Reproductive Plant Morphology — Black/PMS 186 Seeds, Flowers, and Fruitsextension
    4 color EXTENSION EC1257 Garden Terms: Reproductive Plant Morphology — Black/PMS 186 Seeds, Flowers, and FruitsEXTENSION Anne Streich, Horticulture Educator Seeds Seed Formation Seeds are a plant reproductive structure, containing a Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a fertilized embryo in an arrestedBlack state of development, stigma. This may occur by wind or by pollinators. surrounded by a hard outer covering. They vary greatly Cross pollinated plants are fertilized with pollen in color, shape, size, and texture (Figure 1). Seeds are EXTENSION from other plants. dispersed by a variety of methods including animals, wind, and natural characteristics (puffball of dandelion, Self-pollinated plants are fertilized with pollen wings of maples, etc.). from their own fl owers. Fertilization is the union of the (male) sperm nucleus from the pollen grain and the (female) egg nucleus found in the ovary. If fertilization is successful, the ovule will develop into a seed and the ovary will develop into a fruit. Seed Characteristics Seed coats are the hard outer covering of seeds. They protect seed from diseases, insects and unfavorable environmental conditions. Water must be allowed through the seed coat for germination to occur. Endosperm is a food storage tissue found in seeds. It can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats. Embryos are immature plants in an arrested state of development. They will begin growth when Figure 1. A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a environmental conditions are favorable. covering called the seed coat. Seeds vary in color, shape, size, and texture. Germination is the process in which seeds begin to grow.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Identification of the 50 Most Common Plant Families in Temperate Regions
    Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species) by Lena Struwe [email protected] © 2016, All rights reserved. Note: Listed characteristics are the most common characteristics; there might be exceptions in rare or tropical species. This compendium is available for free download without cost for non- commercial uses at http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~struwe/. The author welcomes updates and corrections. 1 Overall phylogeny – living land plants Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Lycophytes Clubmosses, etc. Ferns and Fern Allies Ferns, horsetails, moonworts, etc. Gymnosperms Conifers, pines, cycads and cedars, etc. Magnoliids Monocots Fabids Ranunculales Rosids Malvids Caryophyllales Ericales Lamiids The treatment for flowering plants follows the APG IV (2016) Campanulids classification. Not all branches are shown. © Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. 2 Included families (alphabetical list): Amaranthaceae Geraniaceae Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Anacardiaceae Juglandaceae Apiaceae Juncaceae Apocynaceae Lamiaceae Araceae Lauraceae Araliaceae Liliaceae Asphodelaceae Magnoliaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Betulaceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Myrtaceae Brassicaceae Oleaceae Bromeliaceae Orchidaceae Cactaceae Orobanchaceae Campanulaceae Pinaceae Caprifoliaceae Plantaginaceae Caryophyllaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Polygonaceae Cucurbitaceae Ranunculaceae Cupressaceae Rosaceae Cyperaceae Rubiaceae Equisetaceae Rutaceae Ericaceae Salicaceae Euphorbiaceae Scrophulariaceae
    [Show full text]