The Species of Wurmbea
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Adirectionalcline in Mouriri Guianensis (Me Lastom at Ace Ae)
ADIRECTIONALCLINE IN MOURIRI GUIANENSIS (ME LASTOM AT ACE AE) Thomas Morley ( ;t) Abstract of specialization of the most important variable, the ovary, can be clearly identi Morphological variation in Mouriri guia- fied. The overall pattern of distribution nensis is described and analyzed throughout its range in Brazil and adjacent regions. Featu was briefly described previously (Morley, res that vary are ovary size, locule and ovule 1975, 1976); the present paper is a detai number, shape and smoothness of the leaf blade led report. and petiole length. The largest ovaries with the most ovules occur in west central Amazonia; intermediate sizes and numbers are widespread MATERIAL AND METHODS but reach the coast only between Marajó and Ceará; and the smallest ovaries with the fewest The study was carried out with locules and ovules are coastal or nearcoastal from Delta Amacuro in Venezuela to Marajó. pressed specimens borrowed from many Small ovaries also occur in coastal Alagoas and herbaria, to whose curators I am grateful. at Rio de Janeiro. Ovaries with the fewest locu The most instructive characters are those les and ovules are believed to be the most of the unripened ovary, and therefoie specialized, the result of evolution toward only flowering material was of value in decreased waste of ovules, since the fruits of all members are few-seeded. Leaf characters most cases. It was necessary that speci correlate statistically with ovule numbers. mens have a considerable excess of flo Possible origen of the distribution pattern of wers for the dissections to be made wi the species is compared in terms of present thout harm but fortunately only a few rainfall patterns and in terms of Pleistocene climatic change with associated forest refuges. -
Tracing History
Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 911 Tracing History Phylogenetic, Taxonomic, and Biogeographic Research in the Colchicum Family BY ANNIKA VINNERSTEN ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2003 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Lindahlsalen, EBC, Uppsala, Friday, December 12, 2003 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Vinnersten, A. 2003. Tracing History. Phylogenetic, Taxonomic and Biogeographic Research in the Colchicum Family. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 911. 33 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5814-9 This thesis concerns the history and the intrafamilial delimitations of the plant family Colchicaceae. A phylogeny of 73 taxa representing all genera of Colchicaceae, except the monotypic Kuntheria, is presented. The molecular analysis based on three plastid regions—the rps16 intron, the atpB- rbcL intergenic spacer, and the trnL-F region—reveal the intrafamilial classification to be in need of revision. The two tribes Iphigenieae and Uvularieae are demonstrated to be paraphyletic. The well-known genus Colchicum is shown to be nested within Androcymbium, Onixotis constitutes a grade between Neodregea and Wurmbea, and Gloriosa is intermixed with species of Littonia. Two new tribes are described, Burchardieae and Tripladenieae, and the two tribes Colchiceae and Uvularieae are emended, leaving four tribes in the family. At generic level new combinations are made in Wurmbea and Gloriosa in order to render them monophyletic. The genus Androcymbium is paraphyletic in relation to Colchicum and the latter genus is therefore expanded. -
Ecological Differentiation of Combined and Separate Sexes of Wurmbea Dioica (Colchicaceae) in Sympatry
Ecology, 82(9), 2001, pp. 2601±2616 q 2001 by the Ecological Society of America ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF COMBINED AND SEPARATE SEXES OF WURMBEA DIOICA (COLCHICACEAE) IN SYMPATRY ANDREA L. CASE1 AND SPENCER C. H. BARRETT Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2 Abstract. The evolution and maintenance of combined vs. separate sexes in ¯owering plants is in¯uenced by both ecological and genetic factors; variation in resources, partic- ularly moisture availability, is thought to play a role in selection for gender dimorphism in some groups. We investigated the density, distribution, biomass allocation, and physi- ology of sympatric monomorphic (cosexual) and dimorphic (female and male) populations of Wurmbea dioica in relation to soil moisture on the Darling Escarpment in southwestern Australia. Populations with monomorphic vs. dimorphic sexual systems segregated into wet vs. dry microsites, respectively, and biomass allocation patterns and physiological traits re¯ected differences in water availability, despite similarities in total ramet biomass between the sexual systems. Unisexuals ¯owered earlier at lower density, and they allocated sig- ni®cantly more biomass below ground to roots and corms than did cosexuals, which al- located more biomass above ground to leaves, stems, and ¯owers. Females, males, and cosexuals produced similar numbers of ¯owers per ramet, but unisexuals produced more ramets than cosexuals, increasing the total number of ¯owers per genet. Contrary to ex- pectation, cosexuals had signi®cantly higher (more positive) leaf carbon isotope ratios and lower leaf nitrogen content than unisexuals, suggesting that cosexuals are more water-use ef®cient and have lower rates of photosynthesis per unit leaf mass despite their occurrence in wetter microsites. -
Liliaceae Lily Family
Liliaceae lily family While there is much compelling evidence available to divide this polyphyletic family into as many as 25 families, the older classification sensu Cronquist is retained here. Page | 1222 Many are familiar as garden ornamentals and food plants such as onion, garlic, tulip and lily. The flowers are showy and mostly regular, three-merous and with a superior ovary. Key to genera A. Leaves mostly basal. B B. Flowers orange; 8–11cm long. Hemerocallis bb. Flowers not orange, much smaller. C C. Flowers solitary. Erythronium cc. Flowers several to many. D D. Leaves linear, or, absent at flowering time. E E. Flowers in an umbel, terminal, numerous; leaves Allium absent. ee. Flowers in an open cluster, or dense raceme. F F. Leaves with white stripe on midrib; flowers Ornithogalum white, 2–8 on long peduncles. ff. Leaves green; flowers greenish, in dense Triantha racemes on very short peduncles. dd. Leaves oval to elliptic, present at flowering. G G. Flowers in an umbel, 3–6, yellow. Clintonia gg. Flowers in a one-sided raceme, white. Convallaria aa. Leaves mostly cauline. H H. Leaves in one or more whorls. I I. Leaves in numerous whorls; flowers >4cm in diameter. Lilium ii. Leaves in 1–2 whorls; flowers much smaller. J J. Leaves 3 in a single whorl; flowers white or purple. Trillium jj. Leaves in 2 whorls, or 5–9 leaves; flowers yellow, small. Medeola hh. Leaves alternate. K K. Flowers numerous in a terminal inflorescence. L L. Plants delicate, glabrous; leaves 1–2 petiolate. Maianthemum ll. Plant coarse, robust; stems pubescent; leaves many, clasping Veratrum stem. -
PLANT MORPHOLOGY: Vegetative & Reproductive
PLANT MORPHOLOGY: Vegetative & Reproductive Study of form, shape or structure of a plant and its parts Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut_plant_NSRW.jpg Vegetative morphology http://faculty.baruch.cuny.edu/jwahlert/bio1003/images/anthophyta/peanut_cotyledon.jpg Seed = starting point of plant after fertilization; a young plant in which development is arrested and the plant is dormant. Monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon cotyledon = leaf developed at 1st node of embryo (seed leaf). “Textbook” plant http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_02AngiospermStructure.jpg Stem variation Stem variation http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/barrel.jpg http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0042.jpg http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/xstawb.gif http://biology.uwsp.edu/courses/botlab/images/1854$.jpg Vegetative morphology Leaf variation Leaf variation Leaf variation Vegetative morphology If the primary root persists, it is called a “true root” and may take the following forms: taproot = single main root (descends vertically) with small lateral roots. fibrous roots = many divided roots of +/- equal size & thickness. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nursery-weeds/weedspeciespage/OXALIS/oxalis_taproot.jpg adventitious roots = roots that originate from stem (or leaf tissue) rather than from the true root. All roots on monocots are adventitious. (e.g., corn and other grasses). http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/plant_images/StrawberryRootLesion.JPG Root variation http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_04RootDiversity.jpg Flower variation http://130.54.82.4/members/Okuyama/yudai_e.htm Reproductive morphology: flower Yuan Yaowu Flower parts pedicel receptacle sepals petals Yuan Yaowu Flower parts Pedicel = (Latin: ped “foot”) stalk of a flower. -
Vegetative Vs. Reproductive Morphology
Today’s lecture: plant morphology Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology Vegetative morphology Growth, development, photosynthesis, support Not involved in sexual reproduction Reproductive morphology Sexual reproduction Vegetative morphology: seeds Seed = a dormant young plant in which development is arrested. Cotyledon (seed leaf) = leaf developed at the first node of the embryonic stem; present in the seed prior to germination. Vegetative morphology: roots Water and mineral uptake radicle primary roots stem secondary roots taproot fibrous roots adventitious roots Vegetative morphology: roots Modified roots Symbiosis/parasitism Food storage stem secondary roots Increase nutrient Allow dormancy adventitious roots availability Facilitate vegetative spread Vegetative morphology: stems plumule primary shoot Support, vertical elongation apical bud node internode leaf lateral (axillary) bud lateral shoot stipule Vegetative morphology: stems Vascular tissue = specialized cells transporting water and nutrients Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth Vegetative morphology: stems Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth Vegetative morphology: stems Modified stems Asexual (vegetative) reproduction Stolon: above ground Rhizome: below ground Stems elongating laterally, producing adventitious roots and lateral shoots Vegetative morphology: stems Modified stems Food storage Bulb: leaves are storage organs Corm: stem is storage organ Stems not elongating, packed with carbohydrates Vegetative -
Ovary Structure of the Genus Gyrogyne (Gesneriaceae, Epithemateae)
CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/asb Australian Systematic Botany 16, 629–632 Ovary structure of the genus Gyrogyne (Gesneriaceae, Epithemateae) Yin-Zheng Wang Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Herbarium, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Abstract. The anatomical re-investigation of the ovary in the holotype of Gyrogyne subaequifolia W.T.Wang is carried out in order to clarify the ovarian structure of the genus Gyrogyne W.T.Wang (Gesneriaceae), a seemingly unusual ovarian structure according to its original description. The present anatomical re-investigation reveals that the ovary is, in fact, bilocular with a swollen axile placenta in the centre, that is, the median area of the membranous septum. The ovarian structure of G. subaequifolia shows, thus, a common feature frequently observed in the ovaries of Gesneriaceae rather than a unique ovarian characteristic that contributes to the family Gesneriaceae. The systematic placement of Gyrogyne and the relationship between Gyrogyne and allies are discussed. SB03004 NoY.- tesZ. onWang t he ovary structur e of Gy rogyne Introduction Results The monospecific genus Gyrogyne W. T. Wa n g The transections at the basal part of the ovary are not clear, (Gesneriaceae) endemic to China was established on the for the flower is very depressed (not shown). Upward from basis of the only species, G. subaequifolia W. T. Wa n g , the lower part, the structure of the ovary gradually becomes described at the same time (Wang 1981). In the original visible. -
Investigation Into the Genetic Basis of Increased Locule Number in Heirloom Tomato Cultivars
Investigation Into The Genetic Basis Of Increased Locule Number In Heirloom Tomato Cultivars Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Paton, Andrew James Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 11:38:21 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/632842 INVESTIGATION INTO THE GENETIC BASIS OF INCREASED LOCULE NUMBER IN HEIRLOOM TOMATO CULTIVARS By ANDREW JAMES PATON ____________________ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelors degree With Honors in Molecular and Cellular Biology THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA M A Y 2 0 1 9 Approved by: ____________________________ Dr. Frans Tax Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Abstract Tomatoes are an important crop for many types of foods and can be easily preserved, making them an attractive candidate for selective genetic modification. One trait that could be improved upon is locule number, which can increase the practical edible mass of each tomato. To identify genes that may be responsible for this phenotype, we PCR-amplified, gel-imaged, and sequenced candidate genes in several heirloom tomato cultivars that naturally exhibit multiple locules. These candidate genes were selected from genes involved in the CLV-WUS feedback mechanism that act to control proliferation of apical meristems, which directly impact the characteristics of fruit. -
Field Identification of the 50 Most Common Plant Families in Temperate Regions
Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species) by Lena Struwe [email protected] © 2016, All rights reserved. Note: Listed characteristics are the most common characteristics; there might be exceptions in rare or tropical species. This compendium is available for free download without cost for non- commercial uses at http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~struwe/. The author welcomes updates and corrections. 1 Overall phylogeny – living land plants Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Lycophytes Clubmosses, etc. Ferns and Fern Allies Ferns, horsetails, moonworts, etc. Gymnosperms Conifers, pines, cycads and cedars, etc. Magnoliids Monocots Fabids Ranunculales Rosids Malvids Caryophyllales Ericales Lamiids The treatment for flowering plants follows the APG IV (2016) Campanulids classification. Not all branches are shown. © Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. 2 Included families (alphabetical list): Amaranthaceae Geraniaceae Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Anacardiaceae Juglandaceae Apiaceae Juncaceae Apocynaceae Lamiaceae Araceae Lauraceae Araliaceae Liliaceae Asphodelaceae Magnoliaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Betulaceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Myrtaceae Brassicaceae Oleaceae Bromeliaceae Orchidaceae Cactaceae Orobanchaceae Campanulaceae Pinaceae Caprifoliaceae Plantaginaceae Caryophyllaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Polygonaceae Cucurbitaceae Ranunculaceae Cupressaceae Rosaceae Cyperaceae Rubiaceae Equisetaceae Rutaceae Ericaceae Salicaceae Euphorbiaceae Scrophulariaceae -
Identification of Loci Controlling Fruit Morphology in Yellow Stuffer Tomato
Theor Appl Genet (2003) 107:139–147 DOI 10.1007/s00122-003-1224-1 E. van der Knaap · S. D. Tanksley The making of a bell pepper-shaped tomato fruit: identification of loci controlling fruit morphology in Yellow Stuffer tomato Received: 27 May 2002 / Accepted: 19 June 2002 / Published online: 21 March 2003 Springer-Verlag 2003 Abstract The heirloom tomato cultivar Yellow Stuffer walls, giving the extended, bumpy shape characteristic of produces fruit that are similar in shape and structure to bell peppers. In addition, most fruit size QTL correspond fruit produced by the bell pepper varieties of garden to loci controlling number of flowers per inflorescence pepper. To determine the genetic basis of this extreme and/or stem-end blockiness. Comparisons among previ- fruit type in tomato, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis ously identified fruit morphology loci in tomato, eggplant was performed on an F2 population derived from a cross and pepper suggest that loci affecting several aspects of between Yellow Stuffer and the related species, Lyco- fruit morphology may be due to pleiotrophic effects of the persicon pimpinellifolium, which produces a small, round same, orthologous loci in these species. Moreover, it fruit typical of most wild species. F2 plants were analyzed appears that the evolution of bell pepper-shaped tomato for both fruit size and the degree to which their fruit fruit may have proceeded through mutations of some of resembled the bell pepper. Three QTL were determined to the same genes that led to bell pepper-type fruit in garden influence bell pepper shape and seven QTL influenced pepper. -
MADS-Box Protein Complex Vvag2, Vvsep3 and Vvagl11 Regulates the Formation of Ovules in Vitis Vinifera L
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article MADS-Box Protein Complex VvAG2, VvSEP3 and VvAGL11 Regulates the Formation of Ovules in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Xiangfei’ Yan Wang, Zhenhua Liu, Jiang Wu, Liang Hong, Jinjun Liang, Yangmei Ren, Pingyin Guan and Jianfang Hu * College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (L.H.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (Y.R.); [email protected] (P.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6273-2488 Abstract: The phenomenon of multi-carpel and multi-ovule exists in the grapevine cultivar ‘Xiangfei’, but the mechanism of ovule formation is seldom reported. In this study, we observed the ovule formation process by using ‘Xiangfei’ grapes. The role of the VvAG2 (VvAGAMOUS) gene in ovule formation was identified, and we explored the relationship between VvAG2, VvSEP3(VvMADS4) and VvAGL11(VvMADS5) proteins. The results showed that the ovule primordium appeared when the inflorescence length of ‘Xiangfei’ grapes were 4–5 cm long; the relative expression levels of VvAG2, VvAGL11 and VvSEP3 genes were higher during ovule formation, and the expression levels of VvAG2 gene was the highest. Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing VvAG2 produced higher numbers of ovules and carpels than the wild type. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and yeast three-hybrid experiments demonstrated that VvSEP3 acts as a bridge and interacts with VvAG2 and VvAGL11 proteins, respectively. Meanwhile, a homodimer can be formed between Citation: Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Wu, J.; VvSEP3 and VvSEP3, but there was no interaction between VvAG2 and VvAGL11. -
Flowers and Flower Terminology Biology 205, Spring 2006
Flowers and Flower Terminology Biology 205, Spring 2006 A flower is a terminal cluster of sporophylls, and, technically, a strobilus. A flower is composed of 4 whorls of sporophylls 2 sterile (sepals and petals) 2 fertile (stamens and carpels) Collective Terms All sepals = calyx All petals = corolla All sepals and petals together = perianth If you can’t tell between sepals and petals, use the term tepals (e.g., Magnolia flowers) All stamens = androecium All carpels = gynoecium Stamens are made up of the filament (sporophyll remnant) and anthers (containing pollen) Carpels are made up of the stigma (receptive surface), style (neck) and ovary (containing ovules) The placenta is the tissue in the ovary that takes nutrition to ovules/developing embryo Placentation is the arrangement of ovules along the placental tissue A primitive stamen with a pronounced filament is called a laminar stamen (not found in more advanced flowers) A primitive carpel that is not fully fused is called a conduplicate megasporophyll (not found in more advanced flowers) The two major trends of advanced flowers are reduction and fusion Reduction: in the # of parts or in the loss of whole parts (whorls) Fusion: of like parts (connation) or unlike parts (adnation) Fusion of calyx and corolla is usually into a tube Asepalous (free sepals) synsepalous (fused sepals) Apetalous (free petals) synpetalous (fused petals) (the prefix A- means free parts, Syn- means fusion of like parts) Stamens can be fused together by their filaments (as in many legumes) or by their anthers