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The Legume Handbook The Legume Handbook By: Jose Escalante The Legume Handbook By: Jose Escalante Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1/ > This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Jose Escalante. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Collection structure revised: May 21, 2019 PDF generated: May 21, 2019 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 9. Table of Contents 1 Legumes 101 .......................................................................................1 2 Legume Lookout ...................................................................................3 3 Legume Distribution and Production ...........................................................7 Attributions ..........................................................................................9 iv Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> Chapter 1 Legumes 1011 Figure 1.1 A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae2 (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant (also called a pulse). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage 1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m76769/1.2/>. 2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> 1 2 CHAPTER 1. LEGUMES 101 and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure3 . Well-known legumes include alfalfa4 , clover, beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupins, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts, and tamarind. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although the term "pod" is also applied to a number of other fruit types, such as that of vanilla (a capsule) and of the radish (a silique). Legumes are notable in that most of them have symbiotic nitrogen-xing bacteria in structures called root nodules. For that reason, they play a key role in crop rotation5 . 3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manure 4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa 5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> Chapter 2 Legume Lookout1 In this section, a few dierent examples will be shown to help you nd some legumes. Figure 2.1: The world runs on legumes. 2.1 Legume Visuals If you've never seen a pinto bean before, that is about to change. 1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m76772/1.1/>. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> 3 4 CHAPTER 2. LEGUME LOOKOUT Figure 2.2: A friendly group of pinto beans. Cross "staring at a pile of broad beans" o of your bucket list. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> 5 Figure 2.3: A batch of broad beans set beautifully against a white background. If you see something like these around, they are likely chickpeas. Know that you are in the presence of legumes, as chickpeas are indeed legumes. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> 6 CHAPTER 2. LEGUME LOOKOUT Figure 2.4: Watch out for these. 2.2 Listen for these These legumes tend to hide a little bit, but if you use your sense of hearing correctly you can hear their names being whispered and know that legumes are near. Can you hear them? • Kidney bean • Scarlet runner bean • Garden pea • Lupin • Mung bean • Lima bean • Black eyed peas2 • ALFALFA • Peanuts?! 2Commonly mistaken for the band, do not eat the band (we need them). Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> Chapter 3 Legume Distribution and Production1 Legumes are widely distributed as the third-largest land plant family in terms of number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with about 751 genera and some 19,000 known species, 2 3 constituting about seven percent of owering plant species.45 Storage of Grain Legumes Seed viability decreases with longer storage time. Studies done on Vetch, Horse beans, and peas show that they last about 5 years in storage. Environmental factors that are important in inuencing germination are relative humidity and temperature. Two rules apply to moisture content between 5 and 14 percent: the life of the seed will last longer if the storage temperature is reduced by 5 degree celsius. Secondly, the storage moisture content will decrease if temperature is reduced by 1 degree celsius. 6 Pulse Production 2017 India 953.0 Poland 311.8 United Kingdom 280.0 Mozambique 213.6 China 153.9 Vietnam 133.2 World 4,232,978 Table 3.1: That's a lot of legumes. note: If you tried to count every legume in the world you would spend a lot of time counting legumes. You have been warned. 1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m76773/1.3/>. 2Christenhusz MJ, Byng JW (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 3Stevens PF. "Fabaceae" (<http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/fabalesweb.htm#Fabaceae>) . An- giosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7 May 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2008. 4Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2002). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associate. pp. 287292. ISBN 978-0-87893-403-4. 5Magallón S, Sanderson MJ (September 2001). "Absolute diversication rates in angiosperm clades" (PDF). Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 55 (9): 176280. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x 6Cereal and grain-legume seed processing : technical guidelines. Rome: Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1981. p. 43. ISBN 9251009805. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> 7 8 CHAPTER 3. LEGUME DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION Figure 3.1: Wow Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> ATTRIBUTIONS 9 Attributions Collection: The Legume Handbook Edited by: Jose Escalante URL: http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1/ License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: "Legumes 101" By: Jose Escalante URL: http://cnx.org/content/m76769/1.2/ Pages: 1-2 Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: "Legume Lookout" By: Jose Escalante URL: http://cnx.org/content/m76772/1.1/ Pages: 3-6 Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Module: "Legume Distribution and Production" By: Jose Escalante URL: http://cnx.org/content/m76773/1.3/ Pages: 7-8 Copyright: Jose Escalante License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col29266/1.1> The Legume Handbook This textbook has everything you need to know about legumes. 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