Taxonomy and Botany in Relation to Seeds
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BIL 161: Environment and Development: the Effects of Environmental Variables on Seed Germination
BIL 161: Environment and Development: The Effects of Environmental Variables on Seed Germination The seed is more than just a plant waiting to happen. It is a complex marvel of evolution, a miniature life-support system that responds to environmental cues in order to give the embryo nestled within the best chance of survival. I. Characteristics and Classification of Plants Plants share synapomorphies that set them apart from other organisms. 1. true tissues (of types unique to plants) 2. waxy cuticle (to prevent desiccation) 3. stomates (microscopic gas exchange pores on the leaves) 4. apical meristems (permanent embryonic tissue for constant growth) 5. multicellular sex organs (male antheridia and female archegonia) 6. walled spores produced in structures called sporangia 7. embryo development inside the female parent 8. secondary metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, etc.) 9. heteromorphic alternation of generations The most primitive plants do not produce seeds at all, but rather release spores into the environment where they grow into a second life cycle stage, called the gametophyte. In seed plants, the life cycle is highly derived. Seed plants still make spores, but each spore grows into a gametophyte that is little more than a bit of tissue that gives rise to gametes. In the male parts of the plant, each spore develops into a sperm-producing male gametophyte known as pollen. In the female parts of the plant, meiosis occurs inside a structure known as the ovule, which will eventually give rise to the seed. Plants can broadly be classified as follows. A. Bryophytes – non-vascular plants (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) B. -
Synthesis of Phylogeny and Taxonomy Into a Comprehensive Tree of Life
Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life Cody E. Hinchliffa,1, Stephen A. Smitha,1,2, James F. Allmanb, J. Gordon Burleighc, Ruchi Chaudharyc, Lyndon M. Coghilld, Keith A. Crandalle, Jiabin Dengc, Bryan T. Drewf, Romina Gazisg, Karl Gudeh, David S. Hibbettg, Laura A. Katzi, H. Dail Laughinghouse IVi, Emily Jane McTavishj, Peter E. Midfordd, Christopher L. Owenc, Richard H. Reed, Jonathan A. Reesk, Douglas E. Soltisc,l, Tiffani Williamsm, and Karen A. Cranstonk,2 aEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; bInterrobang Corporation, Wake Forest, NC 27587; cDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; dField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605; eComputational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA 20147; fDepartment of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849; gDepartment of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610; hSchool of Journalism, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; iBiological Science, Clark Science Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063; jDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; kNational Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705; lFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and mComputer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Edited by David M. Hillis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved July 28, 2015 (received for review December 3, 2014) Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships that unite all line- published phylogenies are available only as journal figures, rather ages (the tree of life) is a grand challenge. The paucity of homologous than in electronic formats that can be integrated into databases and character data across disparately related lineages currently renders synthesis methods (7–9). -
Germination : Seeds Come Equipped with Everything Needed to Create A
Germination : Seeds come equipped with everything needed to create a new plant. They’re simply waiting for optimal environmental conditions to be met, then the process of germination can begin. First, the seed absorbs water. The seed coat softens and enzymes within are dissolved. Warm temperatures activate the enzymes to begin working. Oxygen combines with the seed’s stored energy and new tissue is formed through cell elongation and cell division. This description of germination, though over- simplified, gives us a useful glimpse of plant life in its infant stage. · All seed germination involves water, temperature and oxygen. However, each plant species has unique requirements for these three conditions. Therefore, follow seed package instructions carefully. Days to germination and planting depth are important knowledge for successful gardening. · Seeds are often started indoors in order to extend the growing season in our Midwest location. Seed starting in early spring also gives the gardener an opportunity to optimize conditions for germination. Soil temperature can be controlled through the use of heating mats. Watering from the bottom at appropriate intervals keeps the soil moist, not water logged. · Moisture is a pre-requisite for successful germination. However, too much water will exclude oxygen from the seed. Note that seeds need oxygen during this stage of their development; the need for carbon dioxide increases later when leaves emerge and photosynthesis begins. · Each species has an optimal temperature and a range of temperatures for germination. ISU Publication PM 874 “Starting Garden Transplants at Home” includes a table of best soil temperature for germination of several flower and vegetable species. -
Principles of Plant Taxonomy Bot
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT TAXONOMY BOT 222 Dr. M. Ajmal Ali, PhD 1 What is Taxonomy / Systematics ? Animal group No. of species Amphibians 6,199 Birds 9,956 Fish 30,000 Mammals 5,416 Tundra Reptiles 8,240 Subtotal 59,811 Grassland Forest Insects 950,000 Molluscs 81,000 Q: Why we keep the stuffs of our home Crustaceans 40,000 at the fixed place or arrange into some Corals 2,175 kinds of system? Desert Others 130,200 Rain forest Total 1,203,375 • Every Human being is a Taxonomist Plants No. of species Mosses 15,000 Ferns and allies 13,025 Gymnosperms 980 Dicotyledons 199,350 Monocotyledons 59,300 Green Algae 3,715 Red Algae 5,956 Lichens 10,000 Mushrooms 16,000 Brown Algae 2,849 Subtotal 28,849 Total 1,589,361 • We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism. We need to scientifically identify, name and classify all the living organism. • Taxonomy / Systematics is the branch of science deals with classification of organism. 2 • Q. What is Plant Taxonomy / Plant systematics We study plants because: Plants convert Carbon dioxide gas into Every things we eat comes Plants produce oxygen. We breathe sugars through the process of directly or indirectly from oxygen. We cannot live without photosynthesis. plants. oxygen. Many chemicals produced by the Study of plants science helps to Study of plants science helps plants used as learn more about the natural Plants provide fibres for paper or fabric. to conserve endangered medicine. world plants. We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism. -
The Taxonomy of Human Evolved Psychological Adaptations
Evo Edu Outreach (2012) 5:312–320 DOI 10.1007/s12052-012-0428-8 EVOLUTION AND EDUCATION RESOURCES PsychTable.org: The Taxonomy of Human Evolved Psychological Adaptations Niruban Balachandran & Daniel J. Glass Published online: 8 July 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract We announce the launch of PsychTable.org,a Introduction collaborative web-based project devoted to classifying and evaluating evolved psychological adaptations The timing is right to establish a classification system for (EPAs), geared toward researchers, educators, students, human evolved psychological adaptations (EPAs). Several and the general public. The website works by aggregat- factors have coalesced to create a unique opportunity to de- ing citations which support or challenge the existence of velop a taxonomy that will facilitate the expansion of a culture each purported EPA, using a mathematical algorithm to of both synthesis and empirical rigor in the evolutionary assign an evidentiary strength score to each, and gener- behavioral sciences, including disciplines such as evolution- ating a table which represents the current but ever- ary cognitive neuroscience, behavioral ecology, “evo-devo,” changing state of the empirical evidence. Citations are primatology, evolutionary anthropology, human ethology, ge- added and assigned evaluative ratings by both general netics, and others. users and an international community of expert contrib- These aforementioned factors include: a large international utors; as such, the content of the site will represent the body of research describing hundreds of amassed EPAs; a consensus of the scientific community and new research global research community of evolutionary behavioral scien- opportunities. PsychTable has features for achieving empir- tists that recognizes the importance of both synthesis and ical meta-goals such as quality control, hypothesis testing, classification; the ascent of evolutionary psychology as a cross-disciplinary collaboration, and didactic utility. -
Germination, Survival, and Growth of Grass and Forb Seedlings: Effects of Soil Moisture Variability
Acta Oecologica 35 (2009) 679–684 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Oecologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actoec Original article Germination, survival, and growth of grass and forb seedlings: Effects of soil moisture variability Philip A. Fay a,*, Megan J. Schultz b,1 a USDA-ARS, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 E. Blackland Road, Temple, TX 76502, USA b Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811, USA article info abstract Article history: Seed germination and seedling growth, survivorship, and final biomass and their responses to watering Received 31 January 2009 interval were studied in two grass and six forb species to assess germination and seedling growth Accepted 13 June 2009 responses to increased soil moisture variability as might occur with future increases in precipitation Published online 14 July 2009 variability. Seeds were planted in prairie soil and watered at 1, 2, 4, or 7 d intervals (I). Seed germination peaked at I ¼ 4 d whereas leaf growth in grasses and forbs, and final biomass in grasses peaked at I ¼ 7d, Keywords: suggesting that growth and biomass were favored at greater soil moisture variability than seed germi- Allocation nation. Biomass responses to I were stronger than the germination responses, suggesting that soil Biomass Climate change moisture variability more strongly influenced post germination growth. Individual species responses to I Community fell into three groups; those with responses to I for: (1) seed germination and seedling survival, (2) Establishment biomass, or (3) both germination and biomass production. These species groups may be more useful than Extreme events life form (i.e., grass/forb) for understanding seed germination and seedling dynamics in grasslands Functional group during periods of soil moisture variability. -
Seed Germination
Aquaponics Seed Germination Adapted from: This is an original activity from Environmental Science 250: Environmental Education. Grade Level: Intermediate ACADEMIC STANDARDS Duration: Various class English Language Arts Pre K – 5 periods . 1.2 Reading Informational Text o Key Ideas and Details Setting: Classroom o Craft and Structure o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas Summary: Students will be able o Vocabulary Acquisition and Use to germinate and track the o Range of Reading . 1.5 Speaking and Listening growth of their seeds. o Comprehension and Collaboration o Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas Objectives: Students will be o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas able to germinate and track the o Conventions of Standard English growth of their seeds. In order to English Language Arts 6 – 12 do this they will understand the . 1.2 Reading Informational Text process by which a seed o Key Ideas and Details germinates and the conditions o Craft and Structure o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas necessary for growth. o Vocabulary Acquisition and Use o Range of Reading Vocabulary: Germination . 1.5 Speaking and Listening o Comprehension and Collaboration Additional Materials (Included o Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas in Module): o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas o Conventions of Standard English . Seed Diagram . Germination Process Writing in Science and Technical Subjects 6 – 12 Handout . 3.6 Writing . Seeds o Text Types and Purposes o Production and Distribution of Writing . Paper towels o Research to Build and Present Knowledge . Plastic bags o Range of Writing . Notecards Reading in Science and Technical Subjects 6 – 12 . Tweezers . 3.5 Reading . -
Germination Season and Watering Regime, but Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual Juan J
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biology Faculty Publications Biology 7-11-2014 Germination Season and Watering Regime, But Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual Juan J. Lu Xinjiang Agricultural University, China Dun Y. Tan Xinjiang Agricultural University, China Jerry M. Baskin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Carol C. Baskin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_facpub Part of the Biology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Repository Citation Lu, Juan J.; Tan, Dun Y.; Baskin, Jerry M.; and Baskin, Carol C., "Germination Season and Watering Regime, But Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual" (2014). Biology Faculty Publications. 50. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_facpub/50 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Germination Season and Watering Regime, But Not Seed Morph, Affect Life History Traits in a Cold Desert Diaspore-Heteromorphic Annual Notes/Citation Information Published in PLOS One, v. 9, issue 7, e102018. © 2014 Lu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
The Effect of Seed Weight on Photosynthetic Area Development and Weight of the Sainfoin (Onebrychis Spp
The effect of seed weight on photosynthetic area development and weight of the sainfoin (Onebrychis spp. Scop.) seedling by Stephen Carl Fransen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Agronomy Montana State University © Copyright by Stephen Carl Fransen (1975) Abstract: The hypothesis that cotyledon area to seed weight ratio might vary among sainfoin accessions was tested by comparing regression coefficients of area on weight. In addition, effects of seed weight upon areas and weights of cotyledons, first and second leaves and total seedlings were studied. Ten accessions of sainfoin representing three different species were studied. After 17 days of growth in a growth chamber, seedlings of all accessions were sampled for the characteristics to be studied. The ratios of cotyledon area to seed weight were similar for most accessions. Seedlings from heavier seeds emerged and developed more rapidly than seedlings from lighter seeds. Embryo axis length and width and leaf primordia length were all highly correlated with seed weight. Areas and weights of cotyledons, first and second leaves were correlated with seed weight for most accessions. Total seedling area and weight, at 17 days of age, were also correlated with initial seed weight. Trifoliolate seedlings had greater first leaf area but less second leaf area than unifoliolate seedlings. As a result, trifoliolate seedlings had only 3.5 percent more total leaf area than unifoliolate seedlings at 17 days. These results help explain some of the variability among previous tests comparing unifoliolate and trifoliolate seedlings for seedling vigor. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY Iu presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it freely .available for inspection„ I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes- may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. -
KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1A. Fruit Derived from Several Ovaries of One Or More Flowers 2A. Fruit Arising from the Several Ovaries of A
KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1a. Fruit derived from several ovaries of one or more flowers 2a. Fruit arising from the several ovaries of as many flowers (examples: pineapple, mulberry) MULTIPLE FRUIT 2b. Fruit arising from the coalescence of several ripened ovaries of one flower (example: raspberry, blackberry) AGGREGATE FRUIT 1b. Fruit derived from a single ovary (simple or compound) 3a. Fruit fleshy or juicy when ripe 4a. Ovary wall of fruit (or pericarp) entirely or in part fleshy 5a. Fruit indehiscent 6a. Ovary wall entirely fleshy (examples: tomato, cranberry, grape, currant, banana, melon [pepo], and citrus fruit [hesperidium]) BERRY 6b. Ovary wall of three distinct layers, the inner one bony (endocarp), the middle fleshy (mesocarp), and the outer "skin- like" (exocarp) (examples: peach, plum, cherry) DRUPE 5b. Fruit dehiscent 7a. Fruit derived from one carpel FOLLICLE 7b. Fruit derived from a compound gynoecium CAPSULE 4b. Ovary wall (e.g., the outer layer of an apple 'core') of fruit papery, surrounded by a fleshy material that represents the coalescent parts of the stamens, petals, sepals, and (some believe) receptacle (examples: apple, pear, quince) POME 3b. Fruit typically dry and usually hardened when ripe 8a. Fruit indehiscent (does not open or dehisce when mature), generally with one seed 9a. Ovary wall of varying thickness, usually not bony 10a. Fruit not winged (examples: buttercup, 'seeds' of strawberry, sunflower family, sedges, grasses [ovary wall adherent to and surrounding seed, may be called caryopsis or grain]) ACHENE 10b. Fruit winged (examples: elm, tulip tree) SAMARA 9b. Ovary wall hardened and bony 11a. Fruit usually > 5mm long (examples: oak, chestnut, hazelnut) NUT 11b. -
A Global Perspective on the Origins of Agriculture: the Importance of Unconscious Selection
A global perspective on the origins of agriculture: the importance of unconscious selection Thomas Kluyver Department of Animal and Plant Sciences A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2013 1 Acknowledgements My primary supervisor, Colin Osborne, has provided advice, encouragement and inspiration throughout my PhD. My supervisors in the Department of Archaeology, Glynis Jones and Mike Charles, have patiently helped me to get to grips with a field which I had never studied before this project. Mark Rees’ advice about statistics has also been invaluable. I am grateful to Irene Johnson, for her eminently practical help with growing all kinds of plants, and to Emily Mockford and Chris Bennett, for painstakingly dissecting beet seed capsules to weigh individual seeds. Katherine Haynes and Rebecca Crabtree weighed seed of modern garden vegetables for chapter 3, and that chapter also could not have been written without people and organisations around the world who shared their data with me, including Benoît Pujol (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, France), the Botanical Information Section at RBG Kew, the USDA National Genetic Resources Program, the International Potato Centre (CIP) in Peru, and EMBRAPA in Brazil. Over the last few years, I have enjoyed a warm, friendly and intellectually stimulating environment in Sheffield. It has been a pleasure to work with the people in Colin Osborne’s lab group, as well as the many others who I have got to know. My PhD research was funded by a university studentship from the University of Sheffield, for which I am very thankful. Last but not least, my thanks to my girlfriend and my family, for their support both during my PhD and in the years of education which prepared me to undertake it. -
The 12Th Solanaceae Conference
SOL2015 would like to thank our sponsors: The 12th Solanaceae Conference The 12th Solanaceae Conference 1 The 12th Solanaceae Conference 2 CONTENTS Scientific Committee, Conference Chairs and Speakers ..................................... 4 Map of the Conference Site ............................................................................... 5 Social Events ..................................................................................................... 6 Program at a Glance .......................................................................................... 9 Scientific Program ............................................................................................. 10 Abstract (Monday, October 26th) Keynote lecture (KL‐1) ...................................................................................... 23 Session I – Plant Growth & Development ........................................................ 24 Session II – Biodiversity .................................................................................... 27 Session III – Molecular Breeding ...................................................................... 30 Session IV – Bioinformatics and SGN Workshop .............................................. 32 Abstract (Tuesday, October 27th) Keynote lecture (KL‐2) ...................................................................................... 34 Session V – Flower, Fruit and Tuber Biology .................................................... 35 Abstract (Wednesday, October 28th) Keynote lecture (KL‐3)