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Von Der Selbstisolation Zur Integration in Der Welt Kun Zhang Von der Selbstisolation zur Integration in der Welt Das Weltanschauungsbild in den Schulbüchern für das Fach Politik in der Volksrepublik China Hamburger Studientexte Didaktik Sozialwissenschaften, Bd. 13 Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Erziehungswissenschaft 2020 Von der Selbstisolation zur Integration in der Welt Das Weltanschauungsbild in den Schulbüchern für das Fach Politik in der Volksrepublik China Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Phi- losophie der Universität Hamburg von Kun Zhang geboren am 13. Oktober 1982 in Shandong, VR China Fakultät für Erziehungswissenschaft, Universität Hamburg, Deutschland Erster Gutachter und Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Tilman Grammes Zweiter Gutachter und Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Sven Degenhardt Mündliche Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Helene Decke-Cornill Datum der Disputation: 27. Januar 2020 l Zum Autor Kun Zhang, geboren 1982 in Yiyuan, Shandong Provinz/Volksrepublik China, studierte zunächst an der Fremdsprachenhochschule der Volksbefreiungsarmee in Luoyang (Bachelor), dann Masterstudium In- ternationale und vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft an der East China Normal University (ECNU) in Shanghai. Promotionsstudium an der Universität Hamburg im Fach Erziehungswissenschaft (seit 2009) und wissenschaftlicher Angestellter im Arbeitsbereich Didaktik Sozial- wissenschaften. Seit 2018 Lehrer an der Modernen Schule Hamburg für die Fächer Chinesisch (ab der 1. Klasse), Sport und Klassenrat. Fach- leitung für Chinesisch. Zusammenfassung Die Volksrepublik China nimmt auf politischer Ebene und vor allem in volks- wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht zunehmend eine bestimmende Rolle in der internati- onalen Völkergemeinschaft ein. Sie hat sich vor allem durch ihre wirtschaftli- che Potenz zu einem starken Gegenpol zu den USA entwickelt. Der Weg dorthin war über die vergangenen Jahrzehnte geprägt von einem dynami- schen Spannungsfeld zwischen politischer und wirtschaftlicher Öffnung auf der einen Seite und teilweiser Abschottung auf der anderen Seite. Dieser politi- sche Paradigmenwechsel lässt sich unter anderem auch in einer staatlich or- ganisierten politischen Bildung identifizieren. Vor allem die Schulbücher für das Fach Politik eignen sich zur Analyse eines staatlich propagierten Selbst- und Weltbildes und seines Wandels. Das Ziel der Doktorarbeit ist es, aufzuzeigen, inwieweit sich die VR China nach der Reform- und Öffnungspolitik in das politische und wirtschaftliche Ge- flecht der Welt integrieren will. Besteht die Möglichkeit, diesen Prozess wieder umzukehren und zu versuchen, sich erneut in einem Vakuum zu verschließen? Dafür wird ein Korpus von Schulbüchern für das Unterrichtsfach tik“ (zheng zhi) unter der Fragestellung analysiert, wie sich Änderungen der Weltanschauungen in vier exemplarischen Schulbuchtexten niedergeschlagen haben. Die Schulbuchanalyse wird mittels eines deskriptiv-hermeneutischen Verfahrens durchgeführt, bei dem der Frage der Übersetzung besonderes Gewicht beigemessen wird. Zu den Ergebnissen der Arbeit zählt, dass die Schulbuchautoren zunehmend daran orientiert sind, den Jugendlichen nicht nur eine vollkommene Moral zu vermitteln, sondern die Fähigkeit zur Selbstkritik und Selbstreflexion ergänzt werden muss, um in einer internationalen Gemeinschaft handlungsfähig zu bleiben. Abstract The role of The People’s Republic of China (PRC) within the international community has become much more important and dominant due to an in- crease in political and economic strength. Especially based on its economic potential, China has recently emerged into a serious opponent of the United States of America on the international level. Its rise in the past few decades from a developing country to the emerging powerhouse of today has been characterized and shaped by a dynamic tension between political and eco- nomic liberalisation on the one hand side and partial isolation on the other. The political shifts in paradigms can therefore be retraced in the state-funded po- litical education of the time. Schoolbooks for political education in particular qualify perfectly for an analysis of Chinese self-perception and the perception of the rest of the world, propagandized by the Chinese government. The overall goal of this doctoral thesis is to demonstrate and to provide an answer to the question, to what extend the PRC is willing to actively participate in the global political and economic system after the Chinese economic re- forms under Deng Xiaoping. Moreover, the thesis shall examine the possibility of reversing this process back to an isolationist approach in terms of com- partmentalization of the Chinese market and global political influence. In order to answer these questions, a selection of four exemplary schoolbooks be- longing to the subject of political education are analyzed concerning contextual changes in the ideological view on the rest of the world. The analysis is con- ducted with the help of a descriptive-hermeneutic methodology with special focus on aspects of translation in international textbook research. The findings of this analysis comprise an increasing motivation of the school- book authors not only towards conveying a flawless understanding of morale to the students but also fostering the ability of self-criticism and self-reflexion. These abilities are considered imperative for the integration and participation in the international community. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................................................... V Tabellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................ IX 1. EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Persönliche Motivation zu dieser Arbeit ......................................................................... 1 1.2 Die Fragestellung – Selbstbestimmung oder internationale Bedrängnis ................... 5 1.3 Forschungsstand ............................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Vorgehensweise der Untersuchung .............................................................................. 34 1.5 Übersetzungen und Lexika ............................................................................................. 40 2. CHINAS NACHKRIEGSGESCHICHTE MIT BLICK AUF INTEGRATION UND ISOLATION ........................................................................................... 41 2.1 Die gescheiterte Öffnung der VR China zur Welt (1949 – 1978) ................................. 41 2.1.1 Das neue internationale Bewusstsein der VR China und ihre Strategie des „sich zu einer Seite neigen“ (Yi bian dao) (1949 – 1956) ................................................ 42 2.1.2 Eine Phase der Selbstisolation (1957 – 1969) ....................................................... 44 2.1.3 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung ....................................................................... 45 2.2 Die zögerliche Öffnung der VR China zur Welt (1978 – 2000) ..................................... 48 2.2.1 Der Beginn der Öffnung – „Die Welt neu kennen lernen“ (1970 – 1978) ............ 48 2.2.2 Historischer Wendepunkt – „Die Reform- und Öffnungspolitik“ (Dui wai Kai fang) (1978 – 2000) .................................................................................................... 50 2.2.3 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung ....................................................................... 56 I 2.3 Die entschlossenere Öffnung der VR China zur Welt (2000 – heute) ......................... 59 2.3.1 Entwicklungen in der Beziehung zwischen China und der Welt ......................... 60 2.3.2 Zwischenfazit ............................................................................................................ 64 3. DARSTELLUNG DER LEHRPLÄNE FÜR DEN POLITIKUNTERRICHT SEIT 1949 ...................................................................................................... 74 3.1 Darstellung des Systems der Schulbuchproduktion ................................................... 74 3.2 Darstellung der Schulbuchverlage ................................................................................ 78 3.3 Darstellung der Lehrpläne und Curriculum für den Politikunterricht ........................ 79 3.3.1 Der Lehrplan von 1959 ............................................................................................. 81 3.3.2 Zwei Lehrpläne von 1982 ......................................................................................... 82 3.3.3 Der Lehrplan von 1986 ............................................................................................. 86 3.3.4 Der Lehrplan von 1997 ............................................................................................. 88 3.3.5 Der Lehrplan von 2003 ............................................................................................. 91 3.3.6 Der Lehrplan von 2011 ............................................................................................. 97 3.4 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................ 100 4. FORSCHUNGSMETHODE...................................................................... 105 4.1 Übersetzung als Untersuchungsmethode – das Experiment Rückübersetzung .... 105 4.1.1 Die Politik der Übersetzung .................................................................................. 105 4.1.2 Der rückübersetzte Schulbuchtext .......................................................................
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