U.S. Army Military History Institute Japan 950 Soldiers Drive , PA 17013-5021 20 Jul 2012

OCCUPATION OF JAPAN, 1945-1950 (Primarily U.S.)

A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources

CONTENTS General Sources...... p.1 Planning.....p.4 Command...... p.4 Intelligence...... p.5 U.S. Military Families...... p.6 Other Special Aspects...... p.6 Personal/Unit...... p.8 Note on Education Mission, 1946…...p.9

GENERAL SOURCES

Babb, Joseph G. “The -Legacy of the Cold War and Beyond.” Military Review (Mar/Apr 1996): pp. 98-100. Per.

Bates, Peter. Japan and the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, 1946-52. NY: Brassey’s, 1993. 270 p. D802.J3.B38. Corps-sized force on southern top of Honshu & Shikoku.

Best, William A., II. “Occupation Diplomacy in Japan after World War II: Is There Relevance to Current Occupation Efforts?” MA thesis, Webster, 2006. 43 p. D802.J3.B47.

Dobbins, James, [et al.]. After the War: Nation-building from FDR to George W. Bush. Santa Monica, CA: Rand National Security Research Division, 2008. 152 p. E840.A48. See Chap. 3.

_____. America’s Role in Nation-building: from Germany to Iraq. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003. 244 p. E840.A62. See Chap. 3.

Fearey, Robert A. The Occupation of Japan Second Phase: 1948-50. NY: Macmillan, 1950. 239 p. D802.J3.F4. Occupation of Japan p.2

Flanagan, E.M., Jr. "The Occupation of Japan." Army (Aug 1995): pp. 49-52 & 54-58. Per. Focus on Sep 1945 events.

Foltz, John F. "A Nation Reborn from Ashes: The GI Occupation of Japan." VFW Magazine (Nov 1991): pp. 52 & 54-59. Per.

Hata, Ikuhiko. "The Occupation of Japan, 1945-52." In The American Military and the Far East: Proceedings of the Ninth Military History Symposium, Air Force Academy. Wash, DC: GPO, 1980. pp. 92-108. U7.M5.

Kawai, Kazuo. Japan’s American Interlude. Chicago, IL: U Chicago, 1960. 257 p. DS889.K38.

Koshiro, Yukiko. Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan. NY: Columbia, 1999. 295 p. E183.8.J3.K67.

Mueller, Paul J. "Occupied Japan--A Progress Report." Army Information Digest (Apr 1949): pp. 21-30. Per.

Rice, Stuart A., & Dedrick, Calvert L. Japanese Statistical Organization: A Report of the Second Statistical Mission to Japan to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. Wash, DC: The Mission, 1951. 29 p. HA37.J36.U57.

Schaller, Michael. The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. NY: Oxford, 1985. 351 p. E183.8.J3.S29.

Shaw, Henry I., Jr. The U.S. Marines in the Occupation of Japan. Pamphlet: USMC Hist Branch, 1962. 29 p. D821.J3.S5.

Spector, Ronald H. “After Hiroshima: Allied Military Occupation and the Fate of Japan’s Empire, 1945-1947.” Journal of Military History (Oct 2005): pp. 1121-36. Per.

Supreme Commander, Allied Powers. Catalog of Administrative Directives (SCAPIN-A's) to the Japanese Government. 4 vols. , 1947-1951. DS889.S81.

_____. SCAP Directives to the Imperial Japanese Government. 26 vols. Tokyo, 1945-1952. DS889.S81.

_____. Selected Data on the Occupation of Japan. Tokyo, 1950. 214 p. DS889.S8.

_____. Summation of Non-Military Activities in Japan and Korea. 35 vols (mimeo). Tokyo, Sep 1945-Aug 1948. D802.J4.A54. Occupation of Japan p.3

Supreme Commander, Allied Powers. Civil History Section. Historical Monographs, 1945-1951. 55 vols. 13 reels. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1988? D802.J3.A34Microfilm. Published guide available.

_____. Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. I, Supplement. Wash, DC: GPO, 1966; originally published in Tokyo, 1950. 311 p. D735.S8v1.

Svenson, Eric H.F. The Military Occupation of Japan.... Wash, DC: OCMH, 1966. 347 p. D802.J3.S93.

Switzer, John A. "Military Government in Japan." Military Review (Apr 1954): pp. 23-25. Per.

Tokyo, Fall of 1945. Pictorial booklet, 1945? ca 50 p. DS889.T6.

U.S. State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee. Case files, 1944-1949, on microfilm. [Edited by Martin P. Claussen] Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1978. 32 rolls. Microfilm. Published catalog & index on file, CD3033.S7.

U.S. War Dept. Civil Affairs Handbooks, Japan Prefectural Studies: War Dept Pamphlet 31-357, dated Sep 1945. 208 p. MilPub-Pam. And subsequent pamphlets through 31-395.

_____. Gen Staff, G-2. “The Allied Powers’ Objectives in the Japanese Peace Treaty.” Intell Rev (No. 87, 16 Oct 1947): pp. 29-39. UB250.R484.

_____. “Japan’s Stability Depends on Military Occupation.” Intell Rev (No. 84, 25 Sep 1947): pp. 51-57. UB250.R484.

_____. “Occupation Problems in Japan.” Intell Rev (No. 48, 16 Jan 1947): pp. 41-47. UB250.R484.

_____. “Progress of the Japanese Occupation.” Intell Rev (No. 31, 12 Sep 1946): pp. 44-51. UB250.R484.

_____. “The Strategic Importance of Japan.” Intell Rev (No. 28, 22 Aug 1946): pp. 38-46. UB250.R484.

Ward, Robert E., & Shulman, Frank J. The Allied Occupation of Japan, 1945-52: An Annotated Bibliography of Western-Language Materials. Chicago: American Library Association, 1974. 865 p. Z3308.A5.W35.

Willoughby, Charles A. "Occupation of Japan and Japanese Reaction." Military Review (Jun 1946): pp. 3-8. Per.

Wolfe, Robert, ed. Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944-1952. Carbondale: So IL U, 1984. 563 p. DD257.A68. Occupation of Japan p.4

PLANNING

Benedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton, 1946. 324 p. DS821.B46. Original wartime study for military planners.

Iokibe, Makoto, editor. The Occupation of Japan: U.S. Planning Documents, 1942-1945. Microfiche collection. Bethesda, MD: Congressional Information Service, 1987. D802.J3.O22Microfiche. See pub guide (120 p.) w/indexes.

McGrath, John J. Boots on the Ground: Troop Density in Contingency Operations. , KS: CSI, 2006. 196 p. HV6431.G56no16.

U.S. Army Forces, Pacific. GHQ. "Appendices to G-4 Logistics Annex. Blacklist Operations." ca 50 foldout p. D767.2.B52.

_____. "Basic Outline Plan for Blacklist Operations to Occupy Japan Proper and Korea...." 8 Aug 1945. ca 150 p. D802.J3.B37.

_____. "Operation Baker-Ten." Staff study, 3 Aug 1945. 4 p., 4 foldout maps. D767.2.S722. Occupation of Southern Honshu by Sixth U.S. Army.

_____. "Operation Baker-Twenty." Staff study, 7 Aug 1945. 4 p., 8 foldout maps. D767.2.B742. Occupation of Central Honshu by Eighth Army.

_____. "Opn Baker Twenty-One." Staff study, 11 Aug 45. 4 p., 6 foldout maps. D767.2.B74. Occupation of northern Honshu.

_____. “Outline plan for Occupation of Japan and Korea.” Memo, 13 Aug 1945. 4 p. D802.J3.M46.

_____. Tentative Troop List By Type Units for "Blacklist" Operations. Mimeo, 8 Aug 1945. 65 p. D767.2.T46.

COMMAND

Eichelberger, Robert L. Papers. 2 Boxes. Arch. Transcripts of memoirs & personal/official correspondence, including special coverage of his command of occupation forces. Occupation of Japan p.5

Eiji, Takemae. Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy. [Translated by Robert Ricketts & Sebastian Swann] NY: Continuum, 2002. 751 p. D802.J3.T35.

James, D. Clayton. "The Commander as Civil-Military Administrator: MacArthur in Japan, 1945-51." Essays in Some Dimensions of Military History. Vol. IV. Carlisle Barracks, PA: MHI, 1976. pp. 91-104. U15.U525.

_____. The Years of MacArthur. Vol. III: Triumph and Disaster, 1945-64. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985. 848 p. E745.M3.J3v3. See Chaps 1-12.

Sackton, Frank J. "The Gentle Conqueror: MacArthur in Japan." Army (Sep 1990): pp. 62-68, 70 & 72. Per. By a member of MacArthur's occupation staff.

U.S. Army Forces, Far East. HQ. Military History . The Far East Command, 1 January 1947- 30 Jun 1957. Booklet, Japan, 30 Jun 1957. 75 p. #2106-FEC.1957.

INTELLIGENCE

Oglobin, Peter. The Purge in Occupied Japan. Appx. 1: The Role of SCAP Intelligence Agencies in the Purge of Japanese Undesirables. ORO Study, Tokyo, 1954. 33 p. D802.J3.P87.

_____. The Role of SCAP Intelligence Agencies in the Purge of Japanese Undesirables. Appendix 1 of The Purge in Occupied Japan. ORO Study, Mar 195? 33 p. D802.J3.P87.

Shibusawa, Naoko. America’s Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2006. 397 p. E183.8.J3.S55.

Simpson, Wm B. Special Agent in the Pacific, WWII: Counter-Intelligence-Military, Political and Economic. NY: Rivercross, 1995. 229 p. D810.S8.S48. See esp Chap 7-9.

U.S. Far East Command. General Staff. Mil Intell Sec. Operations of the Civil Intelligence Section, GHQ, FEC & SCAP. 5 vols. Tokyo, 31 Dec 1949. D810S7I59. Occupation of Japan p.6

U.S. MILITARY FAMILIES

Alvah, Donna. “’Unofficial Ambassadors’: American Military Families Overseas and Cold War Foreign Relations, 1945-1965.” PhD dss, U CA-Davis, 2000. 336 p. U766.A43.

Baker, Anni P. American Soldiers Overseas: The Global Military Presence. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004. 204 p. UA26.A2.B35. See Chap. 2.

Daily Pacifican, 28 Feb 1946. p. 1. Per. Brief article at bottom of page anticipates the first arrivals in Tokyo.

Lee, Bernadine. "Army Wife in Tokyo." Army Information Digest (Dec 1946): pp. 14-22. Per. Personal reminiscence.

Yo-Hi, 1949. Vol. II. Yokohama, American Schools, 1949. ca 250 p. D802.J3.Y65. Yearbook of dependents high school.

OTHER SPECIAL ASPECTS

Burkman, Thomas W., editor. The Occupation of Japan: Arts and Culture. Proceedings of Symposium, 18-19 Oct 1984. Norfolk, VA: MacArthur Foundation, 1984. 262 p. D802.J3.O23.

Chanler, William. Letter on lenient treatment of Emperor. Arch.

Close, Frederick P. Tokyo Rose/An American Patriot: A Dual Biography. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2010. 522 p. D810.P7.J355.

Cohen, Theodore. Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal. NY: Free Press, 1987. 533 p. DS889.16.C63. Impact of reforms imposed upon Japanese society.

Ginn, John L. "Sugamo Prison, Tokyo." After the Battle (No 81, 1993): pp. 44-53. Per. Includes maps & photos.

Green, Michael C. Black Yanks in the Pacific: Race in the Making of American Military Empire after World War II. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 2010. 207 p. E185.63.G725.

Harrelson, Wilford L. "The Occupation of Japan: A Case Study in Military Public Relations." MA thesis, U WI, , 1949. 190 p., appendices. DS889.15.H37. Occupation of Japan p.7

Harries, Meirion & Susie. Sheathing the Sword: The Demilitarisation of Japan. NY: Macmillan, 1987. 364 p. DS889.16.H35.

Hirano, Kyoko. Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 1945-52. Wash, DC: Smithsonian, 1992. 364 p. D802.J3.H57.

"How Did the Constitution Come Into Being?: Panel Discussion by Our Reporters." Typescript carbon, Tokyo(?), 5 Apr 1952. 18 p. JQ1631.H68.

Howe, Russell W. The Hunt for "Tokyo Rose." NY: Madison, 1990. 354 p. D810.P7.J3542.

International Military Symposium. The Impact of Unsuccessful Military Campaigns on Military Institutions, 1860-1980. Proceedings of the 1982 International Military History Symposium, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, 1-4 August 1982. pp. 120-40. U41.I58.

Kelley, Richard B. "America's Defense of Japan, 1945-1990." PhD dss, Georgetown, 1991. 298 p. UA23.K43.

Koikari, Mire. Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan. Philadelphia, PA: Temple, 2010. 226 p. HQ1762.K65.

Kovner, Sarah C. Occupying Power: Sex Workers and Servicemen in Postwar Japan. Stanford, CA: Stanford, 2012. 226 p. D802.J3.K68.

MacArthur Memorial. Symposium. The Occupation of Japan: Educational and Social Reform. Proceedings of a symposium, October 16-18, 1980, Norfolk, VA: MacArthur Foundation, 1982. 529 p. LA1312.O32.

Meyer, Michael B. A History of Socio-Cultural Intelligence and Research Under the Occupation of Japan. Carlisle, PA: SSI, USAWC, 2009. 23 p. U413.R336.M49.

Montgomery, John D. The Purge in Occupied Japan: A Study in the Use of Civilian Agencies Under Military Government. Opns Research Office, Johns Hopkins, 1953. 381 p. D802.J3.P87.

Richardson, Jacques G. "Censorship of the Japanese Press." Army Information Digest (Nov 1949): pp. 31-34. Per.

Sayer, Ian, & Botting, Douglas. America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. NY: Watts, 1989. 400 p. D810.S7.S39. See Chap 10.

Supreme Commander, Allied Powers. "Progress of Demobilization of the Japanese Armed Forces." Report, Tokyo, 1 Nov 1945. ca 50 maps, charts & tables. UA917.J3.P75.

_____. Mil Intell Sec. Final Report: Progress of Demobilization of the Japanese Armed Forces. Tokyo, 31 Dec 1946. 96 p., charts, maps. UA917.J3.P75. Occupation of Japan p.8

Takeuchi, Michiko. “’Pan-Pan Girls’ Performing and Resisting Neocolonialism(s) in the Pacific Theater: U.S. Military Prostitution in Occupied Japan.” In Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present. Durham, NC: Duke, 2010. pp. 78-108. U21.5.O94.

Torney, Prue. “’Renegades to Their County’: The Australian Press and the Allied Occupation of Japan, 1946-1950.” War & Society (May 2006): pp. 89-110. Per.

Tsuchiya, Yuka M. “Military Occupation as Pedagogy: The U.S. Re-education and Reorientation Policy for Occupied Japan, 1945-1952.” PhD dss, MN, 2004. 413 p. D802.J3.T78.

U.S. Navy. 3rd Amphibious Force. Weather and the Occupation of Northern Japan. Pamphlet, 1946. 21 p. UJ405.W32.

U.S. War Dept. Gen Staff, G-2. “Food-The Major Problem in Japan’s Occupation.’ Intell Rev (No. 95, 11 Dec 1947): pp. 49-57. UB250.R484.

Willoughby, Charles A. "Demobilization and Disarmament of Japanese Forces." Military Review (Jul 1946): pp. 27-30. Per.

Wood, James. The Forgotten Force: The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952. St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1998. 304 p. D802.J3.W66.

Woodward, William P. The Allied Occupation of Japan 1945-1952 and Japanese Religions. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1972. 393 p. BL2209.W66.

PERSONAL/UNIT

Allen, Vincent W. A Very Intimate Occupation. NY: Vantage, 2000. 189 p. D802.J3.A44.

Brown, Everett E. Papers. 1 Box. Arch. Correspondence & materials cover various positions & commands in chiefly SWPA, WWII, including 77th Infantry Division.

Bruce, Andrew D. Papers. Arch. 77th Infantry Division.

Echols, Marion P. Papers. 2 Boxes. Arch. Personal & official correspondence, 1936-53, includes coverage of his pub relations work in FEC 1948-52. Occupation of Japan p.9

Geesey, Edwin P. Papers. 1 Box. Arch. Covers his 1941-46 service, including transportation & civil affairs in Japan (1945-46), where he was military governor of Hokkaido.

Kennett, Lee. G.I.: The American Soldier in World War II. NY: Scribner's, 1987. 265 p. D769.1.K46. See Chap 11.

Koons, William B. "A Soldier in Kyushu." Army Information Digest (Oct 1947): pp. 16-22. Per.

Rinjiro, Sodei. Dear General MacArthur: Letters from The Japanese During the American Occupation. [Edited by John Junkerman] NY: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 306 p. E745.M3.S6313.

Sparrow, Herbert G. "Letters from Japan: First Month of the Occupation (Osaka Area)." Photocopied typescript, McLean, VA, 1989. 45 p. D802.J3.S62. 98th Division's C/S.

_____. Papers. 1 Box. Arch. Correspondence, speeches & pubs includes letters from Osaka, Japan, Sep 1945.

U.S. Secretary of Defense. Armed Forces Information & Education Division. A Pocket Guide to Japan. Wash, DC: GPO, Sep 1950. 79 p. U113.3.J3.P63. Issued to US military personnel assigned to Japan.

Van Staaveren, Jacob. An American in Japan, 1945-48: A Civilian View of the Occupation. Seattle: U WA, 1994. 285 p. DS894.59.Y34.V36. Memoir of participation in military government team.

Vaughn, Robert V. In the Shadow of Trinity: An American Airman in Occupied Japan. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower, 1991. 179 p. D790.1.V38.

See also: -Personal papers of Edward Almond, Charles H. Donnelly, Willis B. Scudder, Jay Vanderpool & Charles Willoughby.

NOTE: U.S. Education Mission to Japan, 1946

Svensson, E.H.F. "The Military Occupation of Japan: The First Years Planning, Policy Formulation, and Reforms." Photocopied draft typescript, OCMH, Wash, DC, n.d. 347 p. D802.J3.S93. See pp 328-32 on U.S. Education Mission to Japan and the Japanese Education Committees. Occupation of Japan p.10

A digest of the Stoddard Mission's report appears on pp. 156-63 of U.S. Dept of State's Occupation of Japan, Policy and Progress: Far Eastern Series 17, Publication 2671 (Wash, DC: GPO, n.d.; D802.J3.U5). Language reform is discussed on pp. 158-59. (See also pp. 35-36).

On the Ministry of Education's language simplification programs and on the findings of the Romaji Education and Romaji Research Committees of 1946 and 1948-1949, respectively, See pp. 103-13 of:

Supreme Commander, Allied Powers. Education Division. Civil Information and Education Section. Post-War Developments in Japanese Education. Vol. II. Tokyo, Apr 1952. 441 p. D802.J3.A3583. See also earlier draft, "Developments in Japanese Education," Aug 1950, pp. 127-40.

Supreme Commander, Allied Powers. Memo for Imperial Japanese Government, subject: Committee of Japanese Educators. SCAPIN No 571, 9 Jan 1946. 3 p. DS889.S81v6. Authorized establishment of Japanese Education Committee.