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National Mission on Himalayan Studies Geospatial Mapping of RET and other important NWFP and capacity building for their community based conservation in the tribal areas of

Submitted to

G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development

By

Forest Research Institute

(Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education) PO: New Forest, Dehradun-248006

Geospatial Mapping of RET and other important NWFP species and capacity building for their community based conservation in the tribal areas of Uttarakhand under National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) January2019 to December 2019

Quarter Duration Activities initiated/completed st 1 Quarter Jan, 2019 to  Consultation with stakeholders regarding essentials of March, 2019 project  Planning of project activities nd 2 Quarter April, 2019 to  Recruitment of Data Manager June, 2019  Review of literature for adopting appropriate methodology and prioritisation of species for conservation rd 3 Quarter July, 2019 to  Data manager recruited in the project was given training September, for specific tools of RS-GIS that would be utilised in the 2019 project at later stage.  Literature review for prioritization of species (ongoing).  Field visit conducted and contact established with the local people and nursery care taker.  Consultation with other stakeholders (local communities and experts) for prioritization of species(ongoing).  Information regarding essential equipment i.e. GPS and Workstation for the project has been collected. The equipment for purchase is finalized and the process for procurement initiated (ongoing).  Topographic maps like elevation, aspect and slope, EVI, NDVI, climaticand other variables as per the requirement of the project being developed (ongoing).  Work on processing of the gridded climatic datasets (ongoing).  IT Expert for development, handling and maintenance of web based Biodiversity Information System (BIS) hired.  Existing Biodiversity Information Systems like IUCN Redlist website (www.iucnredlist.org), Malaysia Biodiversity Information System(www.mybis.gov.my) and eBird (www.ebird.org)being referred (ongoing). th 4 Quarter Sept, 2019 to  Review of literature (ongoing). December,  Questionnaire based expert opinion for prioritising species 2019 (ongoing).  Initial framework development for BIS (ongoing).

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th 5 Quarter Jan, 2020 to  Conducted surveys in villages of Kalsi, Chakrata and Tiuni Present tehsil

1. Project Information

Project ID NMHS/2018-19/SG69/24 Project Title Geospatial Mapping of RET and Other Important NWFP Species and Capacity Building for Their Community-based Conservation in the Tribal Areas of Uttarakhand Project Proponent Dr. Manoj Kumar, Scientist C and In-charge: GIS Centre Forest Research Institute (FRI) Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248006

2. Objectives • Identification of priority species of conservation in tribal blocks dominated by Jaunsari community. • Develop model for mapping the potential sites of cultivation and conservation for the identified priority species. • Capacity building of tribal community for additional income generation and biodiversity conservation. • Projected impacts of climate change on habitat suitability of identified priority species and its resilience planning. • Development of web based Biodiversity Information System (BIS) for the study region.

4. Progress

Quantifiable Deliverables Monitoring indicators Progress made Annexure against attached deliverables in separately with terms of other monitoring supportive indicators documents 1 2 3 4  Prioritizing the High value  Number of species Work is in - species on the basis of Extensive prioritized (Nos.) progress consultation with local farmers,  Habitat Map developed Work is in Topographic and grower of the species, traders, progress habitat maps

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medicinal boards (Nos.)  Develop the Habitat Maps of  No. of trainings organized Nil - selected species (>10 Species) (Nos.)  Tailored training at field level - for the capacity building of  Number of beneficiaries Nil tribal communities (> 50 HH) (Nos.)

 Compilation of available information for the web based  No. of Reports/Research Nil - content, development of content articles/Policy management system appropriate documents/Manual for the BIS prepared and published (Nos.)

5. Financial Progress

Head Total Budget The Balance Annexure Allocated (Rs) Amount (Rs) attachedseparately with other supportive documents 1 2 3 4 Salary 900000.00 8,18,000.00  Data Manager has Travel 400000.00 4,00,000.00 joined from 23rd Consumables 450000.00 4,50,000.00 August, 2019.  First field survey was Contingency 160000.00 1,60,000.00 conducted during the Activities & other project cost 665000.00 6,65,000.00 month of September Institutional Charges 320000.00 3,20,000.00 2019.  Procurement of Equipment 305000.00 3,05,000.00 equipment is in Total 3200000.00 3,118,000.00 process.  BIS development work initiated.

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1. Literature Review

Out of total NTFP utilization in , medicinal make 80%, plants of edible use make 40%, others material & cultural requirements make 7.5%, fibre & cordage make 6%, fodder makes 5% and others make less than 5%. Out of 17000 flowering plants and about 31000 species of non-flowering species, 10000 species are used by the people in one form or the other. Socio- economic and ecological characteristics of western have led to development in utilization of NTFP. 17 percent of the landless people depend on it for daily paid labor and 39 percent are involved in NTFP collection as an occupation (Shiva, 1996). Fever, stomachache, eye pain, kidney stones, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, Vomiting, Cough & cold, Boils, Acidity, Toothache, Scorpion bite, Unconscious, Food poisoning, Joint pains, Piles, Indigestion, Dysentery, Skin disease, Worms in stomach, Excess heat, Diabetes, Itching, Snake bite, Cut and wounds, Irregular menstruation, etc. are some of the common diseases which are frequently treated using MAPs.

The Indian Himalayan region alone supports about 18,440 species of plants (Angiosperms: 8000 spp., Gymnosperm: 44 spp., Pteridophytes: 600 spp., Bryophytes: 1736 spp., Lichens: 1159 spp. and Fungi: 6900 spp.) of which about 45% are having medicinal properties.Out of the total species of vascular plants, 1748 spp. species are medicinal.After extensive literature review, more than 400 species are identified to occur in the state of Uttarakhand which is also richest Western Himalayan Region state in terms of natural availability of MAPs and NWFP plant species. Out of these identified 400 plant species,76 plants were found in IUCN Red list data which included 8 RET, 65 Least Concerned and 3 Data Deficient plants.Some of the plants in the list are very common. Gentiana kurroo, and Nardostachys jatamansi are classified as critically endangered plant species. Aconitum heterophyllum, Aconitum violaceum, Angelica glauca, Malaxis muscifera and Saraca asoca are classified either as endangered or vulnerable plant species. WhileDactylorhiza hatagirea, Dioscorea deltoidea, Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurroa, hexandrum and Rauvolfia serpentina are listed in CITES appendix II plant species (Bisht et al, 2016). Plant species directly associated with Jaunsari tribe viz.Acorus calamus, lyceum, frutescens, Dioscorea deltoidea are among the threatened plant species of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Prakash A. 2011).CAMP list of Uttarakhand lists 60 conservation priority plant speciesin the state.Plants as A.

Page 4 heterophyllum, Allium stracheyi, Angelica glauca, D. hatagirea, Emblica officinalis, Picrorhiza kurrooa, P. hexandrum, Rheum emodi, Swertia chirayita, Terminalia chebula and Valeriana jatamansi are among Globally Significant Medicinal Plants(Negi et al., 2018).A. heterophyllum (Atis), has annual trade of about 100-200 metric tons in India. It is used in many ayurvedic formulations like Bala chaturbhadrika churna, Chandraprabha vati, Khadiradi taila, etc. (Kumar et al, 2019).According to National Medicinal Plants Board,Bauhinia. variegata has current market demand of about 100–200metric tons annually. Talispatra (Taxus baccata) and Devadaru(Cedrus deodara) are also important ayurvedic medicinal plantsand their annual market demand is 100–200 and 1000–2000metric tons, respectively.Due to growing competition among collectors, it is common practice to conduct early in-situ harvesting often when the plants are at an immature reproductive stage. This results in not only the insufficient collection of raw material but also in larger habitat area destruction and a situation where the natural regeneration of the plants is adversely affected(Badola et al, 2003). Hence, inappropriate harvest practices are major concern which need to be tackled using proper continual training.The total number of plant species with medicinal usage are observed more at the higher altitudes than the lower altitude (Malik et al.,2015) from the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, West Himalaya and Kunwar and Bussmann (2008) from Himalaya.In India, most of the traded medicinal plants are collected from the wild, and most often in a destructive and unsustainable manner (Dhar et al. 2000).Uttarakhand government is making continuous effort to promote conservation and cultivation of MAPs. These measures include herbal gardens, nurseries for supply of quality material, cultivation of threatened species, conservation and development of areasnaturally rich in MAPs. Even though the state forest department has banned the collection of 30 medicinal plants (Garbyal et al. 2005), there is persistent illegal trade of high value MAP(Pandey et al, 2018).Since collection of NWFPs is freely accessible without paying any royalty to the stategovernment, it partly encouragesover exploitation of some species (Balemie and Kebebew, 2006).

Some plant species like Artemisia sp., Cissampelos pareira, Justicia adhatoda, Solanum virginianum andVitex negundo are commonly found in Chakrata (Kumar A. et al., 2019).The main cultivated medicinal plants of Chakrata regionare Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Apium graveolens,, Hordeum vulgare and

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Trigonella foenum-graecum. Thetrade of Z. officinale and C. longa rhizomes in Indian market is about 2000–5000 and 1000–2000 metric tons, respectively. and is produced at large scale in Chakrata region. Also,Aloe vera, Phyllantus emblica (> 10,000 metric tons),Terminalia chebula (5000–10,000 metric tons), piperita, Asparagus racemosus,Azadirachta indica, Justicia adhatoda, T. bellirica (2000–5000metric tons), (2000–3000 metric tons), B.aristata, Tapisca sinensis, Rubia. cordifolia, Bergenia. ciliata, O. gratissimum(1000–2000 metric tons), Solanum virginianum, T. foenum-graecum,Vitex negundo, Gymnema sylvestre (500–1000 metric tons),Hedychium spicatum, H. vulgare, A. cepa, A. sativum, Zanthoxylum. armatum,Catharanthus roseus, C. zedoaria, Ficus religiosa (200–500 metric tons),Barleria prionitis, R. emodii and Melia azedarach (100–200 metrictons) are cultivated in the region with high marketdemand.

Uttarakhand has observed an increase in the area under cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants. The number of farmers engaged in cultivation of aromatic plants in Uttarakhand has dramatically increased from 301 in 2003-04 to 2714 in 2006-2007 and the area under aromatic plants has increased tenfold.Even though successful examples exist and despite of continuous effort for conservation through cultivation, the locals tend to shift towards wild harvest. Lack of market demand, lack of continual training, improper prioritization causesinsufficient and often unpredictable output in terms of economic profit which demotivates NWFP cultivators to continue. Prioritization based on endemism, threat status, mode of harvest and use value of plant species as demonstrated by Kala et al, 2004 and further improved byTali et al, 2018 is good for prioritizing rare and endangered plants for conservation but the method does not consider market demand and feasibility of cultivation of a particular species such as it will be profitable to the producers and traders.Hence, along with literature review and scientific knowledge, prioritization based on local survey and stakeholder consultation is a key to set an example of successful replicable and consistent conservation through community participation which will require development of new prioritization methodology. A study oncriteria and indicators as demonstrated by Negi V. et al, 2018, for promoting cultivation and conservation of MAPs is a good example of required type of approach.Capacity-building and continuous training through programs and workshops about cultivation, harvest, packaging and market motivates local communities to adopt to cultivation of NWFPs (Phondani et al, 2015). Many challenges need to

Page 6 be overcome in order to set good example of conservation using cultivation and livelihood improvement of local communities. Sample list of plant species of Jaunsari-Bawar region identified through literature review

SN. Botanical names Common names Habit 1 Aconitum heterophyllum Atis 2 Ajuga parviflora Bishkopra Herb 3 Allium cepa Piyaaz Herb 4 Allium sativum Lahasun Herb 5 Allium stracheyi Keer Herb 6 Aloe vera Gheekuwar Herb 7 Anethum graveolens Soyu (H) Herb 8 Artemisia indica Pati Shrub 9 Artemisia roxburghiana Kuranja/Kinid Herb 10 Artemisia vulgaris Douna Herb 11 Asparagus racemosus Satavare Climber 12 Azadirachta indica Neem Tree 13 Barleria prionitis Vjradanti Shrub 14 Bauhinia variegata Kachnar Tree 15 Berberis aristata Daru haldi Shrub 16 Bergenia ciliata Patharchat Herb 17 Bombax ceiba Semal Tree 18 Carum carvi Kala Jeera Herb 19 Catharanthus roseus Sadabahar Herb 20 Cedrus deodara Diwar/Kelon Tree 21 Cissampelos pareira Padi/Parh Climber 22 Curcuma longa Haldi Herb 23 Curcuma zedoaria Kachoor Herb 24 Digitalis purpurea Tilpushpi Herb 25 Ficus auriculata Fagoora/Timla Tree 26 Ficus religiosa Peepal Tree 27 Gymnema sylvestre Gurmar Climber 28 Hedychium spicatum Kapur Kachari Herb 29 Hordeum vulgare Jav/Jau Herb 30 Justicia adhatoda Adulsa/Adusa Shrub 31 Mallotus philippensis Ruena Tree 32 Melia azedarach Bakain Tree 33 Mentha piperita Pudina Herb 34 Morus alba Sahatoot/Tut/Tutri Tree 35 Nicotiana tabacum Tamakhu Shrub

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36 Ocimum gratissimum Ram tulsi/Ban tulsi Herb 37 Ocimum tenuijlorum Tulsi Shrub 38 Phyllanthus emblica Aunla Tree 39 Plantago ovate Sabgul Shrub 40 Rheum australe Dolu/Revandchini Herb 41 Rubia cordifolia Charchora Climber 42 Rubus ellipticus Hinsar/Hisalu Shrub 43 Sinopodophyllum hexandrum Ban kakri Herb 44 Solanum virginianum Konkaru Herb 45 Stephania glabra Gindaru/Kuti Climber 46 Tans baccata Gallu/Thuno Tree 47 Terminalia bellirica Bedu Tree 48 Terminalia chebula Hand Tree 49 Tinospora sinensis Guduchi Climber 50 Trigonella foenum-graecum Methi Herb 51 Urtica dioica Bichchhu ghaas, Kandadli Herb 52 Vitex negundo Nirgundi Shrub 53 Zanthavylum arnzatuni Yellow wood Tree timaru Shrub 54 Zingiber officinale Aaddo Herb Table 1 - List of MAPs of Chakrata Region - Kumar A. et al, 2019

Collection of complete information about common name, botanical name, taxonomic classification, habitat, uses, parts used, sowing time, harvest period, etc. is under progress.Working Plan of study area, Forest Flora of Chakrata,CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Plant)species list, Red Data Book of India, CITES data, research papers, etc. are being referred.Efforts are being made to acquire information from IUCN database, Integrated Taxonomic Information System database,National Center for Biotechnology Informationdatabase and other database using R-Scripts and packages. List of plant species as per surveys conducted in villages of Kalsi, Chakrata and Tiuni

SN Common Name Botanical Name Habit Native 1 Khair/Kher Acacia catechu Tree 2 Bach Acorus calamus Herb Native 3 Jangli Pudina/Pudina Ghaans Ageratum conyzoides Herb Naturalized 4 Neelkanthi Ajuga parviflora Herb Native 5 Chamur Artemisia roxburghiana Herb Native 6 Neem Azadirachta indica Tree Native 7 Kachnar/Kachnal Bauhinia variegata Tree Native 8 Chitra Berberis aristata Shrub Native

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9 Kasmal Berberis asiatica Shrub Native 10 Semal Bombax ceiba Tree Native 11 Ank/Aank Calotropis procera 12 Bhang Canabis sativa 13 Kalijiri Carum carvi 14 Amaltas Cassia fistula Tree Native 15 Sadabahar Catharanthus roseus Herb Introduced 16 Malkangni Celastrus paniculatus Climber Native 17 Khadik Celtis australis Tree Introduced 18 Tej Patta tamala Tree Native 19 Nimbu Citrus medica Tree Native 20 Kakdi Cucumis sativus Climber Native 21 Haldi Curcuma longa 22 Kachoor Curcuma raktakanta 23 Akash Bel Cuscuta reflexa Climber Native 24 Nagarmotha Cyperus scariosus Herb Introduced 25 Nirbhishi Delphinium denudatum Herb Native 26 Chalan Desmodium gangeticum Herb Native 27 Kairo Desmodium multiflorum Shrub Native 28 Tirmal Ficus auriculata Tree Native 29 Gular Ficus racemosa Tree Native 30 Bhimal Grewia oppositifolia Tree Native 31 Jatropha Jatropha curcas 32 Kamil Mallotus philippensis Tree Native 33 Tambaku Nicotiana tabacum Herb Introduced 34 Tulsi Ocimum tenuiflorum Herb Native 35 Satva/Satuva Paris polyphylla Herb Native 36 Avla/Amla Phyllanthus emblica 37 Bhekoi/Bhekkoi Prinsepia utilis Shrub Native 38 Chullu/Van Chullu Prunus armeniaca Tree Native 39 Padam Prunus Puddum Tree Native 40 Nashpati Pyrus communis Tree Introduced 41 Moru/Mohru Quercus floribunda Tree Native 42 Banj/Baj Quercus leucotrichophora Tree Native 43 Archa Rheum webbianum Herb Native 44 Burans/Buras Rhododendron arboreum Tree Native 45 Almoda Rumex hastatus Shrub Native 46 Ritha Sapindus mukorossi Tree Native 47 Bhutkeshi Selinum vaginatum Herb Native 48 Katiya/Kateri/Kantakari Solanum virginianum Herb Native 49 Baheda Terminalia bellirica Tree Native

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50 Harad Terminalia chebula Tree Native 51 Giloy Tinospora sinensis/cordifolia Climber Native 52 Trachyspermum ammi Herb Native 53 Bichu ghas Urtica dioica 54 Jatamansi Valeriana jatamansi Herb Native 55 Vanafsa Viola pilosa Herb Native 56 Timur Zanthoxylum armatum Tree Native 57 Adrak Zingiber officinale 58 Jangli Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Tree Native Table 2 – List of plant species obtained after consultation with locals

Above list of plant species is prepared after consulting locals through semi-structured questionnaire based surveys, conducted in the following villages - Gadog, Dhaira, Nichhiya, Panjiya, Alsi, Silvada, Maindrath, Hanol, Chatra and Dasau. More surveys will be conducted in the high altitude regions and around Rikhand Range of the study area by the end of February, 2020.

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2. List of plant species prioritized or listed as per different institutes

List of threatened plant species as per Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board SN. Botanical Name Common Name 1. Aconitum balfourii Mitha/Vish 2. Aconitum heterophyllum Atis/Patis/Ativish/Atvika 3. Aconitum violaceum Doodh Atis/ Chhota Atis 4. Eremostachys superba - 5. Gentiana Kurroo Karru 6. Nardostachys grandiflora Masi/Jatamasi 7. Schrebera swietenioides Ghant/Banpalas 8. Pinguicula alpine Alpine butterwort 9. Phaius tancarvilleae Swamp lily/Red Crane Orchid 10. Pecteilis gigantean Butterfly orchid 11. Diplimeris hirsuta Snow Orchid 12. Cyathea spinulosa Sala tree 13. Turpinia nepalensis Thali 14. Indopiptadenia oudhensis Genti 15. Meizotropis pellita Patwa 16. Trachycarpus takil Thakal/Jhagerau Table 3- Threatened plant species as per Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board

List of Medicinal and Aromatic Plantsas perUttarakhand Forest Department SN Botanical Name Local Name 1 Capsella bursa-pastori Torighash 2 Cardamine impatiens - 3 Viola biflora Banpansa 4 Viola patrini - 5 V.serpens - 6 Hypericum cernum Vaya, Culi 7 Linumusitatissinu Alsi 8 Melilotus alba Banmethi 9 Trifolium repen Garila 10 Agrimonia pilosa Kafliya 11 Fragaria vesca Pudalia Kafal 12 Potentillaargyrophylla Danti, Brajdanti 13 Rhamnus virgata Chaitula 14 Rosa moschata Kunj pani

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15 Rubus paniculatus Kala Hisalu(Kadula) 16 R. lasiocarpus Kala Hisalu 17 Bergenia ciliata Silfhora 18 Ribes grossularia Caktu 19 Punica granatum Darim 20 Woodfordia floribunda Dhow 21 Centella asiatica Brahmi 22 Cuminum cyminum Jeera 23 Foeniculum vulgare Saup 24 Pimpinella diversifolia Dhanjari 25 Abina cordifolia Haldu 26 Valeriana hardwichii Samyo, Dhup 27 Aesculus indica Pangar 28 Artemisia maritime - 29 A. nilagirica Patti,Kunj 30 Artemisia parviflora Patti, Dhopani 31 A. sacrorum Kapar Patti,Jholpatti 32 Seneciochrysanthemoides Ratpatia 33 S. rufinervis - 34 G. pretense Chalmori 35 Tanacetum nubigenum - 36 Lobelia pyramidalis Bran tambacoo 37 Anagallis arvensis Vish Khaparia 38 Primula denticulate Vish Khaparia 39 P. macrophylla - 40 Holarrhenaantidysenterica Quiar, Indraw 41 Calotropis procera Ank 42 Gentiana tenella Kutuki, Katuwi 43 Swertia purpurascens Ciraita 44 Capsicum annum Khusane, Marac 45 Datura metal Dhatura 46 Hyoscyamus niger Bran juwan 47 Digitalis purpurea Prawasit Degitelis tilpushpi 48 Verbascum thapsus Akalvir 49 Clerodendruminfortunatum Aranyo 50 Ajuga parviflora Ratpatia 51 Mentha arvensis Pudina, Eliachi 52 Ocimum sanctum Tulsi 53 Origanum vulgare Jangali tulsi 54 Salvia lanata Sania, Sunip 55 Scutellaria angulosa Karuijhar

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56 Thymus serpyllum Van ajmain 57 Plantago major Vrantank 58 P. orata Esabgol 59 Boerhaavia diffusa Parnata 60 Achyranthes aspera Chirchira 61 A. bidentata Dansh 62 Chenopodium album Bethuwa 63 Rheum emodi Dolu, Archa 64 Rumex hastatus Bhilmora 65 Piper longum Pipal 66 Cinnamomum tamala Kiriya, karkiriya, Dalchini 67 Litsaea polyantha Cirira 68 L. umbrosa Circira 69 Viscum album Bana 70 Emblica officinalis Aula, Awla 71 Euphorbia prolifera Duwila 72 Mallotus philippinensis Roli, Kasela 73 Ricinus communis Erind 74 Betula utilis Bhuj, Bhojpatra 75 Quercus dilatata Banj 76 Q. semecarpifolia - 77 Salix elegans Garbainsh 78 Ephedra gerardiana Gidjing 79 Juniperus communis Jhora, khichiya 80 Abies webbiana Raisal barmi radha 81 Cassoa absus Banar, Chakwar 82 Satyrium nepalense - 83 Zingiber officinals Banhaldi 84 Cureuma angustifolia Banhaldi 85 Acorus calamus Banj 86 Allium stracheyi Jambu 87 Allium wallichii Jangali Lasun 88 Asparagus racemosus Kairuwa 89 Aloe vera Patquar 90 Adiantum venusthum Hanshraj 91 Equisetum arvense Horsetel 92 Althaea officinalis Jangalihauli 93 Reinwardtia trigyna Pyuli 94 Tagetes arecta Hazari 95 Calendula officinalis Ganda(Tokar) 96 Atropa belladonna Dhatur Jahar

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97 Datura stramonium Dhatura 98 Urtica dioica Sisauna 99 Juglans regia Akhore 100 Hedychium spicatum Kapur Kachari 101 Canna indica Kewara 102 Anemona obtusiloba Kakaria 103 Delphinium denudatum Nirwishi, Munel 104 Aconitum balfouria Bishjahar 105 Paeonia emodi Bhoi Pawin 106 Berberis aristata Kilmori 107 Fumaria parviflora Pitpapara 108 Brassica napus Kali sarso 109 Geranium ocellatum Bhiljari 110 Acacia catechu Khair 111 Butea frondosa Dhank Table 4 - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Uttarakhand as per Uttarakhand Forest Department

Medicinal & Aromatic Plant selected for cultivation and subsidy in Uttarakhand as per State Medicinal Plants Board SN. Botanical Name Local Name 1. Aconitum heterophyllum Atis 2. Picrorhiza kurrooa Kutki 3. Saussurea costus Kuth 4. Nardostachys grandiflora Jatamasi 5. Swertia chirayita Chirayta 6. Podophyllum hexandrum Bankakdi 7. Allium stracheyi Faran 8. Carum carvi/Bunium persicum Kalajeera 9. Rubia cordifolia Manjeeth 10. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Pyrethrum 11. Amomum subulatum Badi Elaichi 12. Coleus barbatus Patharchura 13. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpgandha 14. Gloriosa superba Kalihari 15. Asparagus racemosus Shatawar 16. Silybum marianum Milk 17. Stevia rebaudiana Stevia 18. Piper longum Peepli 19. Centella asiatica/Bacopa monnieri Bhrami

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20. Digitalias lanata Tilpuspi 21. Valeriana jatamansi Tagar 22. Ammi majus Ammi Majus 23. Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemery 24. Pelargonium graveolens Geranium 25. flexuosus Lemongrass 26. Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile 27. Rosa damascena Gulab 28. Mentha piperita Piper Mint Table 5 – Selected plants for cultivation and subsidy in Uttarakhand as per State Medicinal Plants Board

Live Germplasm collection and establishment of aromatic plants by Centre of Aromatic Plants SN. Botanical Name Common Name 1. Pimenta officinalis All 2. Aloe vera Aloe 3. Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthoxanthum 4. Artemisia annua Artemisia 5. Artemisia maritima Artemisia Wild 6. Phyllanthus officinalis Amla 7. Thymus serpyllum Ban Ajwain 8. Ocimum basilicum (French) 9. Ocimum sanctum Basil (Holy) 10. Ocimum gratissimum Basil (Wild) 11. Jasminum arborescens Bela 12. Aegle marmelos Bael 13. Callistemon citrinus Bottal brush 14. Acorus calamus Bach 15. Monarda didyma Bargamot 16. Mentha citrata Bergamot mint 17. Mentha piperita Paper mint 18. Mentha spicata Spear mint 19. Mentha arvensis Japanese mint (Kosi) 20. Mentha arvensis Japanese mint (CIM-Saryu) 21. Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile 22. Jasminum pubescens Chameli 23. Magnolia grandiflora Champa 24. Magnolia soulanglyana Choti Champa 25. Santalum album Chandan

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26. Tabernaemontana coronaria Chandani 27. Plumeria rubra Cheer Champa 28. Cymbopogon winterianus Citronella-Jal Pallwi 29. Cymbopogon winterianus Citronella-Bio 13 30. Salvia sclarea Clary sage 31. Pinus roxburghii Chir Pine 32. Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium Wild 33. Cymbopogon schoenanthus Camelgrass 34. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Hasayan) 35. Rosa damascena Damash Rose (Him Rose) 36. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Hot Him Rose) 37. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Super Jawala) 38. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Indica) 39. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Jwala) 40. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Noorjahan) 41. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Rani Sahiba) 42. Rosa damascena Damask Rose (Super Him Rose) 43. Cedrus deodara Deodara 44. Cestrum diurnum Din Ka Raja 45. Eucalyptus citrodora Eucalyptus 46. Brunfelsia uniflora Fransesia 47. Gardenia jasminoldes Gandhraj 48. Cymbopogon distans Ganiya grass 49. Pelargonium graveolens Geranium - Bourbon 50. Pelargonium graveolens Geranium - CIM Pawan 51. Ginkgo biloba Ginko 52. Tinospora cordifolia Giloe 53. Hedychlum coronarium Ginger lily 54. Nyctanthus arbortristis Harsingar 55. Terminalia bellerica Baheda 56. Juniperus macropoda Juniper 57. Juniperus squamata Juniper (Himalayan) 58. Alpina galanga Kulanjan 59. Anthocephalus cadamba Kadamba 60. Kapoor 61. Hedychlum spicatum Kapur Kachari 62. Hedychlum aurantiacum Kapur Kachari 63. Pandanus tectorius Kewada 64. Vetiveria zizanloides Khus var. South Indian

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65. Vetiveria zizanloides Khus var. CIM Vridhi 66. Vetiveria zizanloides Khus var. dharni 67. Saussurea costus Kuth 68. Amomum subulatum Large 69. Melissa officinalis 70. Cymbopogon flexuosus Lemongrass var. BLI-ARUN 71. Cymbopogon pandulas Lemongrass var. Kalam 72. Cymbopogon flexuosus Lemongrass var. CKP-25 73. Cymbopogon flexuosus Lemongrass var. Chirharit 74. Cymbopogon nardus Jamarosa var. GP-10 75. Cymdopogon khasinus Ramarosa var. RRL-CN5 76. Hiptage madablota Madhumati 77. Lawsonia inermis Mehndi 78. Jasminum sambac Mongra 79. Thuja compacta Morpankhi 80. Hibiscus abelmoschus Mushdana 81. Skimmia laureoia Nairpati 82. Cyperus scariosus Nagarmotha 83. Mesua ferrea Nagkesar 84. Origanum majorana Marjorum 85. Origanum vulgare 86. Cymbopogon martinii Palmarosa-Haritwal 87. Cymbopogon martinii Palmarosa var. PRC-1 88. Bergenia ciliata Pashanbhed 89. Pogostemon cablin Patcholi 90. Coleus barbatus Patthar Chur 91. Perilla 92. Pipper longum Pippali 93. Prunus pudam Padam 94. Pterocarpus santalinus Rakta Chandan 95. Elaeocarpus ganitrus Rudraksh 96. Cestrum nociturnum Raat ki Rani 97. Michella champaca Safed Champa 98. Tabernaemontana floridum Showy Jasmine 99. Valeriana jatamansi Samewa 100. Asparagus recemosus Satavar 101. Stevia rebaudiana Stevia 102.. Osmanthus fragrans Silang 103. Anethum sowa Sowa

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104. Cupressus torulosa Surai 105. Tagetes petula Tagetes 106. Cinnamomum tamala Tejpat 107. Thymus linearis 108. Zanthoxylum alatum Timur 109. Mimusops elengi Maulshree 110. Araucaria araucana Araucarra Table 6 - Germplasm collection and establishment of aromatic plants by Centre of Aromatic Plants

Listed tree species as per working plan of Chakrata Cantonment Forest (2017 - 2016) SN. Botanical Name Local/English Name 1. Juglans regia Akhroat 2. Fraxinus micanthraa Angu/Ash Tree 3. Lyonia ovalifolia Anyar 4. Rhus wallichii Archoi 5 Pumus cummunis Alu bhukhara/Plum 6. Prunus persica Aru/Peech 7. Permna latifolia Bakarcha 8. Quercus leucotrichophora Ban/Oak 9. Aesculus indica Baukhor/Chestnut 10. Salix wallichiana Bhainsra/Willow 11. Euonymus tingens Bhambeli 12. Benthamida capitata Bhamora 13. Corylus jacquemontii Bhotia badam 14. Populus ciliate Poplus 15. Rhodrodendron arboretum Burans 16. Meliosma simplicifolia Busha 17. Carpinus viminea Chamkharik 18. Litsea chinensis Chandna 19. Casearia elliptica Chilla 20. Pinus roxburghii Chir/Pine 21. Morus serrata Shatoot/Mulberry 22. Acer oblongnum Kirmola/Maple 23. Cupressus torulosa Leuri/Surai 24. Salix babylonica Manjanu/Willow 25. Abies pindrow Morinda 26. Sapium insegne Khinni 27. Prunus armenica Chullu/Apricot 28. Cedrela serrata Darli/Hill Tun 29. Cedurs deodara Deodar 30. Ulmus wallichiana Emroi

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31. Myrsine semiserrata Gaunta 32. Meliosma delleniaefolia Goi 33. Sageretia oppositifolia Gonta 34. Prunus comuta Jamnoi 35. Syzygium cumini Jamun 36. Pinus wallichiana Kail 37. Pyrus pashia Mehal 38. ilex dipyrena Kanderu 39. Myrica nagi Kaphal 40. Betula alnoibes Kathbhuj 41. Olea cuspidate Kau/Indian Olive 42. Machilus duthiei Kaula 43. Phoenix humilis Khajur 44. Comus macrophylla Khagsi 45. Quercus semecarpifolia Kharsu Table 7 - Tree species as per working plan of Chakrata Cantonment Forest

Listed /shrubs as per working plan of Chakrata Cantonment Forest (2017 - 2016) SN. Botanical Name Local/English Name 1. Rubus biflorus Achhoi 2. Achyranthes aspera Apamarg 3. Aconitum heterophyllum Atis 4. Myrsine semiserrata Baina/Gaunta 5. Colebrookea oppositifolia Bindu/Bhambher 6. Lonicera angustifolia Ban Chullu 7. Glycosmis pentaphylla Ban nimba 8. Adhatoda vasica Bansa/Vasika 9. Solonum vervascifolium Ban tamakhu 10. Myrsine africana Banwan 11. Cannabis sativa Bhang 12. Aechmanthera tomentosa Bherara 13. Rosa brunonii Bhaunra 14. Viburmim cotinifolium Bhutnoi 15. Girardinia palmata Bichhu 16. Jasminum pubescens Chameli 17. Wikstroemia canescens Chamboi 18. Artemisia nilagirica Korinja 19. Swertia chirata Chirayta 20. Randia tetrasperma Chhotaghingaru 21. Salix denticulate Chhotibashroi 22. Mursine semiserrata Gaunta

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23. Pyracantha crenulatta Gingaru 24. Vibumum foetens Guia 25. Skimmia anquetilia Gurlpata 26. Rubus ellipticus Hinsar/Hinsalu 27. Gerbera grassypina Jhula 28. Ribes rubrum Karan 29. Roylea elegans Karanoi 30. Berberis lyceum Kashmoi 31. Berberis aristata Kingora 32. Achyranthe aspera Marsa 33. Valeriana wallichii Somiya 34. Pteracanthus urticifolius Mashnoi 35. Coriaria nepalensis Masuri 36. Desmodium elegans Matoi/Chamloi 37. Leptodermis lanceolata Padera/Pindra 38. Vubumum mullaha Richhoi 39. Euonymus tingens Roini 40. Cotoneaster acuminata Ruinshi 41. Rhamnus virgata Thanthar 42. Sarcococca pruniformis Tiliari 43. Vibumum nervosum Tirnoi 44. Picrasma quassiodes Tithari Table 8 - Herbs/shrubs as per working plan of Chakrata Cantonment Forest

Prioritized plant species (Herbs) by Herbal Research and Development Institute SN. Botanical Name Common Name 1. Aconitum heterophyllum Atis 2. Picrorhiza kurroa Kutki 3. Saussurea costus Kuth 4. Nardostachys jatamansi Jatamansi 5. Swertia chirayita Chirayata 6. Podophyllum hexandrum Van Kakri 7. Allium stachei Jamboo 8. Carum carvi/ Bunium persicum Kalajeera 9. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Pirethrum 10. Valeriana jatamansi/ V. wallichii Tagar 11. Rubia cordifolia Manjisth 12. Amomum subulatum Bari Ilaichi 13. Coleus barbatus Patharchoor 14. Rosmarunus officinalis Rosemarry 15. Pelargonium graveolens Giranium

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16. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpgadha 17. Gloriosa superba Kalihari 18. Asparagus racemosus Satawar 19. Cymbopogon flaxuosus Lemongrass 20. Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile 21. Silybum marianum Silibum 22. Stevia rebaudiana Stevia 23. Piper longum Pipli 24. Centella asiatica/Bacopa monnieri Bhahmi/Mandukparni 25. Ammi majus Ammi majus 26. Digitalis lanata Digitalis 27. Mentha arvensis Mint 28. Rosa domastica Gulab Table 9 - Plant species (Herbs) by HRDI

Prioritized plant species (Trees) by Herbal Research and Development Institute SN. Botanical Name Common Name 1. Cinnamomum tamala Tejpat 2. Sapindus mukorossi Reetha 3. Terminalia chebula Harad 4. Terminalia belerica Bahera 5. Phyllanthus emblica Anwala 6. Taxus baccata Thuner 7. Acorus calamus Buch 8. Artemisia annua Artemisia Table 10 - Plant species (Trees) by HRDI.

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3. Survey Questionnaire

Survey Questionnaire for expert opinion as well as local communities is being prepared.As per objectives of project, effort is made to list both RET and NWFP plant species for conservation in protected area and as well as by cultivation in ex-situ conservation area. Impact of climate change for the same will be evaluated. Questionnaire for consultation with local community is as follows.

Figure 1 – Survey questionnaire for local community

Opinion of people who have years of experience in the conservation and cultivation of RET and NWFP is essential. Hence, inputs are being taken from experts of different fields such as market,

Page 22 trade, cultivation, conservation, research and institutes. Questionnaire developed for expert consultation and opinion regarding prioritization of plant species is as follows.

Figure 2 - Expert Survey questionnaire (1)

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Figure 3- Expert Survey questionnaire (2)

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4. Habitat Maps Elevation, slope, aspect and NDVI map for the study area prepared.

Figure 4 - Elevation Map of Study Area Figure 5- Topographic Aspect Map of Study Area

Many high value NTFP plant species are found in high altitude regions, as Chakrata is high altitude region, number of such plants species are expected to be found in there.Topographic slope aspect is another vital plant habitat parameter.Itinduces soil moisture and exposure to sunlight, wind and rain, hencecontributes significantly to the habitat of plant species. South facing i.e. sunny aspect slopes retain less moisture because of stronger solar radiation and higher evaporationwhile shady sites have higher soil moisture.

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Figure 6 – Topographic Slope Map of Study Area Figure 7 – NDVI Map of the Study Area

Slope steepness will have direct impact on water runoff and soil erosion.Steep slopes will have less vegetation due to less soil. Soil is normally not stable at slopes greater than 35%. Hence, it is important plant habitat parameter.Normalized Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI) simply indicates whether particular area in the region has live green vegetation or not.NDVI and other indices can be used for Forest Canopy Density Analysis.Since most RET & NWFP are herbs or shrubs,forest canopy density determines availability of sunlight to these plant species.

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5. First field Visit After consultation with the Botanical Department of Forest Research Institute, 10 RET and NWFP plants of high importance which could be found in Chakrata region were listed.First field visit was conducted from 24th to 28th Sept, 2019. 34 RET and NWFP plants located in Deoban and Chakrata nursery. These nurseries could be used as source of seeds/germplasm. A. heterophyllum(Atis), Habenaria egdeworthii(Riddhi), Habenaria intermedia(Vriddhi), G. kurroo,B.aristataand other NWFP plant species were located in wild. Geo-coordinates of these species along with photographs were collected. Contact with nursery care taker is established. First field visit served purpose of establishing contact and gave basic understanding of the region under study.

A B C

D E F

Figure 8–(A):A. heterophyllum Wild,(B):G. KurrooWild,(C): H. intermedia Wild, (D): Saussurea costus Nursery, (E): Berberis chitria Nursery, (F):P.cirrhifolium & P. verticillatumNursery

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A B

Figure 9–(A): Collection of geo-coordinates, (B): Local guide and nursery care taker

Figure 10 – Deoban nursery

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References Badola, Hemant K., and Stephen Aitken. "The Himalayas of India: A treasury of medicinal plants under siege." Biodiversity 4.3 (2003): 3-13.

Balemie, Kebu, and Fassil Kebebew. "Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Derashe and Kucha Districts, South Ethiopia." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2.1 (2006): 53.

Bisht, Vinod K., Jagmohan S. Negi, and Arvind K. Bhandari. "Check on extinction of medicinal herbs in Uttarakhand: no need to uproot." (2016): 233-235.

Dhar, Uppeandra, Ranbeer S. Rawal, and Jyoti Upreti. "Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants––a case study in the Indian Himalaya." Biological conservation 95.1 (2000): 57-65.

Garbyal, S. S., K. K. Aggarwal, and C. R. Babu. "Traditionally used medicinal plants in Dharchula Himalayas of Pithoragarh district, Uttaranchal." (2005).

Kumar, Rohit, and Vijay Kumar Singhal. "Traditional knowledge and conservation status of some selected medicinal herbs from Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand, Western Himalayas." Taiwania 64.1 (2019).

Malik, Zubair A., et al. "Ethnomedicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Western Himalaya." Journal of ethnopharmacology 172 (2015): 133-144.

Negi, Vikram S., et al. "Criteria and indicators for promoting cultivation and conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Western Himalaya, India." Ecological indicators 93 (2018): 434-446.

Pandey, Aseesh, et al. "Threat assessment of high-value medicinal plants of cold desert areas in Johar valley, Kailash Sacred Landscape, India." Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 153.1 (2019): 39-47.

Phondani, P. C., et al. "Promotion of medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation for improving livelihood security: a case study from West Himalaya, India." Int J Med Aromat Plants 1.3 (2011): 245-52.

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Prakash, Anand. "Uses of some threatened and potential ethnomedicinal plants among the tribals of Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand in India." National Conference on Forest Biodiversity— Earth’s Living Treasure. 2011.

Shiva, Vandana. Protecting Our Biological and Intellectual Heritage in the Age of Biopiracy: Paper Prepared for the Seminar on IPRs, Community Rights and Biodiversity: a New Partnership for National Sovereignty Held at New Delhi, February 20, 1996. Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Natural Resource Policy, 1996.

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