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Stratigraphic Structure of Mesozoic with Emphasis at Senonian Limestones in Arta’S Syncline, Nw Greece

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Stratigraphic Structure of Mesozoic with Emphasis at Senonian Limestones in Arta’S Syncline, Nw Greece Department of Geology MSc Geoscience and Environment Field “Geological Processes in Lithosphere and Environment’’ STRATIGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF MESOZOIC WITH EMPHASIS AT SENONIAN LIMESTONES IN ARTA’S SYNCLINE, NW GREECE. Supervisor: Avraam Zelilidis MSc Student: Eleftherios Georgoulas PATRAS, 2019 THE THREE MEMBER COMMITTEE Avraam Zelilidis Supervisor Professor at the Department of Geology, University of Patras Department of General, Marine Geology & Geodynamics George Iliopoulos Member of three-member Advisory Committee Assistant Professor at the Department of Geology, University of Patras Department of General, Marine Geology & Geodynamics Pavlos Avramidis Member of three-member Advisory Committee Professor at the Department of Geology, University of Patras Department of General, Marine Geology & Geodynamics 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Professor Avraam Zelilidis of the Department of Geology at University of Patras, for all the knowledge and advice he gave me as well as for the opportunities that helped me discover the subjects the Laboratory of Sedimentology of Geology of Patras deals with. Secondly, I want to thank George Iliopoulos, Assistant Professor of the Department of Geology at University of Patras, for compiling me in the part of fossil determination and the advices he gave me. I need to thank Konstantina Karanika, MSc student at University of Patras, for the help and support she gave me and the time she spend aiding me through my Master studies. Furthermore, I want to thank my fellow students Dimopoulos Nikolaos and Peridis Savvas, also MSc students, for all the good time and ideas we shared and the collaboration we had especially during field work. Finally, I owe a big thank to my parents, for giving me the opportunity to continue my studies and gain knowledge that will make me one day a reliable Geologist. 2 CONTENTS Abstract …………………………………………………..………………………… 6 Περίληψη ………………………….……………………………………………….. 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………….……………………….. 8 CHAPTER 2: GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF WESTERN GREECE ……...…. 9 2.1 Geotectonic zones of Hellenides ……………………………………………………… 9 2.1.1. Ionian Zone ………………………………………………..……….………. 11 2.1.1.1 General information ………………………………….………….. 11 2.1.1.2 Lithostratigraphy of the Ionian Zone ………………..…………. 11 2.1.1.3 Paleogeographic evolution of the Ionian Zone …………....……. 14 2.2 Analysis of the Central Ionian Zone ……………..…………………………………. 18 2.3 Analysis of the studied area …………………………………………………………. 20 CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION TO CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION ….. 22 3.1 Carbonate series ………………………………………….………………………….. 22 3.2 Environments of carbonate sedimentation ………………………………………… 24 CHAPTER 4: MATERIALS AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS ……...……… 27 4.1 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………….. 27 4.2 Microfacies Analysis ………………………………….……………………...………. 27 4.2.1 Introduction to Microfacies analysis ……….…………………………….... 27 4.2.2 Lithofacies analysis …………………………..……………….……………. 28 4.2.2.1 Mineral composition of limestones ………………..………..…… 28 4.2.2.2 Components of limestone sediments and limestones ….…..…… 29 4.2.2.3 Non-skeletal grains ………………………………………………. 29 4.2.2.4 Skeletal grains ……………………………………...…………….. 31 3 4.2.2.5 Matrix: micrite and sparite…………….….…………………….. 32 4.2.2.6 Porosity ………………….…………..……………………………. 33 4.2.3 Classification of limestones ………………..……………………………….. 34 4.2.4 Classification of carbonate facies ……………………..…………………… 37 4.3 Determination of Microfossils …………………………………...………………….. 40 4.3.1 Foraminifera ……………………….…………………………..…………… 40 4.3.2 Systematic classification of Foraminifera …………………………………. 42 CHAPTER 5: THE STUDIED AREA – FIELD WORK ……………………… 44 5.1 Introduction to the studied area ………………………………..…………………… 44 5.2 Field work – Descriptions of the sections …………………...……………………… 47 5.2.1 Section 1 ………………….…………………………………………………. 48 5.2.2 Section 2 …………………………….…………….………………………… 50 5.2.3 Section 3 …………………………………………………………………….. 51 5.2.4 Section 4 ……………………..……………………………………………… 52 5.2.5 Section 5 …………………………………………….………………………. 53 5.2.6 Section 6 ……………………..…………………..………………………….. 55 5.2.7 Section 7 …………………………………….………………………………. 59 5.2.8 Section 8 ………………………….….……………………………………… 61 5.2.9 Section 9 …………………………………….………………………………. 64 5.2.10 Quarry ……………………………………………..………………………. 66 5.2.11 Road to Gribovo ………………………………..………………………….. 68 CHAPTER 6: LITHOFACIES ANALYSIS AND AGE DETERMINATION .. 72 6.1 Analysis of the samples and the thin sections of each section …………………….. 72 6.1.1 Section 2 ……………………………………………..……………………… 72 6.1.2 Section 3 ……………………………………………….……………………. 75 6.1.3 Section 4 ………………….…………………………………………………. 76 4 6.1.4 Section 6 ………………….…………………………………………………. 80 6.1.5 Section 7 ………………………..…………………………………………… 82 6.1.6 Section 8 …………………………………………………………………….. 86 6.1.7 Road to Gribovo …………………………………………………………….. 88 CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION ………………………………….…………………. 93 CHAPTER 8: RESULTS ………………………………………………………… 98 REFERENCES …………………………………………………….…………… 100 5 STRATIGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF MESOZOIC WITH EMPHASIS AT SENONIAN LIMESTONES IN ARTA’S SYNCLINE, NW GREECE. Georgoulas Eleftherios a a University of Patras, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Sedimentology, 26504, Patras, Greece Abstract In this diploma thesis, the analysis of the stratigraphic structure of the Mesozoic in the syncline of Arta, with emphasis on the Senonian limestones was carried out. The study area consists of nine (9) sections with a NNE-SSW direction along the new Ionian road from the village of Kambi as far as Ammotopos, a quarry located to the west of the Ionian road and the road connecting the plain with the village of Gribovo to the east, at Xerovouni Mountain, and geotectonically belongs to Central Ionian Zone. Studied outcrops cross cut the major thrust between the Central and the External Ionian Zone and the prospect was the study of the deformation close and far from the thrust. Results have emerged from work in the field as well as from microfacies analysis. The field-work includes a detailed description of the lithology of the sections and their characteristics as well as the recording of the faults. The intense internal deformation recorded in most of the sections is synchronous to the sedimentation and is owed to the thrust activity. The general dip direction of the deformation is to the SW. A strike slip fault brings the Vigla’s limestones into lateral contact with the Senonian limestones. From the studied area seventeen (17) samples were collected, and microfacies analysis was carried out, using polarizing microscope in order to identify fossil assemblages and age determination. Four (4) facies zones (FZ 1, 2, 3 & 4) were identified in the same region, i.e. the coexistence of 4 different environments. The above different facies are due to the fault activity that brings into lateral contact different environments. It seems that stratigraphically the environment changes from shallow waters to deep-sea basin, during the sedimentation. Age determination showed that some of the sections have a different age from the ages that the geological map indicates. Especially, for sections 7 and 8, the geological maps states that their age is Late Cretaceous, but our results showed a Lower Cretaceous age. Based on our data, we propose changes in the geological map of I.G.M.E. as well as an additional study of the area. Key words: Central Ionian Zone, Senonian limestones, microfacies analysis, calciturbidites 6 Περίληψη Στην παρούσα διπλωματική πραγματοποιήθηκε η ανάλυση της στρωματογραφικής διάρθρωσης του Μεσοζωικού στο σύγκλινο της Άρτας, με έμφαση στους ασβεστόλιθους του Σενωνίου. Η περιοχή μελέτης περιλαμβάνει εννέα (9) τομές με διεύθυνση ΒΒΑ-ΝΝΔ που βρίσκονται κατά μήκος της Ιόνιας οδού από το χωριό Καμπή μέχρι τον Αμμότοπο, ένα νταμάρι που βρίσκεται δυτικά από την Ιόνια οδό και τον δρόμο που συνδέει την πεδιάδα με το χωριό Γρίμποβο στα ανατολικά, πάνω στο βουνό Ξηροβούνι, που γεωτεκτονικά ανήκουν στην Κεντρική Ιόνια Ζώνη. Η περιοχή αυτή επιλέχθηκε επειδή είναι κάθετη στην επώθηση που χωρίζει την Κεντρική και την Εξωτερική Ιόνια Ζώνη και η προοπτική ήταν η ανάλυση της παραμόρφωσης κοντά και μακριά από την επώθηση. Αποτελέσματα προέκυψαν τόσο από την εργασία στην ύπαιθρο όσο και από την μικροφασική ανάλυση. Η εργασία πεδίου περιλαμβάνει λεπτομερή περιγραφή των λιθολογιών και των χαρακτηριστικών τους καθώς και καταγραφή των ρηγμάτων. Η έντονη εσωτερική παραμόρφωση που καταγράφηκε στις περισσότερες τομές είναι σύγχρονη με την ιζηματογένεση και οφείλεται στην δράση της επώθησης. Η γενική διεύθυνση κλίσης της παραμόρφωσης είναι προς τα ΝΔ. Ένα οριζόντιας μετατόπισης ρήγμα φέρνει σε πλευρική επαφή στους ασβεστόλιθους της Βίγλας και του Σενωνίου. Από την περιοχή μελέτης συλλέχθηκαν δεκαεπτά (17) δείγματα στα οποία πραγματοποιήθηκε μικροφασική ανάλυση και μελετήθηκαν στο πολωτικό μικροσκόπιο με σκοπό να γίνει αναγνώριση απολιθωμάτων και καθορισμός των ηλικιών. Τέσσερις (4) φασικές ζώνες (φασικές ζώνες ή FZ 1, 2, 3 & 4), δηλαδή συνύπαρξη 4 διαφορετικών περιβαλλόντων. Οι παραπάνω διαφορετικές φάσεις οφείλονται στην δραστηριότητα των ρηγμάτων της περιοχής που φέρνουν σε πλευρική επαφή διαφορετικά περιβάλλοντα. Φαίνεται ότι στρωματογραφικά το περιβάλλον γίνεται από ρηχό σε περιβάλλον βαθειάς θάλασσας κατά τη διάρκεια της ιζηματογένεσης. Ο προσδιορισμός των ηλικιών από την αναγνώριση απολιθωμάτων στις λεπτές τομές έδειξε ότι κάποιες από τις τομές έχουν διαφορετική ηλικία από αυτή που υποστηρίζει ο γεωλογικός χάρτης. Ειδικότερα, οι τομές 7 και 8, η ηλικία τους με βάση τον γεωλογικό χάρτη είναι Ανώτερο Κρητιδικό, ενώ τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι είναι Κατώτερο
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