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Provenance and Sediment Dispersal of Mississippian Sandstones in the Black Warrior Basin, Ne Mississippi

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Provenance and Sediment Dispersal of Mississippian Sandstones in the Black Warrior Basin, Ne Mississippi PROVENANCE AND SEDIMENT DISPERSAL OF MISSISSIPPIAN SANDSTONES IN THE BLACK WARRIOR BASIN, NE MISSISSIPPI By PATRICK MICHAEL O’CONNOR Bachelor of Science, 2012 Ohio University Athens, Ohio Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The College of Science and Engineering Texas Christian University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2015 Copyright By Patrick Michael O’Connor 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality in Jackson, MS for graciously allowing me to sample their core for this project. I also want to thank Mark Pecha and the team at the University of Arizona LaserChron Center for their assistance with the processing of detrital LA-ICPMS. Also, thank you to the University of Texas at Dallas for allowing me to use their rock crushing lab, and Dr. Majie Fan for the use of the mineral separation lab at University of Texas at Arlington. Secondly, I need to recognize Dr. Xiangyang “Cheyenne” Xie for his significant role in my graduate school experience. Cheyenne’s determination to provide all the necessary resources and accommodations for me to complete my thesis was above and beyond what I could have ever expected from a graduate advisor. Cheyenne exhibited an extreme willingness to always be available, not only as a thesis advisor, but also as a friend throughout my graduate experience. I am very grateful to have had Cheyenne as my advisor and to have built a relationship with him. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Alsleben and Dr. Holbrook for all their help. Dr. Alsleben’s thorough evaluation and attention to detail along with Dr. Holbrook’s insightful teaching were crucial to my completion of this degree. I am appreciative to have spent these two years in the TCU Geology Department. It is because of their financial support through the Adkins Fund, and easily accessible resources that I was able to complete my Masters. Finally, I would like to thank my mom, dad, and brother for always being there for me, and providing me with guidance throughout my time in graduate school. I wouldn’t have been able to get here or make it through this without their love. Regardless of their extreme lack of geological knowledge, I dedicate this thesis to them. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables 1. INTRODUCTION & GEOLOGIC SETTING ................................................................. 1 1.1 Geological Setting .......................................................................................... 5 1.2 Stratigraphy .................................................................................................... 7 2. SANDSTONE MODAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 11 2.1 Point Counting Methods ............................................................................... 11 2.2 Point Counting Results & Ternary Diagrams ................................................ 18 3. U-PB DETRITAL ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY ...................................................... 29 3.1 Geochronology Methods .............................................................................. 29 3.2 Geochronology Results ................................................................................ 34 3.2.2 K-S Similarity Analyses .............................................................................. 48 4. POTENTIAL SOURCE TERRANES .......................................................................... 50 5. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 54 5.1 Comparison of BWb and Appalachian Foreland Geochronology Results.....54 5.2 Model One: Previous Interpretations for a Northern Source ......................... 57 5.3 Model Two: Previous Interpretations for a Proximal but Controversial sediment source from the Ouachita Orogenic Belt ............................................. 60 5.4 A New Model: Deposition from the North of Recycled Appalachian Foreland Sediment with Minor and Later Influence from the Ouachita Orogenic Belt ....... 64 6. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 69 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 70 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 81 iii Appendix I: General information about conventional core used for thin sections Appendix II: Data from BW1, BW2, BW3 U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology VITA ABSTRACT iv LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of Mississippi with outline of Black Warrior Basin ......................................... 3 2. Previously proposed sediment dispersal paths for Chesterian deposition ........... 4 3. Outline of Ouachita fold/thrust belt ...................................................................... 6 4. Stratigraphic column of Mississippian age strata in the Black Warrior Basin ........ 8 5. Photomicrograph of Qm, Qp, and calcite matrix .................................................. 14 6. Photomicrograph of Fk, Qm, silica-rich matrix, and calcite matrix ........................ 15 7. Photomicrograph of Fp, Lm+s, and Qm ................................................................. 16 8. Photomicrograph of a mica fragment, a heavy mineral, Lm+s, and porosity ........ 17 9. QFL diagram of sandstone nomenclature based on Folk classification .............. 26 10. QFL diagram of sandstone provenance based on Dickinson classification ........ 27 11. QmFLt diagram of sandstone provenance based on Dickinson classification .... 28 12. Selected backscattered electron image of Lewis Sandstone zircons ................. 32 13. Selected backscattered electron image of Sanders Sandstone zircons ............. 32 14. Selected backscattered electron image of Carter Sandstone zircons ................ 33 15. U-Pb composite normalized age probability distribution of BWb samples .......... 36 16. Relative age probability plot of the Lewis Sandstone ......................................... 38 17. U-Pb Concordia normal distribution plot of the Lewis Sandstone ....................... 39 18. U-Pb Concordia Tera-Wasserburg plot of the Lewis Sandstone ........................ 40 19. Relative age probability plot of the Sanders Sandstone ..................................... 41 20. U-Pb Concordia normal distribution plot of the Sanders Sandstone ................... 43 21. U-Pb Concordia Tera-Wasserburg plot of the Sanders Sandstone .................... 44 22. Relative age probability plot of the Carter Sandstone ......................................... 45 23. U-Pb Concordia normal distribution plot of the Carter Sandstone ...................... 47 24. U-Pb Concordia Tera-Wasserburg plot of the Carter Sandstone........................ 58 25. Location of the BWb relative to Precambrian and Phanerozoic belts ................. 51 26. U-Pb composite normalized age curves for Ouachita, Appalachian, and BWb .. 55 27. Proposed model of sediment dispersal during Mississippian time in BWb ......... 68 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Petrographic point counting parameters and nomenclature ............................... 13 2. Raw point counting data for sandstone samples from the Lewis Sandstone ...... 20 3. Recalculated point counting data for sandstone samples from the Lewis Sandstone .......................................................................................................... 20 4. Raw point counting data for sandstone samples from the Evans Sandstone ..... 21 5. Recalculated point counting data for sandstone samples from the Evans Sandstone .......................................................................................................... 21 6. Raw point counting data for sandstone samples from the Sanders Sandstone .. 22 7. Recalculated point counting data for sandstone samples from the Sanders Sandstone .......................................................................................................... 23 8. Raw point counting data for sandstone samples from the Carter Sandstone ..... 24 9. Recalculated point counting data for sandstone samples from the Carter Sandstone .......................................................................................................... 25 10. Interpreted source terranes along with detrital zircon age data from Lewis, Sanders, and Carter sandstones (by raw number and percentage) ................... 35 11. K-S results for the Lewis, Sanders, and Carter sandstones ............................... 49 vi 1. INTRODUCTION The Black Warrior basin (BWb) is a triangular shaped foreland basin located in Alabama and Mississippi (Figure 1) (Mellen, 1947; Kugler and Pashin, 1992). From west to east the basin province spans approximately 220 miles (~350 km), from Tallahatchie County, Mississippi, to Cullman County, Alabama. From north to south the basin spans approximately 190 miles (~305 km), from Tishomingo County, Mississippi, to Sumter County, Alabama (Hatch and Pawlewicz, 2007). Historically, the BWb province has been of economic importance due to its reserves in oil, gas, coal, and coal-bed methane gas (Thomas, 1988). The basin contains various pay zones at relatively shallow depth, multiple reservoirs, and stratigraphic and structural traps that contribute to reduced costs in drilling and completions (Bearden, 1985). Several of the reservoirs are Mississippian
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