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Risk Analysis of Exotic Fish Species Included in the Dutch Fisheries Act and Their Hybrids

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Risk Analysis of Exotic Fish Species Included in the Dutch Fisheries Act and Their Hybrids PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/123477 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-06 and may be subject to change. Risk analysis of exotic fish species included in the Dutch Fisheries Act and their hybrids 2014 Nederlands Expertise Centrum Exoten Risk analysis of exotic fish species included in the Dutch Fisheries Act and their hybrids A report of the Nederlands Expertise Centrum Exoten (Dutch Expertise Centre for Exotic species) and partners Commisioned by the Bureau for Risk Assessment & Research Programming (Bureau Risicobeoordeling & Onderzoeksprogrammering, BuRO) of the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit, NVWA) M.E. Schiphouwer, N. van Kessel, J. Matthews, R.S.E.W. Leuven, S. van de Koppel, J. Kranenbarg, O.L.M. Haenen, H.J.R. Lenders, L.A.J. Nagelkerke, G. van der Velde, B.H.J.M. Crombaghs, R. Zollinger. February 2014 COLOPHON © 2014 Nederlands Expertise Centrum Exoten (NEC-E), Nijmegen Report number: 2013.068 Language: English with Dutch summary Authors: M.E. Schiphouwer, N. van Kessel, J. Matthews, R.S.E.W. Leuven, S. van de Koppel, J. Kranenbarg, O.L.M. Haenen, H.J.R. Lenders, L.A.J. Nagelkerke, G. van der Velde, B.H.J.M. Crombaghs & R. Zollinger Cover photo: Asp (Leuciscus aspius) (www.digitalnature.org) Layout: K. Joosten Commisioned by: B. Rietveld-Piepers, Bureau for Risk Assessment & Research Programming (Bureau Risicobeoordeling & Onderzoeksprogrammering, BuRO) of the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit, NVWA) Citation: M.E. Schiphouwer, N. van Kessel, J. Matthews, R.S.E.W. Leuven, S. van de Koppel, J. Kranenbarg, O.L.M. Haenen, H.J.R. Lenders, L.A.J. Nagelkerke, G. van der Velde, B.H.J.M. Crombaghs & R. Zollinger, 2014. Risk analysis of exotic fish species included in the Dutch Fisheries Act and their hybrids. Nederlands Expertise Centrum Exoten (NEC-E), Nijmegen. Niets uit deze rapportage mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden zonder voorafgaande toestemming van het NEC-E, noch mag het worden gebruikt voor enig ander werk dan waarvoor het is vervaardigd. No part of this report may be reproduced and/or made public without the prior consent of the NEC-E, nor may it be used for any other purpose than that for which it was produced. CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 SAMENVATTING ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. METHODS .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 3. ARCTIC CHAR (Salvelinus alpinus) ................................................................................................................ 15 4. ASP (Leuciscus aspius) ........................................................................................................................................ 29 5. BROOK TROUT (Salvelinus fontinalis) .......................................................................................................... 43 6. COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio) ............................................................................................................. 51 7. EASTERN MUDMINNOW (Umbra pygmaea) ........................................................................................ 65 8. GRASS CARP (Ctenopharyngodon idella) ................................................................................................. 81 9. HYBRID ‘CROSS CARP’ (Cyprinus carpio X Carassius spp.) .............................................................. 101 10. PIKE-PERCH (Sander lucioperca) .............................................................................................................. 111 11. PRUSSIAN CARP (Carassius gibelio) ........................................................................................................ 127 12. RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ....................................................................................... 141 13. SEA TROUT (Salmo trutta trutta) .............................................................................................................. 149 14. VENDACE (Coregonus albula) ................................................................................................................ 155 15. NORTHERN WHITEFIN GUDGEON (Romanogobio belingi) .................................................... 165 16. GENERAL DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 171 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 175 APPENDIX 1: Analysis of exotic fish species occurrence in Natura 2000 areas ......................... 199 APPENDIX 2: Risk classification group scores: current situation ........................................................ 203 APPENDIX 3: Risk classification group scores: future situation ........................................................... 205 APPENDIX 4: General options for exotic fish species elimination. .................................................... 207 PREFACE Dutch legislation prohibits the introduction of animal species in the wild. Exceptions are species included in the Fisheries Act. This allows the stocking of a number of exotic fish species, without analysing their potential risks in relation to biodiversity or genetic pollution. Therefore the Bureau for Risk Assessment & Research Programming (Bureau Risicobeoordeling & Onderzoeksprogrammering, BuRO) of the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit, NVWA) commissioned a risk analysis for the exotic fish species included in the Fisheries Act. The risk analyses was carried out by a project group formed from the following partners: Stichting RAVON / Nederlands Expertise Centrum Exoten (NEC-E) Ing. M.E. Schiphouwer MSc Ir. J. Kranenbarg Drs. R. Zollinger Radboud University Nijmegen / NEC-E J. Matthews MSc Dr. R.S.E.W. Leuven Dr. H.J.R. Lenders Dr. G. van der Velde Natuurbalans-Limes Divergens / NEC-E N. van Kessel MSc Ir. B.H.J.M. Crombaghs S. van de Koppel MSc Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR Dr.ir. O.L.M. Haenen Wageningen University, Aquaculture & Fisheries Group Dr. L.A.J. Nagelkerke We are grateful to Dr. B. Rietveld-Piepers (BuRO) for the supervision that was provided for this risk analysis and her valuable contribution to the risk classification workshop process. Furthermore we would like to thank Dr. H. Verreycken (INBO, Belgium) and Drs. F. Spikmans (RAVON/NEC-E) for their contribution to the risk classification workshop. We would like to thank Drs. P. Frigge (RAVON/NEC-E) for the database analyses. For providing photographs of different species we are grateful to Ing. P. Beelen (Sportvisserij Nederland), Ing. A. de Bruin (Stichting RAVON/Blikonderwater.nl), J. Herder MSc (Stichting RAVON/Digitalnature.org), Drs. F. Spikmans (RAVON) and Dr. I.J. Winfield (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology). 1 2 SUMMARY This report describes a risk analysis of exotic fish species which are included in the Dutch Fisheries Act and their hybrids. A literature research and database analysis provided information that is contained in the following sections: a species description; risk analysis; risk classification and management options. The risk analysis was carried out for the following species and a single hybrid: Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus); asp (Leuciscus aspius); common carp (Cyprinus carpio); eastern mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea); grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella); hybrid ‘cross carp’ (Cyprinus carpio X Carassius spp.); pike-perch (Sander lucioperca); Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and vendace (Coregonus albula). Although, even though the sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) was present in the initial selection of exotic species, it was decided by expert consensus to treat it as a native species. Therefore, a risk assessment was not carried out in this case. Of the analysed species, asp, common carp, pike-perch and Prussian carp have the highest invasiveness based on dispersion and reproduction potential. As a result of their relatively long invasion history, these species already occur widely. Also grass carp, a species with a medium invasiveness due to its inability to reproduce, occurs widely as a result of intensive stocking and dispersion. The eastern mudminnow has a relatively long introduction history but a lower invasiveness, it therefore occurs in a restricted range only. The stocked hybrid ‘cross carp’ is probably able to reproduce, but it’s invasiveness is unknown. It currently occurs in isolated populations.
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