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The Aral Sea the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake the Aral Sea Springer Earth System Sciences

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The Aral Sea the Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake the Aral Sea Springer Earth System Sciences Springer Earth System Sciences Philip Micklin N.V. Aladin Igor Plotnikov Editors The Aral Sea The Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake The Aral Sea Springer Earth System Sciences Series Editor Philippe Blondel For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10178 Philip Micklin (Chief Editor) • N.V. Aladin (Associate Editor) • Igor Plotnikov (Associate Editor) The Aral Sea The Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake Editors Philip Micklin (Chief Editor) N.V. Aladin (Associate Editor) Department of Geography Igor Plotnikov (Associate Editor) Western Michigan University Zoological Institute Michigan Russian Academy of Sciences USA St. Petersburg Russia ISBN 978-3-642-02355-2 ISBN 978-3-642-02356-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02356-9 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword The Aral Sea has long been a poster child of pollution and environment degrada- tion. Pictures of camels grazing next to a big ship’s rusted hull; parched land where a sea rich in fish and other resources used to be; abandoned economic hubs in dry harbors; dust and salt storms large enough to be visible from space ... All these examples have entered the consciousness of lay citizens around the world, showing how human activities have slowly but steadily destroyed what was once a rich and productive region. As the effects of climate change are increasingly felt around the world, scientists, administrators and politicians need to heed the lessons from the Aral Sea and avoid similar, looming disasters in other regions. This urgency has been noted in many publications, scientific and otherwise, including the authoritative and regular reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, http://www.ipcc.ch). Already in 1997, the IPCC highlighted the importance of the Aral Sea as “a case study of the multiplicative effects of resource overuse, which can lead to local environmental and even climate change”, noting however there had been no integrated assessment of its natural and human impacts. This clear gap is addressed by the present book, entitled “Destruction of the Aral Sea” and edited by experts of the Aral Sea who have spent decades of their professional lives measuring and understanding the evolution of the Aral Sea. In the true spirit of the Springer Earth System Sciences series, this book brings together a wealth of experts from seven different countries, spanning all fields from remote sensing to fisheries, geology, zoology, biodiversity and environmental management inter alia. Throughout 18 chapters, in close to 500 pages and with an extensive bibliography, sometimes summarizing innovative and important research not pre- viously seen in the western literature, the authors show us how the Aral Sea has evolved, from long before human intervention to the latest years. This book is far from only a series of observations of “the Destruction”, and its subtitle clearly shows the potential for a “Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake”. Masterfully organized and led by its editors, Philip Micklin, Nikolay V. Aladin and Igor Plotnikov, this book consists of an introductory chapter and three parts. Part I (Background to the Aral Problem) in three chapters provides essential information about the Aral Sea prior to its modern desiccation that gives context v vi Foreword to what has happened to the lake in the modern era. Part II (Modern Recession of Aral) in nine chapters covers key aspects and consequences of the shrinking Aral Sea from the inception of this phenomenon in the early 1960s until today. The first four chapters of Part III (Aral Future) examine what may happen to this once grand lake and its environs in coming years, depending primarily on the human response to this disaster and showing that there is a way forward, provided clear commitments and actions on the ground are taken soon. The final summary chapter includes a discussion of the lessons to be gleaned from the Aral experience along with a suggested list of key research topics that need deeper investigation in order for optimal improvement of this water body. What has happened in this region, and what is happening now, concerns us all, as global citizens in a world increasingly affected by climate change and human impacts. Having read the many chapters of this book as it was in the making, I have seen how they evolved to form a structured summary of such an internationally impor- tant region. I can therefore only recommend its readings to scientists, administrators and decision-makers around the world, to see how the lessons we are learning the hard way in the Aral Sea now, can be used everywhere in the future. Bath, UK Philippe Blondel October 2013 Acknowledgements Philip Micklin, Chief Editor My contribution to this book is based on three decades involvement with the Aral Sea issue and numerous trips to the Aral Sea region. Over these years I have received help from many individuals, and funding from organizations, in the United States, Soviet Union, Russia, Western Europe, Japan and Central Asia, particularly in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. I want to express my deepest thanks to these individuals and organizations too numerous to name. Special thanks, however, are in order to the Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan; the NATO Science for Peace Program; the U.S. National Academy of Sciences; the Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society; the National Council for Soviet and East European Research; the United Nations Environment Program; the Institutes of Geography and Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow; Karakalpakstan State University in Nukus, Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), and, last but not least, the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. I would also like to express my gratitude to my wife, left to handle family matters during my visits overseas, sometimes for extended periods, in connection with my research on the Aral Sea. Nikolay Aladin and Igor Plotnikov, Associate Editors We would like to thank all members of our Brackish Water Laboratory of the Zoological Institute of RAS and all members of the Fisheries Laboratory in Aralsk, Kazakhstan and all members of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, all members of our expeditions to the Aral Sea from Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, USA, Germany, UK, France, Spain, Japan, Australia, Sweden, Slovenia and some other countries. A special thanks is in order to our colleagues at St-Petersburg Pedagogic University headed by the famous botanist Lev Aleksandrovich Kusnetsov with whom we did our studies on the Barsakelmes Island in the Aral Sea. We also would like to thank all members of our families who remained without us when we were in our long lasting, numerous expeditions to the Aral Sea during the period from 1979 until 2013. Finally, we would like to remember those vii viii Acknowledgements colleagues and friends who passed away and who helped us a lot in our Aral Sea studies: Dr. Evdokiya Markova (Kazakhstan), Dr. Nikolay Vorontzov (Russia), Dr. William Williams (Australia), Dr.William Potts (UK), Dr. Gilbert White (USA), Dr. Tatuo Kira (Japan), and especially Dr. David Davidovich Piriulin of our Laboratory. Abbreviations and Acronyms ASBP Aral Sea Basin Program of the World Bank AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer asl Above sea level BP Before present BVO Basin Water Management Association (Authority) ca. Approximately cal. Calibrated cm Centimeter DO Dissolved oxygen ESA European Space Agency EVI Enhanced vegetation index GEF Global environmental facility ha Hectare ICAS Interstate Council on the Problems
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