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Und Amphibien (Lissamphibia, Haeckel 1866): Allometrische Zusammenhänge, Evolutionäre Zwänge Und Life History-Invarianten

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Und Amphibien (Lissamphibia, Haeckel 1866): Allometrische Zusammenhänge, Evolutionäre Zwänge Und Life History-Invarianten Life history-Evolution in rezenten Reptilien (Reptilia, Laurenti 1768) und Amphibien (Lissamphibia, Haeckel 1866): Allometrische Zusammenhänge, evolutionäre Zwänge und Life history-Invarianten Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Am Fachbereich Biologie Der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz Konstantin Hallmann geboren am 19.01.1981 in Hadamar Mainz, 2016 Amtierender Dekan: Erster Berichterstatter: Zweiter Berichterstatter: Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.12.2016 Eine modifizierte Version von Kapitel 3 wurde im Open Access Journal „PLOS ONE“ publiziert. 2015. Eggshell Types and Their Evolutionary Correlation with Life-History Strategies in Squamates. PLoS One 10: e0138785. 10.1371/journal.pone.0138785. Eine modifizierte Version des Kapitels 4 wurde beim Journal „Evolutionary Ecology“ eingereicht, begutachtet und befindet sich in der Überarbeitung (major revision). (in Vorbereitung). Allometric relationships of reptiles’ life history traits and new insights into the phylogenetic position of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) from its life history. Eine modifizierte Version von Kapitel 5 wurde bei der Zeitschrift „Journal of Evolutionary Biology“ eingereicht, begutachtet und befindet sich in Überarbeitung für Wiedervorlage (reject with resubmission allowed). (in Vorbereitung). Identifying life history invariants of amphibians and reptiles resulting from different body mass ranges in a semi-aquatic or terrestrial environment. “Why study life histories? Life histories lie at the heart of biology; no other field brings you closer to the underlying simplicities that unite and explain the diversity of living things and the complexities of their life cycles. (…) Life history theory is needed to understand the action of natural selection, a central element of evolution, the only theory that makes sense of all of biology.” Stephen C. Stearns in The Evolution of Life Histories (1992) Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... 8 2 Allgemeine Einleitung ......................................................................................................11 2.1 Life history-Evolution .................................................................................................11 2.2 Phylogenetisches Signal ...........................................................................................16 2.3 Allometrien ................................................................................................................20 2.4 Life history-Invarianten ..............................................................................................25 2.5 Besonderheiten rezenter Reptilien und Amphibien für Life history-Analysen .............28 2.6 Ziele der Arbeit ..........................................................................................................33 3 Eggshell types and their evolutionary correlation with life-history strategies in squamates .. ......................................................................................................................................36 3.1 Abstract .....................................................................................................................36 3.2 Introduction ...............................................................................................................36 3.3 Material & Methods ...................................................................................................40 3.3.1 Life-history data ...............................................................................................40 3.3.2 Classification of eggshell types ........................................................................42 3.3.3 Data analyses ..................................................................................................43 3.3.4 Phylogenetic signal ..........................................................................................43 3.3.5 Methods for classification and ordination: cluster analysis and phylogenetic principal component analysis (pPCA) ...............................................................45 3.4 Results ......................................................................................................................47 3.4.1 Phylogenetic signal ..........................................................................................47 3.4.2 Identification of life-history strategies with PCA and cluster analysis ................49 3.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................55 3.5.1 Phylogenetic signals of eggshell types and life-history traits ............................55 3.5.2 Relation between eggshell types and life-history traits and the influence of body mass ................................................................................................................57 4 Allometric relationships of reptiles’ life history traits and new insights into the phylogenetic position of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) from its life history ...................................63 4.1 Abstract .....................................................................................................................63 4.2 Introduction ...............................................................................................................64 4.3 Material & Methods ...................................................................................................66 4.3.1 Data collection .................................................................................................66 4.3.2 Data analyses ..................................................................................................69 4.4 Results ......................................................................................................................74 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.4.1 Allometric relationships of life history traits within the reptiles ..........................74 4.4.2 Comparison of life history allometries between reptiles, mammals and birds ...77 4.4.3 The phylogenetic position of the order Rhynchocephalia (the tuatara, S. punctatus) within the reptiles based on its life history .......................................79 4.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................80 4.5.1 Allometric relationships of life history traits within the reptiles ..........................80 4.5.2 Comparison of life history allometries between reptiles, mammals and birds ...84 4.5.3 Fast-slow continuum of life history traits of reptiles ..........................................86 4.5.4 The phylogenetic position of the order Rhynchocephalia (the tuatara, S. punctatus) within the reptiles based on its life history .......................................86 5 Identifying life history invariants of amphibians and reptiles resulting from different body mass ranges in a semi-aquatic or terrestrial environment ................................................88 5.1 Abstract .....................................................................................................................88 5.2 Introduction ...............................................................................................................89 5.3 Material & Methods ...................................................................................................92 5.3.1 Data collection .................................................................................................92 5.3.2 Data analysis ...................................................................................................93 5.4 Results ......................................................................................................................96 5.4.1 Invariance of life history traits in amphibians ....................................................96 5.4.2 Invariance of life history traits in reptiles ......................................................... 112 5.5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 113 5.5.1 Invariances in amphibian and reptilian life history traits .................................. 113 5.5.2 Usability of the five criteria to identify invariant life history traits ..................... 115 6 Allgemeine Diskussion ................................................................................................... 119 6.1 Bedeutung von phylogenetischen und physiologischen Zwängen für die Life history- Strategien von Reptilien (Squamata) ....................................................................... 119 6.2 Bedeutung von allometrischen Zwängen (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Phylogenie) für die Life history-Strategien von Reptilien ......................................... 125 6.3 Invarianzen in Life history-Merkmalen von semi-aquatischen Amphibien und terrestrischen Reptilien ........................................................................................... 133 7 Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick ...................................................................................... 139 8 Literatur ......................................................................................................................... 143 9 Anhang .........................................................................................................................
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