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Home , Asian forest tortoise, Geoemydinae, Hydrosere, Painted terrapin, Spiny turtle

Joko Guntoro

A HANDBBOK FOR STUDENTS

AN INTRODUCTION OF TUNTONG LAUT ( borneoensis ) AND MAMANGROVENGROVE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 FOREWORD 2 I. ECOSYSTEM OF 3 I.1. Definition of 3 I.2. Biodiversity in Mangrove 5 a. Flora 5 b. Fauna 6 c. Food web 7 I.3. Importance of Mangrove Forest 7 a. Benefits of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems 7 b. Impact of the Destruction of Mangrove 8

II. IDENTICATION OF TUNTONG LAUT ( Batagur borneoensis ) 9 II.1. Introduction of 9 II.2. Identification of Tuntong Laut and some of Freshwater 13 1. Painted ( Batagur borneoensis ) 13 2. River terrapin ( Batagur affinis ) 14 3. Asian ( Cuora amboinensis ) 15 4. Asian forest ( ) 16 5. ( spinosa) 17 6. ( cartilaginea ) 18 II.3. Utilization of Tuntong Laut 19 II.4. Tuntong Laut and Mangrove Forest 19 II.5. Current Conditions and Challenges of sustainability 20 II.6. Impacts of the Extinction of Tuntong Laut 21

III.CONSERVATION OF TUNTONG LAUT ( Batagur borneoensis ) 22 III.1. Regulations concerning environmental protection and wildlife 22 III.2. Preserving Wildlife In Islamic Perspective 23 III.3. Methods of Conservation of Tuntong Laut and Freshwater Turtles 26 III.4. Practical Ways We Can Do to Save 27

REFERENCES 29

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 1 FOREWORD

Indonesia coastal and marine forestis being exposed to constantly increasing growth and economic preasure. In addition to this, the utilizations of natural resources in mangrove ecosystem, especially flora and fauna in it, through various human activities, lead to the degradation of the mangrove forest. Also, the decreasing of some important such as Painted terrapin ( Batagur borneoensis ), called Tuntong Laut by local people. In view of this, Lembaga SatuCita conducted a conservation initiative since 2009 to conserve that species, both through in-stiu and ex-situ method. This initiative run some activities: nesting patrol, educational program, field survey, field research, headstarting program. We save the Painted terrapin from any threats in Seruway and make efforts to assurance them in their native habitat. This book is a book published by Lembaga SatuCita to increase the student awareness and knowledge about this species. We can say that this is a handbook. This handbook is bilingual language: English and Bahasa . By publishing this book and educating the students about the contents of this book, we aim that in the student, our future generation, will have knowledge about this species. So, this species will be a considerance in their decision. The future of Painted terrapin is very influenced by the decision made by young generation. We would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund (KNCF) for its financial support to publish this book and to implementing our educational program (campaign) to student. This campaign targeting 600 students in junior and senior high school. I also would like to thank to staff and volunteer in Lembaga SatuCita “we can save Painted terrapin!”. Finally also would like to thanks Prof. Chan Eng Heng and Chen Pelf Nyok from Turtle Conservation Centre Kuala Terangganu (all of your advices and comments has made this initiative is possible), to local forestry officer, local traditional institution called Panglima Laot, Datuk Laksamana, teachers in targeted schools. All of you has provided valuable information to the book. Kuala Simpang,

Joko Guntoro Principal investigator Painted Terrapin Conservation Initiative (PTCI) Lembaga SatuCita

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 2 I. ECOSYSTEM OF MANGROVES

I.1. Definition of Mangrove Forest According Nybakken (1992), mangrove are the common word used to describe a variety of tropical coastal communities are dominated by several species of or characteristic that has the ability to grow in salty waters. Mangrove forests include trees and shrubs are classified into 8 families, and consists of 12 genera of flowering plants: Avicennie, Sonneratia, Rhyzophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Xylocarpus, Lummitzera, Laguncularia, Aegiceras, Aegiatilis, Snaeda, and Conocarpus (Bengen, 2000). Picture 1.1.1. Mangrove Forest in Seruway, Aceh Tamiang

The word mangrove has two meanings, first as a community, the community or communities or forest plants that are resistant to salinity / salinity (tidal), and second as an individual species (Macnae, 1968 in Supriharyono, 2000). In not to be confused, Macnae use the term "Mangal" when associated with forest communities and " mangrove " for individual plants. Mangrove forests by local people often called the Mangrove forest or forests. But according Khazali (1998), the mention of mangroves as Bakau (Bahasa Indonesia) seems less appropriate because the Bakau are one of group names of plant species found in mangroves.

Adaptation of Mangrove Faced with the extreme environment in mangroves, plants adapt to a variety of ways. Physically, the most typical mangroves are to grow specific organs for their survival, such as various forms of roots and salt glands in the leaves. But there are also other forms of physiological adaptation. Avicennia grows at the river side. Notice the breathing roots that appear to the mud beach. Mangrove trees ( Rhizophora spp. ), which usually grow in the outer zone, develop

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 3 stilt root to survive the fierce waves. The types of Avicennia spp. and Sonneratia spp developing their breath roots (pneumatophore ) arising from the mud to take oxygen from the air. The Bruguiera spp . has a knee root, while the trees Nirih ( Xylocarpus spp. ) with their winding roots, both of them are to support the upright in the mud, while also getting air for breathing. Plus many other types of mangrove vegetation has lenticels , pore holes to breathe .To cope with high salinity, fires remove excess salt through glands on the bottom leaves. While other types, such as Rhizophora mangle , developed a root system that almost impenetrable to salt water. Water that has absorbed almost tasteless, approximately 90-97% of salt content in sea water could not pass through the filter of this root. The salt was contained in the body of plants, accumulated in old leaves and leaf drop will be wasted together. On the other hand, given the difficulty of obtaining fresh water, mangrove vegetation should seek to maintain the water content in the body. Though the tropical ocean environment encourages high heat of vaporization, several types of mangrove plants are able to set the mouth opening of leaves ( stomata ) and the direction toward the surface of the leaves in the daytime heat, thus reducing evaporation from the leaves.

Breeding Another important adaptation is shown in terms of breeding species. Harsh environments in mangroves almost impossible to grains germinate normally on the mud. In addition to the extreme chemical conditions, physical condition of the tidal mud and sea water makes difficult to maintain viability. Almost all types of flora of mangroves have or fruits that can float, so it can be dispersed by the flow of water. In addition, many of the mangrove species are viviparous : the seed or seeds have germinated before the fruit fall from trees. The most famous example is perhaps the germination of the fruits of Bakau ( Rhizophora ), Tengar (Ceriops ) or Kendeka ( Bruguiera ). Fruit trees have germinated and issued a similar length of the spear when the roots are still dependent on the stalk. When they fall, these fruits can be directly embedded in the mud at the crash site, or carried off the tide, caught and grown in other parts of the forest. Alternatively, the sea swept away and travel to distant places. Fruit palm ( Nypa fruticans ) has emerged in the bud while still attached in it stem. While fruit of Avicennie , Kaboa ( Aegiceras ), Jeruju ( acanthus ) and several others have also germinate on the tree, although not visible from the outside. These privileges were no doubt increase the successness of the seeds to grow. Children's nursery with the terms of this kind are called propagule. This propagules can be carried away by ocean and waves up to miles and miles away, maybe even across the sea or strait with a collection of other marine debris. Propagules can 'sleep' (dormant) for days and even months, during a trip to arrive at a suitable location. If it will grow settled, several types of propagules can change the ratio of the weight of his body parts, so that the roots begin to sink and propagules floating vertically in the water. This makes it easier for the entangled and stuck in the muddy bottom of shallow water.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 4 Mangrove Forest Succession The growth and development of a forest known as forest succession (forest succession or sere ). Mangrove forest is an example of forest succession in (called hydrosere ). Given this succession process, please note that the zoning of mangrove forests in the above description is not eternal, but gradually shifted. Succession begins with the formation of an exposure to mud () that can serve as a substrate mangroves. Until in a one time, this new substrate was invaded by propagules of mangrove vegetation. Then, begin to form a pioneer vegetation of mangrove forests. The growth of mangrove forests are caught somewhere in mud. Fine soil that washed out the river flow, the sands carried by ocean flow, all sorts of rubbish and destruction of vegetation, will be deposited in the roots of mangrove vegetation. Thus, the mud will gradually accumulate more and more and faster. Mangroves are also more widespread. At the time, the mangrove forests will begin to dry out and become no longer suitable for the growth of such as Avicennia alba and Rhizophora mucronata . Into this section enter the new types such as Bruguiera spp . The new zone is formed at the rear. Similarly, changes continue to occur, which took decades to hundreds of years. While the pioneer zone continues to advance and expand the mangrove forest, the next zones also appear in the dry outback. The description above is a simplification, of the true state of nature is much more complicated. Because it is not always extensive mangrove forests continue to grow, perhaps even be depleted due to natural factors such as abrasion. Similarly, the emergence of the zones are not always predictable. In areas that fit, it can grow of mangrove forest extends reach a thickness of 4 km or more, although in general less than that.

I.2. Biodiversity in Mangrove a. Flora Variety of plants can be found in mangroves. However, only about 54 species from 20 genera , which is considered a true mangrove species. Namely the types that are found living in the confined environment of mangrove forests and rarely grow beyond it. Of these types, some 39 species found growing in Indonesia; made mangrove forest in Indonesia as the most species-rich environments in the Indian Ocean and Pacific. Overall total known species, including mangrove species follow- up, was 202 species (Noor et al, 1999). Table 1.2.1. of true mangroves, along with the number of species (modified from Tomlinson, 1986). Suku Genus, jumlah spesies Acanthaceae ( syn .: Avicenniaceae atau Avicennia (api-api), 9 Verbenaceae) Combretaceae Laguncularia, 11 ; Lumnitzera (teruntum), 2 Arecaceae Nypa (nipah), 1 Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera (kendeka), 6 ; Ceriops (tengar), 2; Kandelia (berus-berus), 1; Rhizophora (bakau), 8 Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia (pidada), 5

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 5

Picture 1.2.1. Some mangrove species in Seruway, Aceh Tamiang (Rhizopora , Avicennia , Sonneratia )

b. Fauna Mangrove forests in Seruway is also has rich fauna is abundant and useful such as , birds, mammals, fish. Some of them are Tuntong Laut (Batagur borneoensis ) Halcyon smyrnensis , Haliastur indus , Egretta alba , Great-billed Heron (Ardea Sumatrana ), Geopelia striata , Starling ( Acridotheres javanicus ), Thomas leaf monkey, Varanus salvator, Mangrove crab ( Scylla serrate ), Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus ), Shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ), Red snapper, Groper fish (Chromileptes altivelis ), Eel-tailed catfish ( Euristhmus microceps ) and various species of fish. All of this fauna are not only has the benefits of environmental services, but also have high economic and ecological value. Picture 1.2.2. Some in Seruway Mangrove Forest

Varanus salvator Ikan Belodok ( Periopthalmodon schlosseri )

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 6 c. Food web Food chain is a feeding hierarchy which organisms in an ecosystem are grouped into trophical (nutritional) levels and are shown in a succession to represent the flow of food energy and the feeding relationships the between them. Food web is interconnecting food chains in an ecological community. The following figure illustrates a simple food chain that occurs in mangrove forests. In the picture, it was shown that the roots of mangroves into spawning places for young fish and shrimp young. The area around the roots of the mangrove is an area rich food source for animals mangrove ecosystem. Then, the young fish eaten by adult fish, shrimp, shrimp eaten by young adults. This event occurs every day and keep the ecosystem of mangrove forest remain balanced, no change (evolution) is radical. Figure 1.2.3. Illustration of Food Chain in Mangrove Ecosystem

I.3. Importance of Mangrove Forest a. Benefits of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems Mangrove ecosystems are ecologically and economically beneficial. Ecological and economic functions of mangrove forests (Santoso and Arifin, 1998): 1. Ecological functions: protecting the coastline from abrasion and tsunami, accelerating expansion of the beach through the deposition, prevent sea water intrusion into the mainland, spawning a variety of marine life such as fish, crabs, shrimp shelter and breed various species of birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects, a regulator of the micro climate. 2. Economic to increasing the fishery productivity. The study by Turner (1977) found that any loss of 1 hectare of mangrove will cause loss of 480 kg of fish and shrimp

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 7 in the coast each year. This can be formulated by forming the equation Y = 0.06 + 0.15 X; where Y is the production of catch in tonnes / year, while X is a mangrove area in hectares (Martosubroto and Naamin, 1979). producing domestic use (firewood, charcoal, building materials, foodstuff, medicine), producer of industrial use (raw materials of paper, textiles, cosmetics, leather tanning, dyes), a place for producing fish, shrimp, crabs, shellfish, honey, and eggs of birds, a location for ecotourism, research, and education.

b. Impact of the Destruction of Mangrove The destruction of mangrove forests will lead to a result of things that are very harmful to humans. Not only environmentally, but also may cause loss of economic opportunities, increasing the risk of disasters and others. Impact caused by the destruction of mangrove forests can be seen in the following table. Table 1.3.1. Impact of Human Activities to Mangrove Ecosystems

Activity Possible Impacts Clear-cutting 1) Changing the composition of plants; mangrove trees will replaced by species has low economic value and mangrove forests are cut down are no longer functioning as a regional foraging (feeding ground) and regional care (nursery ground) is optimal for the various stages of young fish and shrimp which economically important. Diversion of 1) Increased salinity of the forest (swamp) led to the dominance of freshwater flow, mangrove species are more tolerant to more salty water; fish and shrimp in for example in larval and juvenile stages may not can tolerate an increase in salinity, development because they are more sensitive to environmental changes, 2) Decreased irrigation fertility rate of mangrove forests since nutrient supply through freshwater flow reduced. Conversion 1) The beach that require forest (swamp) mangroves as nursery the land ground larvae and / or young stages of fish and shrimp; 2) marine pollution agriculture, by contaminants which can be converted prior to the mangrove forest fishery substrates bound by mangrove forests; 3) intrusion of salt through the natural channels or through man-made channels that empty into the sea; 4) Erosion of coastline that were previously covered with mangroves. Disposal Liquid 1) Decrease in dissolved oxygen content of water dalah water, can even waste (Sewage) anoxic conditions occur in water so that the organic material contained in the liquid waste that decomposes anaerobically among others, produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and aminia (NH3) both of which are toxic to organisms in the water. H2S smell like rotten eggs that can be used as an indication the course of anaerobic decomposition. Disposal solid 1) Solid waste will result in the death of mangrove trees; 2) Seep pollutants waste in solid waste which is then dissolved in water to waters around the garbage disposal. 1) Pollution oil due 1) The death of mangrove trees due to the is covered by the oil layer, 2) the to occurrence spill total damage at the site of mining and mineral extraction can lead to: the oil in large demise of care (nursery ground) for the larvae and juvenile forms of fish numbers. and shrimp are an important economic value in off-shore, and thus threaten 2) Mining and the regeneration of fish and shrimp. extraction 2) The deposition of sediments which can lead to the dead of mangrove . Sources: Berwick, 1983 in Dahuri, et al., 1996.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 8 II. IDENTICATION OF TUNTONG LAUT ( Batagur borneoensis )

II.1. Introduction of Turtle Turtle - aquatic turtle (water), Tortoise - tortoise terrestrial (land), and Terrapin - semi-aquatic turtles - are reptiles of the order Testudines (all turtles that are included in the large group Chelonia ), most of them has a body that is protected by a special bone or cartilaginous shell that is formed of ribs. The Order Testudines includes species still exist and extinct. Most turtles have existed since the beginning about 215 million years ago, making turtles are the oldest groups, and the most ancient group than lizards and snakes. About 300 species that still exist today, most are threatened with extinction. Turtles are ectothermic animals.

Anatomy and morphology The tortoise has a variety of sizes. Even so, the (turtle) has a size larger than his brother on land and in freshwater. Largest chelonian is sea turtle, sea turtle that is backed fur () giant, which reaches 200 cm shell length and weight can reach over 900 kg.Freshwater turtles are generally smaller, but the largest species is the Labi-Labi ( cartilaginous turtles ) in Asia, cantorii , reported by some people has a length of up to 200 cm (Das, 1991). Another big turtle is the common snapping turtle, serpentina , largest chelonian in North America, which has a shell up to 80 cm long and weighing about 60 kg. Tortoise of the genus , , and other are widespread throughout the world in ancient times, and is now widely available in North and South America, Australia, and Africa. They became extinct along with the appearance of human beings, who suspected that humans hunt for food. Giant that still survive until now contained in the Seychelles and Galápagos Islands and can grow up along more than 130 cm, and weighs about 300 kg. The greatest Chelonian of all time is ischyros , a sea turtle that lived during the late Cretaceous age that can reach up to 4.6 m. The smallest turtle is the speckled padloper of South Africa. Turtles only have a length not more than 8 cm and weighing about 140 g. Two species of small turtles are mud and musk turtles Americans living in the region that runs between Canada and South America. Shell length of many species in this group is less than 13 cm.

Pleated neck Turtles were divided into two groups, according to how they pull their necks into the shell (something that can not be done by an ancient species Proganochelys ): the , who can pull their necks and folded it under his spine, and , which can fold their neck to the side.

Head Most turtles that spend most of his life on the mainland have eyes that always look down on the existing object before him. Some freshwater turtles, such as turtles and soft-shell turtles have eyes that are closer to the top of the head. Species of turtles can hide from predators in shallow water where they drown in the water his whole body except the

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 9 eyes and nostrils. Sea turtles have glands near the eyes that produce salty tears that serves to remove excess salt from the body is taken from the water they drink. The tortoise has a privilege in the form of night vision capabilities are superb which is caused by a large number of stem cells in their retinas. The tortoise has a wealth of color vision with cone subtypes with sensitivities between almost Ultraviolet (UV-A) to Red. Some tortoises have very bad ability to 'catch prey', so usually it becomes prey for predators that can move quickly. However, carnivorous turtle can quickly move his head to bite suddenly. The tortoise has a wide mouth that sturdy. Turtle uses its jaws to cut and chew food. As a replacement tooth, upper and lower jaw on the turtles covered by a row of strong bones. Carnivorous turtle usually have a sharp-knife bone for slicing their prey. Herbivorous turtles have bones like a chainsaw to cut up a tough plant. Turtle uses her tongue to help chew food, but they can not, unlike most reptiles, stick out its tongue to catch food.

Shell Tortoise shell called a carapace . Bottom shell is called plastron . Carapace and Plastron connected on the sides of the turtle by the structure of bones called bridges . Coating the inside of the turtles - turtles made of about 60 bones, including portions of the spine and ribs, which means that the turtle can not crawl out of its shell. In most turtles, the outer layer of shell covered by hard scales called scute which is part of the outer skin, or epidermis . Scute is made of fibrous protein called keratin that also makes the scales on other reptiles. Some turtles do not have a hard scute. For example, leather- backed turtles and soft-shell turtles who have smooth scute and not harsh. Diagram 1.1. Plastron and carapace of turtle

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 10 Form of tortoise shell gives helpful clues about how the turtle lives. Most tortoises have a large shell-shaped dome that makes it difficult for predators to crush the shell between its fangs. One of the few exceptions is the African who has a flexible and flat shell that allows it to hide among the splinter of stone. Most aquatic turtles have a shell is flat and grooved to aid in swimming and diving. Musk and Alligator turtle have a cross-shaped and small plastron that provide a more efficient leg movement for walking along the bottom of the and creek. Tortoise shell color can vary. Shell generally brown, black, or dark green. In some species, its shell has signs of red, orange, yellow, or gray and signs can include spots, stripes, or random spots. One of the turtles are the most colorful is male of Tuntong Laut (Batagur borneoensis ) which has white/gray shell, some spots of black and white in their shell and orange-striped in their head, between their eyes. Picture 2.1.1. Tuntong Laut ( Batagur borneoensis )

Tortoises, which live in the plains, have a heavier shell. Conversely, aquatic and soft-shell turtles have lighter shells that help him to not drown in the water and swim with a faster pace. These lighter shells have a big empty space called fontanelles between the bones of the shell.

Leather As mentioned above, the outer shell layer is part of the skin, each scute (or plate) on the shell is a modified scales. The shell is composed of skin with scales that are smaller, just like any other reptile skin. Aquatic turtle and terrapin not changed the skin in a one-time process, as practiced by the snake, but continually, in small pieces. When in a scope aquaria, small sheets of dead skin can be seen in the water (sometimes looks like a piece of thin plastic) when it has a crusty, even when the animal rubbed its body on a piece of wood or stone. Tortoise also sheds its skin, but a large number of dead skin can accumulate into thick pieces that provide protection to parts of the body outside the shell. Scute in the shell was never changed, and, the longer it accumulates, the shell becomes thicker. By counting scute circle formed by the older and smaller at the scute, allowing us to estimate the age of a turtle, if we know how much scute produced in a year. This method is less accurate, because most of the growth rate is not constant, but also because most scute occasionally “fall” from the shell.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 11

Limb Tortoises have short legs. Tortoises are known for having a slow motion, this is because the shell is domed and weight but also because the crawl gait inefficiencies that they have, with the legs are stretched with each other, unlike the lizard that each another directly under the body, as well as in mammals. Amphibians turtles are usually have the same limbs of tortoise legs unless they have a lining of the fingers and usually have long nails. These turtles swim using all four legs in the same way as a dog swimming, with the legs on the right and left alternately rocking body. Big freshwater turtles are swim rarer than small freshwater turtles, and very large species, such as alligator turtle, rarely swim, preferring to walk along the bottom of a lake or river. As well as the lining of the feet, freshwater turtles also have very long nails, used to help in climbing the river and float to the top, where they love to sunbathe. Males of freshwater turtles have more long nails, and this was used to stimulate the female during mating. Although most freshwater turtles have webbed feet, fingers, some freshwater turtles, such as turtles pig snout, has a true paddle-shaped legs, the fingers are fused to form a paddle and small nails. These species swim in the same manner as that of sea turtles. Sea turtles are almost entirely aquatic and have a paddle-shaped feet (flippers) instead of legs. Sea turtles "fly" in water, using up-down movement on the front foot paddle to create thrust; hind legs are not used for swimming but may be used for the counterweight. Compared with freshwater turtles, sea turtles are rarely rises to the mainland, and usually only to nesting. Male turtles normally never leave the ocean, while the females have to go up to the mainland to nesting. They move very slowly, dragging their bodies with a foot paddle. Foot paddle behind them are used to dig holes and refill eggs with sand when the eggs have hatched.

Ecology and life history Although many types of turtles that live under water, all aquatic turtles and tortoise are reptiles that breathe with lungs, and must rise to the surface at regular intervals to refill his lungs with fresh air. They also get to spend almost his entire life in the dry plains. Respiration of Australia freshwater turtles are being studied now. Some species have large cloacal holes filled by many of the projections are shaped like fingers. These projections, called " papillae ", have an abundant blood supply, and serves to increase the surface area of the cloaca . Aquatic turtles can filter the oxygen contained in water using these papillae , almost as like as fish use their gills to breathe. Turtles are animals that lay eggs, like other reptiles, where the eggs were soft and fluffy. The eggs contain different proteins compared to the eggs of birds, which causes the embryo will not harden when cooked. In some species, temperature determines whether an embryo in the egg will develop into male or female: a higher temperature causes the embryonic female gender, lower temperature, causing the embryo to male sex. This is also to Tuntong Laut ( Batagur borneoensis ). A large number of eggs deposited in a pit and buried by mud or sand. The eggs were then covered and left to incubated alone. When the baby turtles were born, they find their own way to reach the waters. The turtles and tortoise is not a species in which the parent is caring for her children. Sea turtles lay their eggs on dry sandy beaches, and the presence of eggs is highly threatened by coastal

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 12 development and egg hunts. Hatchlings also had not been raised by its mother. Turtles take many years to reach breeding age. Sometimes the turtles only breed every few years or more. Researchers recently discovered that the organ in turtles is working better with their getting older, unlike most other animals. It has been found that the heart, lungs and kidneys in centenarian tortoise is give better function in older age. It also inspired genetic researchers to begin research on the turtle genome for genes that produce long-lived.

II.2. Identification of Tuntong Laut and some of Freshwater Turtles The following is some of freshwater turtles can be found in District Aceh Tamiang and Province of Aceh. For Painted terrapin is in Seruway Forest Reserves, Sub-district Seruway, Aceh Tamiang. 1. Painted terrapin ( Batagur borneoensis ) (described by Schlegel & Muller, 1844) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira : Genus: Batagur Spesies: B. borneoensis CITES: Appendix II ; IUCN: critically endangered Indonesia: is still not protected by Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 Description: Habitat: An aquatic estuarine turtle inhabiting areas of tidal influence of medium to large rivers. Often found in mangrove . On Aceh, found in east coast of Aceh, particularly in Aceh Tamiang recently. They inhabit sandy beaches of the rivers where they make their nests. Size: 50 to 70cm. Weight: up to reach 25 kg Life expectancy : unknown Distinguished features : The painted terrapin is an aquatic estuarine turtle and one of the most endangered river turtles in South East Asia. Adults show marked sexual dimorphism , with females being larger than males, and both sexes have webbed feet. Juveniles are grey all over whilst adults have a more grey/brown carapace. During the breeding season the head of the male turns white and a red stripe appears between his eyes, these colours have a 'painted' appearance, which explains the common name. Diet: Painted are generally herbivorous, feeding on the leaves and fruits of riverside plants from mangroves. The turtle sometimes feeds on a variety of village refuse, especially fruit scraps, discarded into the water. Normal lifestyle: The terrapin rests on submerged snags in mangrove swamps with just the head exposed above water. Individuals are reported to frequently crawl out on to logs or mats of vegetation to bask. Reproduction is seasonal from October to January. Nesting is undertaken at night at low tide on sand beaches along the sea within a few kilometres of the mouth of their home river. In mangrove areas which lack such beaches, sandbanks within the river must be substituted. Males are not seen near the nesting beaches and presumably do not accompany females on their down-river nesting migration. Up to 20 eggs may be deposited in the nest from which hatchlings emerge after approximately 70-102 days. During the breeding season, females migrate down- river and lay eggs on sandy beaches a few kilometres from the mouth of their home river.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 13 Picture 2.2.1. Batagur borneoensis

2. River terrapin ( Batagur affinis ) (described by Cantor, 1847)) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Family: Geoemydidae Genus: Batagur Species: B. affinis IUCN: critically endangered ) ; CITES: Appendix I Indonesia: protected by Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 Picture 2.2.2. Batagur affinis

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 14 Description : Distingushed features : Upturned snout.Carapace smooth and gray or black, plastron yellow to whitish. Front feet broad and webbed, with only four claws (other turtles have five). White eyes. Size: capace can be reach 60 cm. Male/female: Females and juveniles are olive grey in color with grey to brown eyes. Males are darker, turning completely black during the breeding season with yellow or white eyes. Males have longer and thicker tails than females. Adult males somewhat smaller . Clutch size: 13-34 Nesting season: December – March Nesting Sites: Sandbars and banks far upstream from the normal estuarine habitat. Diet: Omnivorous.

3. ( Cuora amboinensis ) (described by Daudin, 1802) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Family: Geoemydidae Subfamily: Geoemydinae Genus: Cuora Species: C. amboinensis CITES: Appendix II ; IUCN: vulnerable Indonesia: is still not protected by Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 Description : Habitat: Aquatic and terrestrial. Streams and in lowland forest, rice paddies and mangrove creeks. Sometimes found quite far from water. Juveniles are entirely aquatic. Clutch size: 1-2 Nesting season: April – June Diet: Omnivorous. Distinguished features : Face and neck yellow, top of head lack, and three black stripes on side of face. Pale plastron usually with dark spot on the outer edge of each scute. Hinged plastron that allows the turtle to close up its shell like a box. Underside of the marginals yellow with black spot along the border. Size: capace can reach 22 cm Male/female: Males have slightly concave plastra and longer thicker tails. Picture 2.2.3. Cuora amboinensis

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 15 4. Asian forest tortoise ( Manouria emys ) (described by Schlegel & Müller, 1840) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Family: Testudinidae Genus: Manouria Species: M. emys CITES: Appendix II ; IUCN: endangered Indonesia: protected by Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 Description : The largest tortoise in mainland Asia; large adult of the northern subspecies, M.e. phayrei, can reach 25 kg in the wild and much more than that in captivity. Shell considerably depressed, its depth not half its length; anterior and posterior margins reverted, more or less strongly serrated; nuchal present; supracaudal shields two; dorsal shields concentrically striated, often concave; vertebrals much broader than long and at least as broad as costals. Plastron large, gular region somewhat produced and usually notched, hind lobe deeply notched; the pectoral shields may be widely separated from each other, or from a short median suture; axillary shield very small, inguinal large. Head moderate; two large prefrontal shields and a large frontal; beak not hooked; jaws feebly denticulated, the alveolar surface of the upper jaw with a strong median ridge. Fore limb anteriorly with very large, bony, pointed, imbricate tubercles, forming four or five longitudinal series; hind limb with very large bony tubercles on the plantar surface, with others larger, conical, and spur-like on the heel, and a group of still larger conical tubercles on each side on the back of the thighs. Adult dark brown or blackish; carapace of young yellowish brown, with dark-brown markings. Believed to be among the most primitive of living tortoises based on molecular and morphological studies. This is the only tortoise which lays its eggs above ground in a nest, which the female constructs of leaf litter. The female uses both front and rear legs to gather material for the nest and lays up to 50 eggs deep inside it. She then sits on and near the nest to protect it, and will 'chase' predators and intruders away. Pectoral scutes of Manouria emys : • Carapace usually light to dark brown in color • Pectoral scutes extend halfway to midline of plastron • Moderate flaring of marginal scutes • Shallow concavity of costal scutes • May grow to 50 cm or larger in shell length Picture 2.2.4. Manouria emys

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 16

5. Spiny turtle ( Heosemys spinosa) (ddescribed by Gray, 1830)) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Geoemydidae Genus: Heosemys Species: H. spinosa CITES: Appendix II ; IUCN: endangered Indonesia: is still not protected by Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 Picture 2.2.5. Heosemys spinosa

Description: The origin of its common and specific name is immediately apparent from the sharp, pointed, spiky-edged carapace, and spiny keel, of this unique turtle, also known as the ‘cog-wheel turtle'. Distribution : , Malaysia, and Indonesia. Size: Up to 22 cm.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 17 Habitat: Found in shallow, clear forest streams. Diet: I feed mine a variety of fruits and vegetables and animal protein. Sexing: Males have concave plastrons and longer tails that females. Breeding: 1-2 eggs per clutch. Reproduction: mating behavior is apparently stimulated by rains, with males becoming excited when sprayed with water in captivity, chasing females in an attempt to mount. Nesting behaviour is unknown in the wild, but generally one or two eggs are laid per clutch (clutches containing three eggs have been recorded) in captivity, usually at night or in the early morning. Up to three clutches have been produced a year, and to enable the passage of these relatively large eggs, a hinge develops in the female's plastron to allow greater flexibility during egg-laying. There have only ever been a handful of successful captive breeding efforts of the spiny turtle, and those that have been successful have had incubation periods of 106 days, 110 days and 145 days.

6. (Amyda cartilaginea ) (described by Boddaert, 1770) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Family: Genus: Amyda Species: A.cartilaginea CITES: Appendix II ; Status IUCN: vulnerable Indonesia: is still not protected by Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 Picture 2.2.6. Amyda cartilaginea

Description: Habitat: Inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats from and lakes to rivers and canals. Based upon field records for the species, Amyda appears to be found in wetlands and lakes associated with river systems in Indochina. Distinguishing Features: Tubercles along the anterior margin of the carapace (behind the neck). Coloring: Adults may range in color from brown to gray to dark black, sometimes with

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 18 yellow speckles on the head, limbs and carapace. The plastron is white to gray in color. Juveniles have speckled heads and limbs. Male/Female: Males are generally larger and have longer tails. Similar Species: Can be differentiated from similar formosa () by a longer snout and a pattern of yellow or light speckling on a darker or black head base color compared with the shorter snout and presence of dark speckling on a yellow, orange, or light base color on the head found on Nilssonia Formosa. Nillsonia Formosa also has less pronounced tubercles along the forward margin of the carapace behind the neck, however these tubercles tend to be elongated and vertical when compared with the knob-like tubercles found on Amyda cartilaginea . Clutch Size: 3-4 clutches of 5-30 eggs. Incubation: 61-140 days. Age of maturity: Females mature at 20 months. Diet: Omnivorous. Fish, insects, crabs, carrion, fruits, amphibians.

II.3. Utilization of Tuntong Laut Local communities in Seruway often use Tuntong Laut (Batagur borneoensis) as following: 1. Pet at home. Because of the uniqueness and distinctive color, especially in males, people often collect this aquatic turtles as pet animals at home. This was done due to the passion and also to raising their social status. 2. Eat the eggs. Communities in Sub-district Seruway often cooked the eggs becomes tengulik – a kind of food such as butter - and also boiled them to eat. People also believe that the eggs of Tuntong Laut is contain high nutrition and protein, although this should be investigated more deeply. 3. Meat and shell is sold for medicinal and cosmetic ingredients. The main destination is to China. Although this is not existed anymore recently, but seven to ten years ago the trading was high in Seruway and this may cause the decreasing population of Tuntong Laut in this area.

II.4. Tuntong Laut and Mangrove Forest Tuntong Laut and mangroves have a very close relationship. In fact, it can be said without the mangrove forests, this animal will not breeding well in the wild. Vice versa, Tuntong Laut is playing key roles in supporting the balancing of mangrove ecosystem. Tuntong Laut playing roles as seeds and nutrients disperser (Sharma, 1994). To understanding this relationship, it can be described through the process of food web occurs in mangrove ecosystems where Tuntong Laut became one of its parts. The following diagram illustrates the process of their food web. As an illustration, the following diagram is a simplification. In fact that is happens everyday, this process is more complicated. As mentioned in the previous section (section 2.2) that Tuntong Laut, in their natural habitat, eat riverine mangrove vegetations (fruit, young leaves, young roots), especially from Berembang ( Sonneratia sp). Then, the feces of this animal in the water became a source of food / nutrition for small animals such as fish, crabs and shrimp. Then, these small animals are eaten by larger animals such as snapper and grouper. Besides became a food, the small animals such as fish is develop into bigger. These big fish is

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 19 become our daily meals and traded in the market every day. In other words, Tuntong Laut (Painted terrapin) is help us to producing fish, so we can eat fish every day. Figure 2.4.1. The food web of Tuntong Laut ( Batagur borneoensis )

Mangrove (fruit, leaves, roots) Tuntong Laut (Batagur borneoensis )

Big fish Small fish Feces of Tuntong Laut

Small crabs

Human Small shrimp

Not only that, the feces of Tuntong Laut also as fertilizer for mangrove. Mangroves absorb nutrients through their roots sticking up into the water. Nutrients are absorbed through the roots, then circulated to the all parts of the tree by using water that is in the trunks of mangrove trees, aided by using solar energy. Mangrove has become a place for fish, shrimp, crabs to spawn and breed. These mangroves also serve as a protection of beach abrasion, protection from tsunamis. Although only a small part of nature, Painted terrapin is playing very important roles to maintain the balance of nature and help people to obtain the food sources of brackish water fisheries such as fish, crabs and shrimp.

II.5. Current Conditions and Challenges of sustainability Until recently, the exactly data is unknown for Painted terrapin population in Seruway. Nevertheless, we can say definitely that their number is very small, critical and facing endangered situation in the wild. This estimation is based on our field observations in some areas that became their habitat previous years ago. About seven to ten years ago, in some locations was still found this animal easily, for example in Tanjung Balai, Jaring Halus, Pulau Kampai. All of these places are in Province of North Sumatera. Recently, it is very rare to see and find the animal. This information collected from the local people interviewed. Even, in nesting season, very rare to see Tuntong Laut emerged to nesting. Meanwhile, in Aceh Tamiang, especially in Sub-district Seruway and Sungai Iyu, we estimate that not more than of 100 individuals. This number is based on the number of eggs could be collected each year. In 2010, the number was only about two hundreds until three hundreds. This number is decreasing compared to 2009. Even, the small number of individuals found (caught) incidentally by fishermen give indication that the population is decreasing (Guntoro, 2010).

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 20 Currently, the preservation of the habitat Tuntong Sea is threatened by several human activities, whether consciously or not. These activities are: 1. Conversion of mangrove forest land to oil palm plantations caused Tuntong Laut has lost their habitat to lives. 2. Cut the mangrove wood irresponsibly also cause the loss of food sources for Tuntong Sea. Mangrove wood such as Avicenia sp and Rhizophora sp are often logged to use as a stake of net fishing or processed into charcoal. 3. Harvesting the eggs on the nesting beaches to be consumed (eaten) has caused Painted terrapin unable to regenerate (breed). The eggs should be hatched into hatchlings. 4. Trading of wild individuals for some purposes such as sell it as pets, food, cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in nature causing the hunting for the species. The impact is their numbers drastically decreased. 5. Abration makes Painted terrapin has loss of their places to lay eggs and hatch their eggs.

II.6. Impacts of the Extinction of Tuntong Laut As shown in the previous discussion that Tuntong Laut has a great influence in the food chain and food webs in mangrove forest ecosystems. Their feces are serves as a nutrients and food for the and other animals. Therefore, the extinction of this species would create the loss of important food chain and alter the balance of the mangrove ecosystem of mangrove forest. In the other words, the extinction of Tuntong Laut will cause the loss of important nutrient or food for zooplankton and other animals such as fish, shrimp and crabs. This will eventually have an impact on fishery productivity. In addition, the extinction of them is also causes the loss of one source of natural protein for humans. As known that the egg is contain protein. Local people harvested and eat them due to this reason. The extinction is also causes the loss of one tradition in our coastal cultural. As known that people in Seruway have one of the typical dishes made from Tuntong Laut egg called Tengulik . Tengulik will be disappear in Seruway if the animal extinct. The extinction of Tuntong Laut is also causes us to lose one of the beautiful of Allah's creation. Though Islam and all religions teach us to keep (preserve) the earth and its contents, including the preservation of Tuntong Laut.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 21 III.CONSERVATION OF TUNTONG LAUT

III.1. Regulations concerning environmental protection and wildlife In the Act Nuber 5 Year 1990 about Conservation of Natural Resources mentioned in article 40 paragraph (2) if the violation of article 21 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) and article 33 paragraph (3) as quoted below, can be punished with imprisonment of 5 (five) years and a fine of Rp.100,000,000.00 (one hundred million rupiahs).

The article 21 1. Each person is prohibited to: a. take, cut, possess, destroy, destroy, maintain, transport, and to trade the protected plant or parts thereof, alive or dead; b. to transport the protected plant or parts thereof in a state of life or death of a place in Indonesia to other places within or outside Indonesia. 2. Any person is prohibited to: a. catch, injure, kill, keep, own, maintain, transport, and to trade the protected animals alive; b. keep, own, maintain, transport, and trading the protected animals in the dead; c. transporting the protected animals from somewhere in Indonesia to other places within or outside Indonesia; d. to trade, store or have skin, body, or other parts of protected animals or goods made from these parts or removing it from somewhere in Indonesia to other places within or outside Indonesia; e. take, damage, destroy, trade, keep or have a nest egg of protected animals. The article 40 1. Anyone who willfully violates the provisions referred to in Article 19 paragraph (1) and Article 33 paragraph (1) shall be punished with imprisonment of 10 (ten) years and a maximum fine of Rp. 200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiahs). 2. Anyone who willfully violates the provisions referred to in Article 21 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) and Article 33 paragraph (3) shall be punished with imprisonment of 5 (five) years and a maximum fine of Rp.100,000,000.00 (one hundred million rupiahs). 3. Whoever negligently violates the provisions referred to in Article 19 paragraph (1) and Article 33 paragraph (1) is liable to a maximum confinement of 1 (one) year and a maximum fine of Rp. 100,000,000.00 (one hundred million rupiahs). 4. Whoever negligently violates the provisions referred to in Article 21 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) and Article 33 paragraph (3) is liable to a maximum confinement of 1 (one) year and a maximum fine of Rp. 50,000,000.00 (fifty million rupiahs). 5. The offenses referred to in paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) is a crime and criminal acts as referred to in paragraph (3) and paragraph (4) is a violation.

Several other regulations that expressly regulate the protection and preservation of wildlife are: 1. Government Decree Number 13 Year 1994 on Wildlife Hunting. 2. Government Decree Number 18 Year 1994 on Concession of Nature Tourism in Area of National Park, Nature Park and Forest Park.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 22 3. Government Decree Number 68 Year 1998 on Wildlife Reserve and Nature Preservation Area 4. Government Decree Number 7 Year 1999 on Preservation of Plants and Wildlife 5. Government Decree No. 7 Year 1999 on the Utilization of Wild Plant and Animal Type

III.2. Preserving Wildlife In Islamic Perspective Islam is a religion that very concerned about balance and environmental sustainability. Many verses of the Koran and as-Sunnah are discussing the environmental preservation. The messages of the Koran are very clear and prospective about environmental. In the view of Islam, human beings are the best among all God's creation (Surah 95:4; 17:70) who was appointed caliph (Surah 2:30) and holds the responsibility of managing the earth (Surah 33:72). As the caliph in the earth, human beings are commanded to worship Him and do good and forbidden to do mischief, "And do not do mischief on the (face) of the earth. Allah is not loves those who do mischief " (Surah 28:77). Earth and all content within it is essentially created by God to mankind (Surah 2: 29). Everything that humans want that in the heavens and the earth, land and sea, rivers, sun and moon, night and day, and fruits of plants, reptiles and farm animals are all created for human (Surah 6:141). In addition to the concept of doing to the environment presented in the Koran, the Prophet Muhammad set the example for practice in everyday life. It can be noted from the hadith of the Prophet, like the hadith of praise and forgiveness of God to the people who get rid of thorns on the road; rid of the interference on the road is charity, rid of the interference on the road is part of faith, and remove distractions on the road is a good deed. In addition, the Prophet Muhammad is prohibiting the environmental damage, ranging from acts that are very small and trivial as prohibiting throwing feces (human) where it can interfere with humans. Abu Hurairah narrated that the Prophet said, "Beware of the two kinds of curse" . Companions asked, "what are the two that things O Messenger of Allah? " The Prophet replied, "that is, those who loose in the middle on the street or in a place where people who take shelter" . On the other hadith coupled with a lavatory in the source water. Messenger is also very concerned about the preservation of wildlife, as narrated in the hadith narrated by Abu Daud. Prophet admonished a friend who at the time of the trip took the baby bird from its nest. Because the child was taken, then the parent birds continue to follow where their goes. Seeing the way, the Prophet said "who had troubled the bird and take her child? Return the child to her ! " From the above, it is clear the rules of Islam that advocates for protecting the environment. All rules are intended to prevent people avoid disasters that befall him. Islam provides clear guidance that the natural resources are the carrying capacity for human life and must be maintained with the best practices. Because if not, then the series of natural disasters such as floods, landslides, fires, droughts and other natural disasters will be consequences. "It has been visible damage on land and at sea caused by actions of human hands, God wants them to feel the party of (due to) their deeds, so they go back (to the right path)" (Surah 30:41).

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 23 Based on the verses of the Koran and hadiths of the Prophet at the top, then in interacting and managing nature and the environment, man carries three mandates from God. First, al-intifa' which God is allows to mankind to take advantages and utilize the natural resources as well as possible for the prosperity and welfare. Second, al-i'tibar the man demanded by Allah swt to constantly think about and explore the secrets behind the creation of God as he can take a lesson from the events and natural events. Third, al-islah of human beings is required to continuously maintain and preserve the environment. Allah SWT has given the facility carrying capacity for human life. Therefore, in the perspective of Islamic law can be stated that the legal status of environmental protection is mandatory for every individual. Thus, humans are required to familiarize themselves always to be friendly to the environment. In the Koram, also explained about the dimensions of the macro universe centered on two places, the earth and sky, and declared that everything created is for humans. God has outlined his destiny on earth, namely: The first time, God provides the best facilities for all inhabitants on the earth. And God Almighty created the vast ocean with all the riches in them Allah says: And He it is, God who subjected the sea (to you) that ye may eat thereof fresh meat (fish), and you remove it from the sea of jewelry you are wearing, and you see the ship sail on her, and that ye seek (profit) from His gift, and that ye may be grateful. (Surah an-Nahl: 14). Not only that, God created the earth with polished it with beautiful animals, plants, wind and clouds in the sky, as friends of human life. When finished with their creation, God had given me a mandate to the people to manage and maintain it properly. It can be seen in surah Al-A'raf verse 56. Word of God Almighty: And do not make mischief on the earth, after (God) to fix it, and pray to Him with fear (will not be accepted) and expectations (be granted). Truly God's grace is very close to those who do good. (QSAl-A'raf 56) Prohibition on the above verse is a prohibition to do mischief on earth. The damage in question is associated with various forms of damage, such as murder, destruction of offspring, reason, and religion. While the definition of the word "Ba'da Islahiha" is after God's creation according to the destining improve for the benefit of being and welfare of the people. The above is exactly with the interpretation given by Syihabuddin that God forbids various forms of damage such as damage to life (murder), property, lineage, reason and religion after God created it to fix everything and be used by the creatures as well as for the benefit of the people . To do this, God sent a Messenger on the earth with the Shari'ah (Islamic law) and the laws of God. Abu al-Fida "Ibn Kathir" said the word of God Almighty implies that God Almighty prohibit the servants do mischief " وواارضإ ." on earth and what it can do against him after the repair. Because, if everything goes over the good, then there was a damaged, then it would make a loss for humans. Therefore God forbids such actions and ordered His servants to worship, pray, tawaddlu and degrading themselves to him. All the interpreters provide interpretation that the damage contained in the paragraph above is a variety of environmental damage. According to Fuad Amsyari, the

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 24 environment grouped into three environments. First, the physical environment, ie all "inanimate objects" that are all around us, such as houses, cars, mountains, air, water, sunlight, and others. Second, the biological environment, ie all organisms live around humans, either in the form of plants and animals. Third, the social environment, ie all human beings lives around us such as neighbors, friends, or others who have not known. The whole environment categories above referred to as the environment, ie all objects, conditions, circumstances and influences contained in the space we occupy, and affect living things, including human life. In fact in the present century, the entire category of such environments actually experienced tremendous pollution problems. As contamination has happened, more and more complex. Not only the destruction of nature, but have spread to damaging of social environment. Because, between the physical environment and humans behavior are relating each other. Aside from being a mandate, acts of nature preserve (do not make mischief on earth) is a manifestation of gratitude to God's command. Because Islam is a religion that upholds the values of gratitude, then from the beginning of its birth, has taught the importance of maintaining natural. In fact, when the war was still glorifies, Islam's has precepts about this. In history, the caliphs of Islam, like Abu Bakr and Umar, each time before going off the army to battle, they were never forget to give the warning: " Do not cut trees or plants Rambah, unless it used or eaten, and do not kill animals except for food, honor and protect all houses of worship anywhere, and do not ever harass those who are to worship according to their respective religions. Do not kill the people who are not armed (which is not directly involved in the war)” . As the implementation of the decree in the above, there is a history that says: "Shortly after the conquest of Egypt, Amr bin Ash, a pigeons make their nests on top of his tent. In fact, they immediately set out to leave Egypt. Actually, Amr bin Ash can command the soldiers to dismantle the tent. But it was not done due to he did not want to disturb the pigeons that are incubating eggs ". Even when in fasting, Islamic worship in natural conservation is still very strong. Evidently, when in the Hajj, the pilgrim's forbidden to kill animals, and uproot a tree. Even, the violation will be subject to sanctions.

Virtue of Planting Prophet Muhammad SAW in a hadith ever said,

سأورعزرآأوإنأو إآن "There is no Muslim who plants a tree or plant crops, and birds eat them or humans or animals, except he would get a handout for it". [HR. Al-Bukhoriy in the Book-Muzaro'ah AL (2320), and Muslim in the Book of Al-Musaqoh] In his saying also: "Anyone who plants a tree, and trees that bear fruit, God will give reward to that person as much as the fruit that grows from the tree." Indeed, at first, the ban is a textual-normative, because it was taken from the Prophet statement alone. However, in the next stage, after contextualized with contemporary reality, condemning it brings such great wisdom. Animals classified as prohibited species of rare animals are protected, for example an Eagle. All kinds of animal,

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 25 anywhere in the world are protected. This evidence implies that Islam was taking part in the preservation of rare animals who play an active role as guardians of natural ecosystems. Because the prohibition was based on religious texts, then carry it out is an obligation for every people. It is not just an obligation, but a human need, so the ecosystem is maintained. Nature conservation in the Islamic is conservative, which protect the values that already exist. Good natural conditions, aesthetic and natural wealth that has been formed since the beginning. Nature, as indicated in QS. Al-A'raf: 56, experienced a shift towards the balanced ecosystem that once it reaches hundreds or even millions of years. Thus, maintaining the natural who have undergone the process is a necessity and human needs. Given the importance of nature conservation reason, Islam since the time of Prophet Muhammad. has introduced a protected area (Hima ' ), which is an area specially protected by the government on the basis of shariah in order to preserve wildlife in the forest. The Prophet had pawn the area around Medina as Hima 'in order to protect the valleys, and plants that exist in it. Land that he protected area of about six miles or more than 2049 hectares. In addition to Hima ', Islam also introduced the concept of ihya'ul Mawat , which manages the business of land that are still not being useful for human benefit. The two concepts above, shows us that Islam is already as early as possible to help preserve nature, as has also been actively involved in maintaining the sustainability of endangered animals through the prohibition of consumption. This is the meaning of the concept Rabbil 'alamin (keepers of the whole of nature), namely the nature of God which is realized on the task of human caliphate. That is, all the meaning contained in words that should be reflected in every action and behavior of humans with nature, because he occupied it and are responsible for their existence.

III.3. Methods of Conservation of Tuntong Laut and Freshwater Turtles Activities to conserve Tuntong Laut (Batagur borneoensis) and other species is conducted by dividing it into two categories namely ex-situ and in-situ . Ex-situ conservation is a method to conserve a species (plants or animals) outside of the natural habitat. This is a process to protect plant or animal species (rare) by take them from their natural habitat that in threatened and insecure place, then secure them in the protection place outside of the natural habitat. Picture 3.3.1. Tuntong Conservation Centre in Malaysia ( ex-situ conservation effort)

Juvenile B.affinis in pond Incubating the eggs in hatchery facility

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 26 For examples are Botanical Garden in Bogor, arboretum, zoo and aquarium is a conventional ex situ conservation methods; The facility provides the specimens of rare species with not only a protected place, but also has educational value. This facility provides information to the public about the status of threats to endangered species and the factors that pose a threat and endanger the lives of species. While in-situ method is a method of preservation of plants or animals that performed in their natural habitat, such as Sea turtle Conservation Facility in Province of Yogyakarta and on Kepulauan Banyak, Aceh Singkil. At both locations, sea turtle eggs collected from nesting beach locations that are considered vulnerable from the threat of predators such as monitor lizards, wild boar, man. Then, the eggs transferred to the hatchery facility that has been provided in the nesting beaches area. Picture 3.3.2. In-situ conservation effort (hatchery facility in nesting beach) in Malaysia

III.4. Practical Ways We Can Do to Save Painted Terrapin To support the conservation efforts of Tuntong Laut (Batagur borneoensis) in Seruway can be done by the following actions: 1. Do not collect and eat the eggs of Tuntong Laut from their nesting beaches. If this habit of eating eggs is still continue, especially when the population is small like recently situation, then about ten years ahead, we predict that Tuntong Laut will become extinct in this area. In the end, the whole community can not eat the eggs anymore in the long term. 2. Do not damaging or cutting down the trees and mangroves. The destruction of mangrove forests will reduce the source and amount of feed for Tuntong Laut . The destruction of mangrove forests will also reduce our fishery production. 3. Stop the conversion of mangrove forest to oil palm plantations. The conversion of land will lead to loss of habitat of Tuntong Laut , crab, fish and various animals and plants that have high economic value and benefits. 4. Give information to the government officer or organization that concerned about conservation of Tuntong Laut if you find a community member is sell, or trade or eat their eggs or individual. 5. Inform te government officer or organization whose concerned about Painted terrapin conservation if you find the individu orh the eggs. This information is very important to predict the number of their population in the wild as well as for hatching and rearing efforts. So, their population in the wild can be preserved. 6. Establishing a conservation facility for hatching the eggs, rearing the hatchlings, breeding them, public education. Hatchlings that had been old enough kept at the

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 27 facility, then released back into the their native habitat. This conducted in order to assurance the colony of populations of Tuntong Laut (Painted terrapin/ Batagur borneoensis ) in their habitat. So, they can to continue to play their key roles in supporting the mangrove forest ecosystem and our lives.

Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 28 REFERENCES

Anwar, J., S.J. Damanik, N. Hisyam, dan A. Whitten. 1984. Ekologi Ekosistem Sumatra . Gadjah Mada Univ. Press. Yogyakarta. Bengen, D.G. 2000. Sinopsis Ekosistem dan Sumberdaya Alam Pesisir . Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan – Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor, Indonesia. Guntoro, Joko, 2010, Preliminary Study of Painted Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) in Aceh Tamiang, report, Lembaga SatuCita. Kuala Simpang. Khazali, M. 1999. Panduan Teknis Penanaman Mangrove Bersama Masyarakat . International – Indonesia Programme. Bogor, Indonesia. Lugo, A.E. and Snedaker, S.C. (1974). The Ecology of Mangroves . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 5 : 39-64 Noor, Y.R., M. Khazali, dan I.N.N. Suryadiputra. 1999. Panduan Pengenalan Mangrove di Indonesia . PKA/WI-IP. Bogor. Santoso, N. 2000. Pola Pengawasan Ekosistem Mangrove . Makalah disampaikan pada Lokakarya Nasional Pengembangan Sistem Pengawasan Ekosistem Laut Tahun 2000. Jakarta, Indonesia. Supriharyono. 2000 . Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam di Wilayah Pesisir Tropis . PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta, Indonesia. Tomlinson, P. B., 1986: The Botany of Mangroves , Cambridge University Press. Turner, R.E. 1977. Intertidal Vegetation and Commercial Yields of Penaeid Shrimp . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106: 411-416. Woodroffe, C.D. (1992). Mangrove sediments and geomorphology . In: Robertson, A.I. and Alongi, D.M. American Geophysical Union , Washington, De, Usa, pp. 7-41

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Let us save Painted terrapin in Aceh Tamiang 30