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AMPHIBIAN and REPTILE TRADE in TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS and TRENDS a Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Gr

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AMPHIBIAN and REPTILE TRADE in TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS and TRENDS a Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Gr AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Lee A. Fitzgerald Committee Members, James R. Dixon Toby J. Hibbitts Ulrike Gretzel Head of Department, Thomas E. Lacher August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences iii ABSTRACT Amphibian and Reptile Trade in Texas: Current Status and Trends. (August 2009) Heather Lee Prestridge, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lee A. Fitzgerald The non-game wildlife trade poses a risk to our natural landscape, natural heritage, economy, and security. Specifically, the trade in non-game reptiles and amphibians exploits native populations, and is likely not sustainable for many species. Exotic amphibian and reptile species pose risk of invasion and directly or indirectly alter the native landscape. The extent of non-game amphibian and reptile trade is not fully understood and is poorly documented. To quantitatively describe the trade in Texas, I solicited data from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s (TPWD) non-game dealer permits. I surveyed amphibian and reptile pet owners, breeders, Internet sites, pet shops, and meat and seafood establishments by visits, electronic surveys, and observations. The trade in exotic species of amphibians and reptiles in the state of Texas was found to be popular in two ways; the importation of wildlife products and sale of live specimens for pets. Persisting in the pet trade were species known to be exotic, a problem made worse by lack of regulations governing the import, export, and keeping of iv exotic species. Trade in wild collected native species was primarily for export to foreign countries. Collection of turtles from the wild in Texas was heavy until 2008, when TPWD restricted collection to private waters. Collection of other species from the wild was minimal, with the exception of the Western Diamond-backed Rattlsnake (Crotalus atrox) for rattlesnake roundups. Native species were found to exist in the pet trade, but primarily as genetic color variants that do not occur in the wild, an indication that captive breeding may be relieving pressures on wild caught specimens. Minor changes in reporting requirements and permitting systems at the state and federal level would improve the management of exotic and native amphibians and reptiles that persist in the trade. Changes that include standardized taxonomic reporting requirements at state and federal level, streamlined permitting system for individuals wishing to collect from the wild in Texas, bag limits and seasons for wild collection, increased reporting requirements for owners of exotics, and enforcement of reporting errors would aid in management of exotic and native amphibians and reptiles in the trade. v DEDICATION This project is dedicated to the responsible amphibian and reptile breeders, owners, and enthusiasts who wish to keep their rights to enjoy their hobby. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Lee A. Fitzgerald, for the opportunity to further my academic career. My committee members, James “Doc” Dixon, Toby J. Hibbitts, and Uli Gretzel for their patience, advise, and support throughout the course of this project. My trusty, independent, student worker, Rachel Blodgett should receive thanks for all of her hard work and dedication to this project and for her help in wading through data. Thanks also go to my friends and colleagues and the department faculty and staff for making my time at Texas A&M University a great experience. I would like to acknowledge Ms. Circee Pieters at United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Mr. Jon Purvis at Texas Parks and Wildlife Department for their collaboration in data mining. I also want to extend my gratitude to Dr. Matt Wagner at Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, who, during the course of this project was charged with regulating the trade in reptiles and amphibians in the state. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department should also be acknowledged for providing the funding for the project. Thanks to my mom, dad, grandmother, uncle, and sisters for their encouragement and enthusiasm for my further education. Finally, thanks and love to my husband Byron for his patience and support throughout the entire process. vii NOMENCLATURE LEMIS Law Enforcement Management Information System TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 II TRADE IN EXOTIC AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN TEXAS .. 6 Methods .......................................................................................... 9 Data Collection .......................................................................... 10 Results ............................................................................................ 13 International Trade .................................................................... 14 Retail Pet Trade ......................................................................... 24 Trade in Established Invasive Species ...................................... 30 Exotic Amphibian and Reptile Meat Trade ............................... 34 Discussion ...................................................................................... 34 Species in the Trade .................................................................. 34 Trends in Trade of Live Specimens .......................................... 36 Patterns of Importation and Exportation ................................... 39 Reporting System Recommendations ....................................... 40 III TRADE IN NATIVE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN TEXAS .. 43 Methods .......................................................................................... 46 Data Collection .......................................................................... 47 ix CHAPTER Page Results ............................................................................................ 47 International Trade .................................................................... 48 Collection from the Wild ........................................................... 62 Meat Trade ................................................................................ 85 Retail Pet Trade ......................................................................... 86 Discussion ...................................................................................... 92 Native Species in the Trade ....................................................... 92 Trends in International Exportation and Importation ................ 93 Collection from the Wild ........................................................... 96 Retail Pet Trade ......................................................................... 99 Reporting System Recommendations ....................................... 101 IV CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 104 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 106 APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................... 112 APPENDIX B ........................................................................................................... 148 APPENDIX C ........................................................................................................... 150 APPENDIX D ........................................................................................................... 151 APPENDIX E ............................................................................................................ 158 APPENDIX F ............................................................................................................ 162 APPENDIX G ........................................................................................................... 164 APPENDIX H ........................................................................................................... 170 APPENDIX I ............................................................................................................
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