DOCSLIB.ORG

VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Augustinas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Augustinas VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS POLITIKOS MOKSLŲ IR DIPLOMATIJOS FAKULTETAS VIEŠOSIOS KOMUNIKACIJOS KATEDRA Augustinas Šemelis ŽINIASKLAIDOS KAIP VERSLO BŪKLĖ, ARBA KAS „IŠGELBĖS“ PROFESIONALUMĄ ŽURNALISTIKOJE: „DELFI“ ATVEJIS Magistro baigiamasis darbas Žurnalistikos ir medijų analizės studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621P50002 Žurnalistikos studijų kryptis Vadovas (-ė): Prof. dr. Auksė Balčytienė (Moksl. laipsnis, vardas, pavardė) Apginta ___________________ (Fakulteto dekanas) Kaunas, 2015 VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIPLOMACY PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT Augustinas Šemelis STATE OF THE MEDIA AS BUSINESS, OR WHAT WILL “SAVE“ THE PROFESSIONAL SIDE OF JOURNALISM: CASE OF “DELFI” Final Master Thesis Journalism and Media Analysis Study Program, state code 621P50002 Degree in Journalism Supervisor: Prof. dr. Auksė Balčytienė (acad. title, name, surname) Defended ___________________ (Dean of the Faculty) Kaunas, 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SANTRAUKA / 4 SUMMARY / 5 INTRODUCTION / 6 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK / 10 1.1 Methodology / 10 1.2 The Dialectic between the „Social“ and the „Commercial“ Role of the Media / 13 1.3 Convergence towards the Neoliberal? / 17 1.4 The Neoliberal Ethos / 24 2. MEDIA: AGENCY AND STRUCTURE / 30 2.1 The Logic of Lithuanian Media Policy: Self-denying State Action / 30 2.2 Media as Just Another Private Enterprise / 34 2.3 Market Parallelism / 37 2.4 The New Media and Market Parallelism: Intensification through Interactivity / 42 2.5 The Incredulity towards Journalistic Professionalism / 51 2.6 “DELFI”: The Mirror of Trends / 58 CONCLUSION / 67 LITERATURE AND SOURCES / 69 3 SANTRAUKA Paprastai didžiausiu pavojumi žiniasklaidos nepriklausomybei ir, tuo pačiu, profesionalumo ir kokybės standartams žurnalistikoje yra laikoma politinė galia. Natūralu, kad nepriklausomybę atgavusios Lietuvos respublikos žiniasklaidos ir žiniasklaidos politikos didžiausias siekis buvo ką tik iš slegiančios cenzūros išsilaisvinusią industriją apsaugoti nuo galimų politinių aspiracijų varžyti žodžio laisvę ir daryti įtaką žiniasklaidos turiniui ateityje. Tačiau ypač liberali žiniasklaidos politika Lietuvoje atvėrė kelią kitokio pobūdžio išorinei įtakai ir žiniasklaidos instrumentalizacijai: tiek privati galia, tiek rinkos dėsniai randa svertų žinių turinio formavimui, „kokybės“ suvokimo kaitai ir profesionalios žurnalistikos sąvokų transformacijai. Politinio paralelizmo išvengusi žiniasklaida atsidūrė rinkos paralelizmo įtakos pavojuje: abiem atvejais kenčia žiniasklaidos nepriklausomybė nuo išorės faktorių. Jeigu kalbėtume apie D. Hallin‘o ir P. Mancini apibūdintą „liberalųjį“ modelį būdingą JAV žiniasklaidos sistemai, tuomet žiniasklaidos komercializacija nebūtų tokia fundamentali problema: šio modelio atveju žiniasklaidos atstovavimas viešajam interesui yra daugiau ar mažiau užtikrinamas nusistovėjusio aukštos žurnalistikos kokybės standartų ir profesionalumo reikalavimų naratyvo atsvaros. Tačiau Lietuvoje šis naratyvas neturėjo progos įsitvirtinti: išsilaisvinimas iš monolitinės cenzūros sistemos iš naujo besikuriančioje Lietuvos žiniasklaidos sistemoje atvėrė neišvengiamą vertybinį vakuumą, kuris ėmė užsipildyti iš Vakarų sklindančiu neoliberaliu etosu, neigiančiu viešojo intereso svarbą – šiam sušvelninti, kitaip nei Vakaruose, Lietuvoje nebuvo tvirtai įsišaknijusių žurnalistikos kokybės ir profesionalumo standartų. Galimas to rezultatas: žininiasklaida, save pozicionuojanti ir veikianti tik kaip privatus verslas, formuojanti savo turinį tiesiog pagal rinkos ir paklausos dėsnius – šitaip rinkos paralelizmas keičia politinę priklausomybę. Tokiu atveju neišvengiamai turi keistis ir žurnalistikos kokybės ir profesionalumo standartai. 4 SUMMARY Usually it is held that the greatest peril to media independence and the integrity of journalism is posed by the political power. It is only natural that the foremost aim of the media and media policy of the newly independent Republic of Lithuania was to avoid future political overreach in an industry which has so recently experienced an oppressive censorship. However, particularly liberal media policy paved the way for a different kind of external influence and instrumentalization of the media in Lithuania: entering wedges have been found by private powers and market laws to influence media’s content and the transformation of notions of journalistic professionalism. The media, having successfully avoided political parallelism is now facing a peril of market parallelism: both cases endanger media’s independence from external influences. If we would refer to the so-called Liberal model defined by D. Hallin and P. Mancini, the model characterizing the U.S. media system – in that case trends of commercialization would not pose such a fundamental difficulty: in this case media functioning in public interest is secured to a certain extent by a counter-balance of deeply ingrained values and standards of journalistic professionalism. In Lithuania, however, these values did not have a chance to be internalized: the emancipation from monolithic political censorship left behind and unavoidable ethical vacuum within the newly reestablishing Lithuanian media landscape. The vacuum, needing a set of ethical motivations, started absorbing the neoliberal ethos spreading from the West, which was essentially marked by incredulity towards any notion of public interest. And unlike in the countries of the “old West”, Lithuanian media landscape had no deeply ingrained values of professionalism and professional ethics to soften the new trend. A possible outcome: media positioning itself as just another private business and thus constructing its content purely by market logic – in this way market parallelism is replacing the political one – and this would also inevitably mean a transformation in standard practices of professional journalism. 5 INTRODUCTION When asked about greatest perils facing the media and journalism nowadays or, for that matter, any time, most professional journalists would respond without blinking: the unholy patronage of the government. Traditionally, in most countries and their media systems, this has been exactly the case: the public sphere was restricted from an outright censorship to narrow political partisanship shaped by various degrees of political parallelism, both internal and external. Within the framework of media systems of D. Hallin and P. Mancini, the North-Atlantic or the so- called Liberal model was probably the first major breakthrough of the paradigm: the media finally becoming an end in itself, a truly independent watchdog, rather than a mean by which political ends are pursued. Though the developments in recent decades in the Western world have increasingly rendered the geographical boundaries of the media systems obsolete: Hallin and Mancini would refer to this as convergence towards the Liberal model – a model which has always been more profoundly marked by commercialization - however, we think that the process in action is more complex than a simple convergence towards one traditional media system of the modern age rather than another. The commercialization of the media within the “classical” North-Atlantic model was a decisive factor which allowed the media to break free of the government patronage, by becoming viable and prosperous without being dependant on political factors, however, a newly professionalized field of journalism had a strong sense of mission in serving a public interest: it was the “Liberal model”, after all, which generated the ideas ultimately expressed by, for example, the Hutchins commission. Media, essentially being a private enterprise, was at the same time never “just another private enterprise” – it was, after all, the essential manifestation of the public sphere, the watchdog, the mediator, the agenda-setter, the entertainer – and almost never just a mean by which commercial interest is pursued. That was the ultimate strength of this system: while the media in the systems in which the ties with the political class were too tight became essentially a lip-service platform of partisan politics, the commercial model found the balance between financial viability and the standards of quality and serving the public interest, rather than becoming a mean solely to reach commercial ends. Recently, however, a different sentiment started spreading: „Anxiety about the news responds to the sense that a system once governed by professionalism and conscientious news values is being corrupted by an entertainment complex. This trend is all the more alarming because of the sense that it is happening at a time when the media are more and more central to the way we 6 govern ourselves“1. If this might be the case, then the most fundamental question is – is this still the „Liberal model“ we are talking about, is this still the „Liberal model“ that the media systems of the Western world are converging towards? Within these questions also lies the relevance of the main topic of this paper: to question if the commercial factor in the media is still the guardian of its independence from the government, compatible with media being an end in itself, or rather, is this commercial factor becoming a liability and overshadowing “the public mission” of an independent media? More specifically, we will be operating within a specific context of Lithuanian media landscape – but in order to identify the main problems facing it, first we will have to take a more holistic approach and briefly look at the recent socio-economical and political
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Democratic Change and Crime Control in Lithuania: Compiling New Criminological Discourses
    Democratic Change and Crime Control in Lithuania: Compiling New Criminological Discourses Dr. Aleksandras DOBRYNINAS (Vilnius, Lithuania - 1996) Introduction I. Political Change and Crime in Lithuania II. Theoretical Reflection on Crime and Criminality III. Crime, General Public and Mass Media IV. Political Rhetoric on Crime Conclusions Bibliography Introduction Lithuania belongs to the so called post-communist part of the world and shares with its neighbors all spectrum of problems that characterize the transition from authoritarian state to new, probably, democratic one. This transition has its logic and its stages that hardly possible to bypass. Lithuania as many other countries of Central and East Europe has faced paradoxical problem: how to implement Western democratic ideas in society that still experiences strong influence of previous anti-democratic institutional structure. There were a lot of illusions about liberal and democratic prospects for future development in the beginning of 'velvet ('singing' in Lithuanian case) revolution'. However there was a deep gap between noble idealistic thinking and crude social and political reality. B. Ackermann, who in 1992 noted sensitiveness of Eastern Europeans to liberal democratic ideas, wrote that "it is one thing, (...), to affirm the enduring significance of freedom and the rule of law," and "quite another to translate these values into enduring political structured" (1; p. 67-68). Unfortunately, he was right. Recent elections in Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Poland and other East European countries showed that previous communist nomenclature was able to adapt itself to new political conditions and to restore its control under societies using more soft, civilized methods of governing. Today European intellectuals prefer to speak rather of 'velvet restoration' (A.
    [Show full text]
  • From Liberal to Predatory Mass Media in Post-Communist Lithuania
    JOURNALISM RESEARCH • Science journal (Communication and information) • 2009 No. 2 From liberal to predatory mass media in post-communist Lithuania Irmina Matonytė Professor ISM University of Management and Economics Arklių g. 18, Vilnius LT-01305, Lithuania [email protected] Referring to the concepts, communicative democracy is defined as free, open and democratic communication organized around three equally legitimate public sphere actors – politicians, journalists and public opinion, and populism is under- stood as good, entertaining and effective communication with people, eroding basic functions of the political parties (institutionalization of ideological con- flicts) and politicians (representation), the paper provides insights about the dan- gers to quality of democracy if the free mass media gets utterly away from political parallelism. Special attention is placed on the tendencies of media personnel to be active in the political life. The paper conceptualizes a tremendous decrease (by one third) in public trust in mass media in Lithuania, observed from 1998 to 2009 and interprets this change as a cumulative result of the post-communist ill- structured political field under pressing liberalization and democratization cou- pled with specific patterns of the Lithuanian political culture and public sphere. In the conditions of a still relatively high public trust in mass-media and scarce foreign ownership of the mass-media outlets in Lithuania, the local media barons are able to produce and impose their own public-agenda. The Lithuanian mass- media and government relations evolve along the lines of the zero-sum game: they seek to control each other, and at the same time try to avoid being controlled by the other, while any other pattern of inter-relations does not appear as viable and appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • RRTA 714 (18 August 2011)
    1102720 [2011] RRTA 714 (18 August 2011) DECISION RECORD RRT CASE NUMBER: 1102720 DIAC REFERENCE(S): CLF2010/174879 COUNTRY OF REFERENCE: Lithuania TRIBUNAL MEMBER: John Cipolla DATE: 18 August 2011 PLACE OF DECISION: Sydney DECISION: The Tribunal affirms the decisions not to grant the applicants Protection (Class XA) visas. STATEMENT OF DECISION AND REASONS APPLICATION FOR REVIEW 1. This is an application for review of decisions made by a delegate of the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship to refuse to grant the applicants Protection (Class XA) visas under s.65 of the Migration Act 1958 (the Act). 2. The applicants, who claim to be citizens of Lithuania, arrived in Australia and applied to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship for the visas on [date deleted under s.431(2) of the Migration Act 1958 as this information may identify the applicants] December 2010. The delegate decided to refuse to grant the visas [in] February 2011 and notified the applicants of the decisions. 3. The delegate refused the visas on the basis that the applicants are not persons to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Refugees Convention. 4. The applicants applied to the Tribunal [in] March 2011 for review of the delegate’s decisions. 5. The Tribunal finds that the delegate’s decisions are RRT-reviewable decisions under s.411(1)(c) of the Act. The Tribunal finds that the applicants have made a valid application for review under s.412 of the Act. RELEVANT LAW 6. Under s.65(1) a visa may be granted only if the decision maker is satisfied that the prescribed criteria for the visa have been satisfied.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Media and the (Multi)Party System in Post-Communist Lithuania  Irmina Matonytė EUROPEAN HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY in VILNIUS, LITHUANIA
    (Liberal) mass media and the (multi)party system in post-communist Lithuania Irmina Matonytė EUROPEAN HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY IN VILNIUS, LITHUANIA ABSTRACT: Th e aim of this paper is to describe and assess the political parallelism pertinent to the post-communist Lithuanian mass media; and to show potential risk (for democracy, civil society) of the absence of the political parallelism. Referring to the concepts, communicative democracy is defi ned as free, open and democratic communication organized around three equally legitimate public sphere actors – politicians, journalists and public opinion, and populism is understood as good, entertaining and eff ective communication with people, eroding basic functions of the political parties (institution- alization of ideological confl icts) and politicians (representation). Th e paper provides insights about the dangers to quality of democracy which the free mass media might present when it gets utterly away from political parallelism. Special attention is placed on the tendencies of media personnel to be active in the political life. Th e (universal) contemporary mass society phenomenon, coupled with the (post- communist regional) ill-structured of the post-communist political fi eld and (local) specifi c traditions of the Lithuanian political culture and public sphere, gave birth to the peculiar absence of the mass- media and politics parallelism in the country. In the conditions of the relative absence of foreign ownership of the mass-media outlets in Lithuania, the local media barons are able to produce and impose their own public-agenda, which hampers development of the civic-minded public sphere and defi nition of the social and professional responsibilities of the journalism as a profession and as a so- cial category.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERCAFE Meeting Report, Saxony, Germany, October 2005
    Final Draft INTERCAFE @ Saxony meeting report – 31 Mar 2006 MEETING REPORT INTERCAFE @ Saxony 01-03 October 2005 “Commercial Carp Aquaculture” INTERCAFE Meeting Report, Saxony, Germany, October 2005 D. N. Carss & M. Marzano (Editors) This full report of the meeting is in six parts: (1) Work Group 1: Ecological databases and analyses; (2) Work Group 2: Conflict management and resolution; (3) Work Group 3: Linking science with policy and best practice, (4) Report on field trip, including Q&A session with local stakeholders, (5) Carp pond sub-group report, (6) Interdisciplinarity – progress report. An example of the datasheet available to input data into the Water Systems Database is given in Appendix 1. PART (1) Work Group One: Ecological databases and analyses Drafted and compiled by Stef van Rijn, Mennobart van Eerden, Jean-Yves Paquet and Stefano Volponi Participants: Ian Russell, Bruno Broughton, Catarina Vinagre, Kareen Seiche, Botond Kiss, Loïc Marion, Szymon Bzoma, Stefano Volponi, Stef van Rijn, Mennobart van Eerden, Josef Trauttmansdorff, Mikael Kilpi, Marijan Govedic, Svein- Håkon Lorentsen, Ivailo Nikolov, Janis Baumanis, Renata Martincova, Michal Adamec, Jean-Yves Paquet. Work Group One primarily undertook four activities during the Saxony meeting and these are described below. (1) Field trip analysis WG1 members spent a considerable amount of time focusing on ecological aspects in relation to cormorant presence in the whole carp pond area. Taking into account basic data on cormorant behaviour and ecological requirements, as
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 2004
    ISSN 1648-8024 General Jonas Þemaitis Lithuanian Military Academy Institute of International Relations and Political Science of the University of Vilnius STRATEGIC RESEARCH CENTER LITHUANIAN ANNUAL STRATEGIC REVIEW 2004 Vilnius 2005 Editorial Board Raimundas Lopata, Jûratë Novagrockienë, Gediminas Vitkus Reviewers for sections: “Global International System and Lithuania”; “Changing European Security Space” and “Security Issues in Lithuania” Prof. habil. dr. Jonas Èièinskas, Head of the European Studies Department, Insti- tute of International Relations and Political Science, University of Vilnius Dr. Vaidotas Urbelis, Head of the Defence Policy Planning Department of the Ministry of National Defence Reviewers for section “Lithuania’s Eastern Neighbours” Doc. dr. Kæstutis Ðerpetis, Assoc. prof. of the Political Science Department, School of Social Sciences, University of Klaipëda Doc. dr. Vladas Sirutavièius, Assoc. prof. of the Institute of International Relations and Political Science, University of Vilnius Managing Editor: Gediminas Vitkus Assitant to the Editor: Eglë Ðataitë-Drëgvienë Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 2004, Vilnius: Lithuanian Military Academy, 2005 The main objective of this publication is to provide the readers with a wide-scale analysis and generalization of the changes, essential and significant, for the national security of Lithuania at international–systemic, regional and national levels. The book also aims to give maximum emphasis to the specificity of Lithuanian national security issues and comprehensively
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Spatial Change in Lithuania
    09 2017 Socio-spatial change in Lithuania Depopulation and increasing spatial inequalities Rūta Ubarevičienė Socio-spatial change in Lithuania Depopulation and increasing spatial inequalities Rūta Ubarevičienė Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, OTB – Research for the Built Environment TOC abe.tudelft.nl Design: Sirene Ontwerpers, Rotterdam Cover photo: Andrius Ufartas (www.fotobankas.lt) ISBN 978-94-92516-75-6 ISSN 2212-3202 © 2017 Rūta Ubarevičienė All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author. Unless otherwise specified, all the photographs in this thesis were taken by the author. For the use of illustrations effort has been made to ask permission for the legal owners as far as possible. We apologize for those cases in which we did not succeed. These legal owners are kindly requested to contact the publisher. TOC To my beloved family TOC TOC Foreword Lithuania is a small European country (pop. 2.9 million in 2016), located on the eastern border of the EU, surrounded by Latvia, Belarus, Poland, Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) and the Baltic Sea. Quite recently, in 1990, the country regained its independence from the Soviet Union and began a process of democratic development. Both its peripheral geographical location and its history have created demographic and economic challenges that Lithuania has had to face over recent decades. The most significant issue is the huge drop in population, with Lithuania losing more than 20 percent of its inhabitants since the 1990s, which makes it one of the fastest shrinking countries in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Media Health Check 2014 - 2015
    BALTIC MEDIA HEALTH CHECK 2014 - 2015 Audra Čepkauskaitė, Aija Krūtaine, Eliisa Matsalu, Rudīte Spakovska Editorial team Authors: Audra Čepkauskaitė, Aija Krūtaine, Eliisa Matsalu, Rudīte Spakovska Editor: Sanita Jemberga, Re:Baltica Special thanks: Ārons Eglītis, Peter Folkins, Anders Alexandersson, Külli Esko, Renata Mackeviciene, Lina Petraitiene, Māra Meiere, Laura Vendele Data: Creditreform, Krediidiinfo, TNS For re-publishing written permission shall be obtained prior to publishing. © The Centre for Media Studies at SSE Riga © The Baltic Center for Investigative Journalism Re:Baltica Rīga, 2015 Riga/Tallinn/Vilnius, November 2015 CONTENT Letter From the Editor . 4 Trends 2014 - 2015. The Year Of Stability How the leading Baltic media have been doing in 2014 . 9 It Really Happened Top 5 media events in the Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in 2014 - 2015. 12 Story Of The Year. Parallel Universes How Baltics went to infowar . 15 Person Of The Year. Who Is Margus Linnamäe? . 25 Digging Deeper. Estonia. You Are (Not) Free To Speak Estonia’s Delfi loses a landmark case in ECHR over who is responsible for insulting comments by users . 28 Digging Deeper. Latvia. Growing Pains Latvia’s public broadcaster battles for the ratings, money and independence. 30 Digging Deeper. Lithuania. No Party In Local Media Political parties fail to take over the local newspapers. 35 TOP 5 Newspapers In The Baltics And Their Financial Indicators . 38 TOP 5 Magazines In The Baltics And Their Financial Indicators . 42 TOP 5 Internet Media Websites In The Baltics And Their Financial Indicators . 46 TOP 5 Radio Stations In The Baltics And Their Financial Indicators . 49 TOP 5 TV Channels In The Baltics And Their Financial Indicators .
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Media on the Development of Publics Environmental Consciousness: Case Study of Lithuanian Press
    Lund University Masters Programme in Environmental Science (LUMES) The Influence of the Media on the Development of Publics Environmental Consciousness: Case study of Lithuanian Press Masters Thesis 2000 By Ausra Maceviciute Supervisor For correspondence: Åsa Thelander, MA Lund University, Ausra Maceviciute, Dainu 39-12 Media and Communication Studies 5400 Siauliai, Lithuania Address: Box 114, S-22100 Lund, Sweden [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Phone: +37 (0) 1 454149 Phone: +46 46 222 00 00, +46 46 222 88 56 +37 (0) 736788549 Fax: +46 +46 222 47 94 1 Acknowledgements First, I would like to express sincere appreciation to Åsa Thelander from Sociology department, Media and Communication Studies at Lund University for her assistance in the preparation of this work. Thank you for taking your time and for always being ready to exchange ideas. Many thanks also to Renata Matkeviciene and Iveta Jakimaviciene from Mass Communication Departament at Vilnius University and Dzeinara Kaunaite at Klaipeda University for helping me to collect the data. I am very grateful to Elena, who provided me encouragement, guidance, information and support. I thank my friends for encouragement, moral support and friendship during lumes time. I am also grateful to my friend Silvija, who helped me with questionnaires. Summary Mass media plays a crucial role as a source of information, in encouraging knowledge and concern about environmental problems. Presumably, the more informed the public is about environmental problems the more likely they will be to support politicians and policies committed to environmental protection. Therefore it is crucial to investigate mass media contributions to the formation of public environmental consciousness.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority-Language Related Broadcasting and Legislation in the Osce
    MINORITY-LANGUAGE RELATED BROADCASTING AND LEGISLATION IN THE OSCE Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy (PCMLP), Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Wolfson College, Oxford University & Institute for Information Law (IViR), Universiteit van Amsterdam Study commissioned by the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities April 2003 Edited by: Tarlach McGonagle (IViR) Bethany Davis Noll (PCMLP) Monroe Price (PCMLP) Table of contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ i Overview .............................................................................................................................. 1 Suggested further reading.....................................................................................................32 Summary of international and national provisions................................................................35 Albania ................................................................................................................................56 Andorra ...............................................................................................................................62 Armenia...............................................................................................................................66 Austria.................................................................................................................................71 Azerbaijan ...........................................................................................................................84
    [Show full text]
  • 9 Bibliographic References235
    9 Bibliographic References235 Agar, Michael (1996). Language shock: understanding the culture of conversation. New York, Wm. Morrow. Agostini, Angelo (2004). Giornalismi. Bologna, Il Mulino. Ahlqvist, A. (1998). Miljöpolitik – attityder och miljöengagement i Sverige, Danmark och på Island. Unpublished MA-thesis, University of Linköping. Albrecht, Erik (2008). Die Meinungsmacher: journalistische Kultur und Pressefreiheit in Russland. Köln, Herbert von Halem Verlag. Albrecht, Johan and Bas Arts (2005). Climate policy convergence in Europe: an assessment based on National Communications to the UNFCCC. Journal of European Public Policy, 2005: 5, pp.885-902. Andersen, P. Bøgh (1990). A theory of computer semiotics. Semiotic approaches to con- struction and assessment of computer systems. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Anderson, Alison (1997). Media, culture and the environment. London, UCL Press. Andersson, Ulrika (2005a). Journalister och deras läsare. Arbetsrapport n. 30. En studie av tidningsjournalisters syn paa läsare och läsarundersökningar. Göteborg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation. Andersson, Ulrika (2005b). Nya svenskar och svenska medier. Arbetsrapport n. 34. Göte- borg, Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation. Aristotles (1847). Aristotles’ treatise on Rhetoric. London, Henry G. Bohn. Árnason, Þorvarður (1997). Natursyn: Some prospects and problems of using Environmen- talist Typologies in a Nordic context. Unpublished paper delivered at the conference Society, Environment and Sustainabilty - The Nordic Perspective, Oslo, Norway, Au- gust 1997. Árnason, Þorvarður (2005). Views of Nature and Environmental Concern in Iceland. Lin- köping Studies in Arts and Science No. 339. Linköping, Linköpings Universitet, Insti- tutionen för Tema. Aronsson, Niklas (2010). Personal interview with the author carried out on November 25th, 2010, at 12:00. Asp, Kent (2007) (ed).
    [Show full text]
  • Metaphorisation of Media Discourse: Contrastive Analysis of Business and Political Press Headlines in English and Lithuanian
    LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY AND DIDACTICS Ieva Kamarauskaitė METAPHORISATION OF MEDIA DISCOURSE: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS AND POLITICAL PRESS HEADLINES IN ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN MA THESIS Academic advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Linas Selmistraitis Vilnius, 2017 1 LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIO UGDYMO FAKULTETAS ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS IR DIDAKTIKOS KATEDRA Metaforų vartojimas ţiniasklaidoje: lyginamoji angliškų ir lietuviškų verslo ir politikos antraščių analizė Magistro darbas Magistro darbo autorė Ieva Kamarauskaitė Patvirtinu, kad darbas atliktas savarankiškai, Naudojant tik darbe nurodytus šaltinius _______________________ (Parašas, data) Vadovas: Doc. dr. Linas Selmistraitis _____________________ (Parašas, data) 2 CONTENTS Abstract 5 Introduction 6 1. MEDIA DISCOURSE 9 1.1. Defining Media Discourse and Its Forms 9 1.2. Defining Mass Media Functions and Its Language 11 1.3. Characteristics of English Media Discourse 13 1.4. Characteristics of Lithuanian Media Discourse 16 2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWSPAPER 19 HEADLINES 2.1. Functions and Properties of Newspaper Headlines 19 2.2. Stylistic Features of Newspaper Headlines 21 3. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF METAPHOR 25 3.1. The Origin and Development of Metaphor 25 3.2. Metaphor in Business Discourse 29 4. HEADLINES WITH METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND 32 LITHUANIAN 4.1. Methodology 32 5. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS 33 IN ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN NEWSPAPERS‘ HEADLINES 5.1. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS BASED ON SIMILARITY 33 OF PROCESS 5.1.1. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity of Process in The 33 Economist Headlines 5.1.2. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity of Process in the 38 Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.1.3. Juxtaposition of Metaphorical Expression Based on Similarity 43 of Process in The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.2.
    [Show full text]