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Metaphorisation of Media Discourse: Contrastive Analysis of Business and Political Press Headlines in English and Lithuanian

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Metaphorisation of Media Discourse: Contrastive Analysis of Business and Political Press Headlines in English and Lithuanian LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY AND DIDACTICS Ieva Kamarauskaitė METAPHORISATION OF MEDIA DISCOURSE: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS AND POLITICAL PRESS HEADLINES IN ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN MA THESIS Academic advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Linas Selmistraitis Vilnius, 2017 1 LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIO UGDYMO FAKULTETAS ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS IR DIDAKTIKOS KATEDRA Metaforų vartojimas ţiniasklaidoje: lyginamoji angliškų ir lietuviškų verslo ir politikos antraščių analizė Magistro darbas Magistro darbo autorė Ieva Kamarauskaitė Patvirtinu, kad darbas atliktas savarankiškai, Naudojant tik darbe nurodytus šaltinius _______________________ (Parašas, data) Vadovas: Doc. dr. Linas Selmistraitis _____________________ (Parašas, data) 2 CONTENTS Abstract 5 Introduction 6 1. MEDIA DISCOURSE 9 1.1. Defining Media Discourse and Its Forms 9 1.2. Defining Mass Media Functions and Its Language 11 1.3. Characteristics of English Media Discourse 13 1.4. Characteristics of Lithuanian Media Discourse 16 2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWSPAPER 19 HEADLINES 2.1. Functions and Properties of Newspaper Headlines 19 2.2. Stylistic Features of Newspaper Headlines 21 3. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF METAPHOR 25 3.1. The Origin and Development of Metaphor 25 3.2. Metaphor in Business Discourse 29 4. HEADLINES WITH METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND 32 LITHUANIAN 4.1. Methodology 32 5. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS 33 IN ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN NEWSPAPERS‘ HEADLINES 5.1. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS BASED ON SIMILARITY 33 OF PROCESS 5.1.1. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity of Process in The 33 Economist Headlines 5.1.2. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity of Process in the 38 Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.1.3. Juxtaposition of Metaphorical Expression Based on Similarity 43 of Process in The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.2. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS BASED ON SIMILARITY 44 OF QUALITY 5.2.1. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity of Quality in The 44 Economist Headlines 5.2.2. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity of Quality in the 49 3 Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.2.3. Juxtaposition of Metaphorical Expression Based on Similarity 53 of Quality in The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.3. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS BASED ON SIMILARITY 55 TO HUMAN BEING 5.3.1. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity to Human Being 55 in The Economist Headlines 5.3.2. Metaphorical Expressions Based on Similarity to Human Being 58 in the Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.3.3. Juxtaposition of Metaphorical Expression Based on Similarity 61 to Human Being in The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios Headlines 5.4. Comparison of Frequency of Distribution of Metaphorical 62 Expressions in The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios Headlines Conclusions 64 Summary 65 References 66 Appendices 71 4 ABSTRACT The aim of the research is to contrast headline metaphors in terms of type of metaphorisation and meaning in English and Lithuanian media, i.e. business and political discourse. To achieve the aim the author of the present research sets the objectives as to collect the material for the research that consists of 200 headlines with metaphors in English newspaper The Economist and 200 headlines with metaphors in Lithuanian newspaper the Verslo Ţinios from business and political articles. The other objectives are to explore semantic features of metaphorisation in English and Lithuanian newspaper headlines, to conduct the contrastive analysis of semantic features of metaphors in English and Lithuanian newspaper headlines and to offer some implications towards different metaphorisation processes in business and political discourse in the two languages. The present research is not only based on Lithuanian scientists‘ doctrines such as Balčytienė, Drukteinytė, Krupavičius, Matonytė, Nevinskienė, Nugaraitė but also it is based on different foreign authors‘ doctrine. It was analysed scientific articles of Albrighton, Beger, Berry, Bucaria, Cameron, Crystal, Dor, Foster, Geary, Gomery, Gold, Hakobian, Halliday, Kovach, Lakoff, Leech, Majeed, Saxena, Swan, etc. In all the research it is compared the headlines of The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios and it is found differences and similarities in metaphorical expressions. The dominant type of transference of metaphorical expressions in English newspaper The Economist is metaphorical expressions based on similarity of quality and these metaphors make 49% while in the Verslo Ţinios the dominant type of transference of metaphorical expressions is based on similarity of process and these metaphors make 45%. However, both newspapers are used the similar number of metaphorical expressions based on similarity to human being because in the Verslo Ţinios it was found 18% awhile in The Economist 15% was identified. 5 INTRODUCTION The process of metaphorisation is understood as treating something metaphorically or making a metaphor of something. Metaphor is recognized as a rhetorical device that compares two seemingly different objects which occur when certain distinct features of one object are appropriated to the other. Metaphor has become an object of investigation of an enormous volume of research for more than 2000 years. Traditionally, scholars regarded metaphor as a matter of language, a linguistic phenomenon and defined it as a figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two unlike entities. However, the first person who discussed and defined metaphor as a rhetorical device was Aristotle in the 4th century. Aristotle‘s work laid the foundation for the classical views on metaphor. The classical view on metaphor is regarded as a specialized trait of ordinary language which is used for decoration, linguistic ornament and to construct imagery in literature and poetry. Metaphor is understood as something optional and outside of normal language (Saeed, 2007, 346). In other words, the classical view on metaphors is defined as ―the decorative view of metaphor‖ (Deignan, 2005, 2). A key role in establishing and maintaining power relations in societies as well as constructing an image about the society has media discourse. Media discourse refers to interactions that take place through a broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the discourse is oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer (O‘Keeffe, 2011, 441). Therefore, media discourse is considered as a major tool of communication and information distribution including newspaper, magazine, radio, television or internet because it may be said that the world today is strongly dependent on the process of gathering, processing and distributing wide range of information. News may include every imaginable sort of information from serious to scandalous issues embracing all aspects and areas of our societies. Media discourse uses a specific language which differs from the ordinary because it is closely related to the particular genre, e.g. newspaper style. The aim of newspaper is to inform and affect the readers. One of the effective ways to achieve the maximal communicative effect is to use metaphors in newspaper headlines which arouses readers‘ curiosity and excitement but sometimes causes many difficulties for readers in understanding. Headline is a unique type of text and it is a central element of the article because the headline gives a particular picture of the current news for the reader. For this reason, metaphorisation of headlines is a very important means for drawing the potentials reader‘s attention. Study of metaphorisation has been traditionally associated with the study of literature however metaphorisation is not restricted to any type of discourse, for example, political discourse, media discourse, educational discourse or business discourse. The investigation of 6 metaphor in the language of business has been vastly researched by Boers (1999), Herrera and White (2000) and Koller (2008). The metaphorisation of economic facts has been explained by their abstract nature. In other words, the economy relies heavily on metaphors to make economic facts and processes easier to grasp (Richardt, 2003, 246). Metaphors in business discourse exist as a common fact in most of languages in the world. For this reason, the present research focus on metaphorisation of newspaper headlines in business discourse and political discourse in two different languages – English and Lithuanian. Therefore, the research question is as follow: What are differences and similarities of business language and political language metaphorisation in English and Lithuanian newspaper headlines? The aim of this research is to contrast headline metaphors in terms of type of metaphorisation and meaning in English and Lithuanian media, i.e. business and political discourse. In order to achieve the aim of the research, the following objectives were set: 1) To explore semantic features of metaphorisation in English and Lithuanian newspaper headlines. 2) To conduct the contrastive analysis of semantic features of metaphors in English and Lithuanian newspaper headlines. 3) To offer some implications towards different metaphorisation processes in business and political discourse in the two languages. The scope of the research and research methods used in the present research were as follows: Corpus for the study was randomly compiled from two business newspapers The Economist and the Verslo Ţinios in the two different languages – English and Lithuanian. The newspapers dating from
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