Investigating the Travel Behaviour Dynamics of Bus Rapid Transit Passengers Sui Tao Bachelor (Engineering), Urban Planning and Design
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Investigating the travel behaviour dynamics of Bus Rapid Transit passengers Sui Tao Bachelor (Engineering), Urban Planning and Design A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management I Abstract The long-term prevalence of car dependency has resulted in a series of persistent urban problems, including congestion, environmental pollution and social inequity, and threatens the survival of urban public transport (UPT). One response to these problems has been an international rising trend to implement Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) as a cost-effective means to progress towards more sustainable urban transport. Despite the growing popularity of BRT implementation worldwide, little is known about the travel behaviour dynamics associated with BRT. Given that the understanding of travel behaviour is a critical component for public transport planning and policy, this deficit may critically hinder our ability to inform future BRT-related policy. This research presents three empirical investigations of interrelated travel behaviour dynamics of BRT passengers, providing an enhanced evidence base on which future BRT-related policy can be founded. Drawing on Brisbane (Australia) as the case study coupled with three distinct datasets (i.e., census, smart card and primary survey data), BRT passenger travel behaviour is investigated from three complementary perspectives, namely, modal share patterns of BRT catchments, spatial-temporal dynamics of current BRT usage and behavioural intentions of BRT passengers. Examinations from these three perspectives capture a broad spectrum of travel behaviour dynamics that collectively render a more holistic understanding of BRT usage. First, the modal share patterns of BRT catchments are examined before and after BRT implementation to shed light on the extent to which the travel behaviour was altered by the implementation of BRT. Drawing on census data from three periods, marked increases in bus and walk shares, and decreases in private car share for work trips were revealed after BRT implementation at both walk-in (800-metre) catchments and the bus-in/drive-in catchments (up to three kilometres). Regression modelling highlights marked increases in female, lone person commuters as well as ‘choice’ passengers who have access to private cars within the vicinity of BRT stations. Next, drawing on smart card data, the spatial-temporal dynamics of current BRT usage are examined to reveal the role of the BRT embedded within the UPT network in catering for passengers’ travel needs. To exploit the utility of smart card data, a geo-visualisation-based method (the flow-comap) is developed to visualise and analyse the spatial-temporal patterns of BRT-related trips. The results highlight distinct trip characteristics and spatial-temporal patterns of BRT-related trips against the remaining on-road bus trips. The II spatial heterogeneity of passenger trip patterns using the exclusive busway of the BRT across the bus network is also revealed, this encompasses: (1) the South East Busway (SEB), which serves as a stronger corridor in collecting trips around Brisbane than the Northern Busway (NB) and (2) differing temporal trip patterns which are associated with the SEB rather than the NB. Last, to capture the attitudinal mechanisms of travel behaviour, BRT passengers’ behavioural intentions (i.e., loyalty, intention to increase BRT use and intention to shift to private car use) are modelled by using primary survey data. A number of small yet significant differences in the behavioural intentions are revealed in association with the socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of passengers. More importantly, a series of regression models highlight that the loyalty and intention of passengers to increase BRT use were positively associated with their evaluations of BRT service and pro-environmental responsibility, while their intention to change to private car use negatively related with these attitudinal factors. Furthermore, regressing passengers’ loyalty on their attitudes related to private car use results in a positive relationship. The thesis contributes to knowledge in the area of travel behaviour dynamics related to BRT through drawing on a suite of datasets to capture three complementary dimensions of behavioural dynamics of BRT passengers. Methodological and theoretical contributions are also rendered in this research, including (1) the proposed geo-visualisation-based method (the flow-comap) to enhance the utility of smart card data for the examination of travel behaviour and (2) a more comprehensive inclusion of behavioural intentions coupled with the considerations of alternative transport to better understand UPT passengers’ attitudinal mechanisms. In the context of the case study, this thesis has some implications for the potential to inform (1) the service provision and infrastructure expansion of BRT to better meet the travel needs of passengers and (2) the design of marketing strategy and soft policy (e.g., information-based approach) to maintain and promote BRT usage. In conclusion, through a series of empirical investigations, this thesis helps realise the potential of BRT to offer a way in which urban environments can progress towards sustainable UPT systems. It is also hoped that this thesis may stimulate future research in this area that can help inform and guide the implementation of smarter BRT systems. III Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the General Award Rules of The University of Queensland, immediately made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. IV Publications during candidature Journal Publications Tao, S., Corcoran, J., Mateo-Babiano, I. & Rohde, D. 2014. Exploring Bus Rapid Transit passenger travel behaviour using big data. Applied Geography, 53, 90-104. Tao, S., Rohde, D. & Corcoran, J. 2014. Examining the spatial–temporal dynamics of bus passenger travel behaviour using smart card data and the flow-comap. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 21-36. Tao, S., Corcoran, J. & Mateo-Babiano, I. Submitted. Modelling Bus Rapid Transit passengers’ loyalty and behavioural change intentions. Transportation. Conference paper Tao, S., Corcoran, J. & Mateo-Babiano, I. 2013. Bus Rapid Transit: An examination of changes of travel patterns for journey to work and socio-demographic characteristics. Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF). Brisbane, Australia. Publications included in this thesis This thesis contains three jointly authored published papers and one jointly authored paper currently under review for publication. Contributions by co-authors are indicated below. Tao, S., Rohde, D. & Corcoran, J. 2014. Examining the spatial–temporal dynamics of bus passenger travel behaviour using smart card data and the flow-comap. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 21-36. – partially incorporated as paragraphs in Chapters 4 and 6. Contributor Statement of contribution S. Tao Conceptual design (70%) Data analysis (70%) Writing and editing the paper (75%) D. Rohde Data analysis (30%) Writing and editing the paper (10%) J. Corcoran Conceptual design (30%) Writing and editing the paper (15%) V Tao, S., Corcoran, J. & Mateo-Babiano, I. 2013. Bus Rapid Transit: An examination of changes of travel patterns for journey to work and socio-demographic characteristics. Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF). Brisbane, Australia. – partially incorporated as paragraphs in Chapter 5. Contributor Statement of contribution S. Tao Conceptual design (80%) Data analysis (100%) Writing and editing the paper (80%) J. Corcoran Conceptual design (20%) Writing and editing the paper (10%) I. Mateo-Babiano Writing and editing the paper (10%) Tao, S., Corcoran, J., Mateo-Babiano, I. & Rohde, D. 2014. Exploring Bus Rapid Transit passenger travel behaviour using big data. Applied Geography, 53, 90-104. – partially incorporated as paragraphs in Chapter 6. Contributor Statement of contribution S. Tao Conceptual design (80%) Data analysis (90%) Writing and editing the paper (80%) J. Corcoran Conceptual design (20%) Writing and editing the paper (10%) I. Mateo-Babiano Writing and editing the paper (10%)