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Download Download Journal of Coastal Research Fort Lauderdale, Florida Use of Natural and Artificial Accretion on the North Coast of Spain: Historical Trends and Assessment of SOlDe Environmental and Econo:mic Consequences v. Rivas and A. Cendrero DCITTYM (Division de Ciencias de la Tierra) Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain ABSTRACT ---..- • RIVAS, V. and CENDRERO, A. 1990. Use of natural and artificial accretion on the north coast of Spain: Historical trends and assessment of some environmental and economic consequences. .tllllllll:. Journal ofCoastal Research, 7(2),491-507. Fort Lauderdale (Florida). ISSN 0749-0208. •• • - · The evolution of estuarine and coastal wetland zones along the sector between the Deva and ~ .~ Bidasoa rivers, after the Flandrian maximun, is analyzed using air photographs, old maps and t!!I31l- ij'" --q & charts, and field observations. The aims of this study were to quantify historical development --+f, 4&-- of the land reclamation process in the area and to assess some of its environmental and economic con sequences. 2 The total area emerged during the post-Flandrian retreat was approximatel, 24 km . The 2 new land areas formed afterwards cover some 73 km . Out of these, around 64 km are estimated to be due to direct human intervention (draining, filling and reclamation). This artificial area represents 40% of the estuarine and wetland zones. Assuming an uniform rate of accretion (an obvious simplification) it appears that new land spaces were formed, through natural processes, at a rate of about 0.22 km2/century after the Flandrian retreat. The approximate distribution of land-use types in the artificially created lands is: 36% agriculture, 22% industry, 14% residential, 13% others and 15% without use. A comparative assessment of the biological productivity, in terms of the monetary value of products obtained by the primary sector shows that the substitution of intertidal or wetland areas by agricultural lands represents, at present, a loss of about $US 250,000 km-2 year-I. This substitution affects 58% of the reclaimed lands. An estimate of the "willingness to pay" by the population, in order to preserve the aesthetic qualities and recreational potential of these areas indicates that the population of the region value this resource around $US 200 x 106 per year. The filled areas are, on the whole, less than 1 m above sea level. Therefore, a sea level rise of about 1 m, as predicted by several models for the next centuries, would endanger 73 km 2 of post-Flandrian natural and artificial lands. The capital value of buildings, structures, etc. on this land has been estimated around $US 5,000 x 106 . ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Land reclamation, sea-level rise hazards, biological produc­ tivity, primary productivity, coastal evolution, and environmental assessment. INTRODUCTION ters has taken place, to a certain extent, through the occupation of intertidal areas and The population pressures exerted on the coastal wetlands, especially around estuaries. coastal fringe resources of the Cantabrian lit­ The trends observed in the rate of reclamation toral during the last two centuries have some ten years ago (200,000 to 300,000 m" resulted, among other things, in a marked con­ year - 1 in Santander; CENDRERO and DIAZ centration of population (80%) in a narrow strip DE TERAN, 1977; CENDRERO et al., 1981) 10-15 km wide. In the two coastal states stud­ indicated that, if maintained, the intertidal ied, Cantabria and Euskadi, or Basque Country zones and marshes could disappear towards the ("Comunidades Auto nomas" according the middle of the next century. More recent obser­ Spanish administrative organization), the pop­ vations (RIVAS and CENDRERO, 1987; CEN­ ulation amounts to 2,400,000 inhabitants, of DRERO et al., 1988) have shown that those which over 1 ,500,000 live in the three main trends changed little in the last decade. urban-industrial centers, Santander, Bilbao The concern for the future of such fragile and San Sebastian-Pasajes (Figure 1). The coastal areas has prompted legal actions to pre­ growth of these and other, smaller coastal cen- serve some of them. Thus, the "Ria de Guer­ 89035 received 29 June 1989; accepted in revision 4 July 1990. nica" (Figure 1) has been declared a Biosphere 492 Rivas and Cendrero •N CANTABRIA//u' -, /' /' " -, "- -, ~ 16 17 0 5 10 15 20km I ! , EUSKADI h 22 23 ~ -e. 30 0 10 20km 28 I ! I Figure 1. Reclaimed intertidal and wetland zones in the eastern Cantabrian coast. (1) Tina Mayor, (2) Tina Menor, (3) San Vicente de la Barquera, (4) La Rabia, (5) San Martin de la Arena, (6) Pas, (7) San Juan de la Canal, (8) Bay of Santander, (9) Galizano, (10) Cuberris, (11) Ajo, (12) Soano, (13) Trengandin, (14) As6n, (5) Orinon, (16) Castro Urdiales, (17) Mione, (18) Somor­ rostro, (19) Bilbao, (20) Plencia, (21) Guernica, (22) Lequeitio, (23) Ondarroa, (24) Deva, (25) Zumaya, (26) Zarauz, (27) Orio, (28) San Sebastian, (29) Pasajes, (30) Fuenterrabia. Reserve by UNESCO, and is now protected by a The aims of the work presented in this paper recent law of the Basque Government are: (1) to quantify the historical development (ARRIOLA et al., 1988). The Ria del As6n (Fig­ and present extent of the process of reclamation ure 1) has been declared a Coastal Wetland of of intertidal and wetland zones, (2) to establish International Importance by the Council of the rates of surface accretion and to compare Europe. them with the rates due to natural sedimenta­ However, no precise data have been available tion during the Holocene, (3) to define the rela­ about the extent of the process and rate of occu­ tionships, if any, between changes in the type pation of such zones by man. There are no esti­ of socio-economic activi ty and coastal land mates of possible environmental or economic reclamation in the region; also, to establish the consequences of the process, nor of the conse­ present land-use of reclaimed lands, and (4) to quences that an eventual rise of sea-level might attempt a preliminary estimate of some eco­ have for the region (TITUS, 1986; BRUUN, nomic consequences of the occupation of inter­ 1988; FAIRBRIDGE, 1989; SCHNACK and tidal areas, both regarding the change in pro- PIRAZZOLI, 1990). Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 7, No.2, 1991 Evolution of Coastal Wetlands, Spain 493 ductivity and the potential effects of sea level GASSET, 1946; BARREDA, 1948, 1951; SOTA, rise. 1950; ARIJA RIVARES, 1951, 1953, 1955; MAZARRASA, 1953; MAZA, 1965; BLAZ­ METHODS QUEZ, 1970; GUAL CAMARENA, 1970; ALCALA ZAMORA, 1974; CASADO, 1980; The approach followed has been very simple. MERCAPIDE, 1980; GOMEZ PORTILLA, 1982, The "zero line" established as a reference 1984; ARIJA DUFOL, 1984; ORTEGA, 1984, against which the coastal changes were com­ 1986; AZURMENDI, 1985; SANCHEZ GOMEZ, pared was the one corresponding to the Flan­ 1987; HOYO, 1988) which indicate clearly the drian maximum in the zone. The Flandrian ter­ periods of flourishment of different activities races, located 1-2.5 m above the present sea (colonial commerce, mining, dairy farming, level and often with beach or estuarine sedi­ industry, tourism). Air photo interpretation ments, have been dated as 5,880 ± 130 to 4,770 and field observations also were used to map, at ± 110 years BP (MARY, 1979; MONINO, the 1:10,000 scale, the different land-use types 1986). They normally present a slope break in established over the reclaimed areas. the upper limit and a scarp at the lower one, Estimates of some environmental-economic although sometimes the transition is gradual consequences of the reclamation process were and without distinct limits. Usually, the soils made, regarding the following aspects: (a) formed over the sandy or silty sediments have change in biological productivity, on the basis a fairly well developed A horizon. The terraces of the value of products obtained by the primary were mapped in order to establish the maxi­ sector, (b) loss in potential for recreation and in mum extent of the estuaries and coastal wet­ aesthetic quality, (c) capital value of the build­ lands at the Flandrian maximum. Their lower ings and structures subject to sea-level rise haz­ limit was used as the starting point of the "his­ ard. torical" evolution. Biological productivity in the intertidal areas By means of old maps and navigation charts was assessed on the basis of measurements (normally not earlier than the beginning of the made in the estuary of the river Pas (PEREZ, last century) as well as air photographs of var­ 1987) and by comparison with data obtained ious dates and scales (between 1957 and 1988; elsewhere (POMEROY, 1959; GUNNERSON, 1:30,000-1:7,500), the successive changes of the 1963; CENDRERO et aZ., 1981). The average of coastline were mapped. The operating proce­ the values obtained is 109 gC m -2 year- '. dure included the initial identification of some equivalent to 1,363 grams ofprimary producers clear features of the coastline on the oldest per square meter every year. maps and the transfer of such features to mod­ Several possible food chains were then con­ ern photographs and maps (scale 1:10,000). The sidered to obtain the potential amount of fish of areas mapped were then checked and completed commercial value which could be produced by direct field observations. Thus, for each (MARGALEFF, 1974). Three examples of such coastal area studied, a map was made in which chains are: the areas covered in successive periods were (1) Primary producers-sediment eaters represented. These areas were measured with a (E = .Ol)-crustaceans(E = .10)-red mullets planimeter and graphs showing the rate of sur­ (E = .012)-humans (E = .001) face reclamation in each estuary were obtained. (2) Primary producers-copepods (E = .21)­ The evolution of the reclamation process was sardines (E = .15)-humans (E = .001) compared with the demographic evolution of (3) Primary producers-mussels (E = .03)­ the region.
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