The Splendid Book of Engineering the B Ook O F the Sh Ip

THE SPLENDID BOOK OF ENGINEERING THE B OOK O F THE SH IP . M BRITISH LOCO OTIVES. B ROMANCE O F THE SU MARI NE . ’ P AND a THE WORLD S AERO LANES msm ps .

noanms FOR BOYS. OF TRIUM PHS AND WONDERS MODERN ENGINEER ING . R ISH RAI LWAYS THE M C OF m m C B IT , RO AN E A HIEVEMENT . o I THE ROMANCE r E! PLORAT ON . BB I S AND SPOR B PASTIMES, HO E TS FO R OYS. A FROM P OST B OY 10 IR m m .

THE SPLENDID B OOK or AEROPLANES.

EN GINEER IN G .

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OCOM OT E L IV S . ’ BOYS I ND O O R GAMES AND m m zs . THE SPL ENDID BO O K O F ENGINEER ING

G . GIBBARD JACKSON

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L ONDON S M SON L W M O RSTON CO . LTD . A P , A ,

C O N TEN T S

P A G E FAMOUS BRIDGES LIGHTING LONDON A LOCOMOTI VE THAT FEEDS ITSELF TUNNELS AN D THEIR MAKIN G BY ROAD AND RAIL FLOATING D ocxs SOME TUNNELLING FEATS THE EVOLUTION OF THE TELE PHONES THE SPEED BOAT THE RIVER TRAINS SPEED AN D THE ENGINEER THE MARVELLOUS TELEPRINTER THE WELLAND CANAL THE RAILPLAN E THE HUMAN SALAMANDERS THE ROMAN CE O F THE BARRAGE A CHALLEN GER O F THE STEAM LO COMOTIVE VI Contents

PA GE ! VIII THE M R E S TE E . A V LLOU L WR ITER

! I! . THE ROMAN CE OF THE PANAMA CANAL THE DEVELOPMEN T O F THE STATIONARY EN GIN E ! ! I How TH E EN N EER E S TH E . GI H LP R A ILWAY SNA P PING TH E MAILS THE ROMAN CE OF THE Box THE WONDERFUL FATHOMETER ILLU STRATIONS

FACE PAGE

NEWCASTLE BRIDGE GATESHEAD ARCH QUEB EC BRIDGE

SEVERN TUNNEL WELSH RA CE , ENT N

CONSTRUCTING THE METROPOLITAN RAILWAY . A SMALL PROVINCIAL TELEPHONE E! CHANGE A TELEPHONE CALL Box RACING MOTOR BOATS AT FULL SPEED O NE 01? THE LATEST TYPES OF SPEED BOAT M " R S. AU A . . M RET NIA

Ta n Euc mns or M V BR A C . . IT NNI DIESEL ENGINE A MARINE TYPE OIL ENGINE

THE GA LLARD CUT PA AMA A AL I , N C N

THE R S OBAL ERM AL Docxs P NAM A AL . C I T T IN , A A C N A Locomon vn CRANE c xm c UP THE MAILS

THE SPLEN DID BO O K O F EN GIN EER ING

FAMOUS BRIDGES

THE completion of the great bridge over Sydney Harbour m arks the end of one of the greatest engineering ventures of the r d present centu y . The authorities woul not agree to a bridge with less than a single span as it was desired to preserve that wonderful entrance to one of the finest h b d ar ours in the worl . The contract for the bridge was secured f O m firm Sc C . by the a ous of Dorman , Long , s of Middle borough , in the face of stern competition . The total cost of the bridge and its approach roads is not less than The total length of the main 9 1 0 Book of Engineering bridge is feet , and no less than tons of steel have been employed in the main structure . The two halves were built slowly out wards from either side and for six years they were growing—either in the form of i de steel plates and g r rs in the making , or ced 1 0 in being pla in position , until , in 93 , the connecting link was made in an arch which had a span of feet . The arch i e 10 r s s to a height of 4 feet , and there is 1 0 always a headway of 7 feet at high water , and considerably more at low tide , thus the biggest steam ship can enter without waiting f outside for the tide to all . The bridge carries four lines of standard i gauge ra lway , a roadway 57 feet wide , 10 with two footways each feet wide . It is estimated that the m axim um capacity of i 1 68 the bridge w ll be electric trains , hi ve cles , and foot passengers an — fi ures hour remarkable g these . The bridge tr 1 is due to be opened for affi c in 93 2 . The Romans probably built the first bridge across the Tyne something like eighteen Famous Bridges 1 1 hundred years ago . We do not quite know how they bridged the river , but from details of other similar structures of the Romans , u s which have come down to , it is shown that they usually drove piles into the river bed on which stone piers were built , and then a timber bridge was thrown across from pier to pier . For hundreds of years there was a bridge it with houses upon , but this became unsafe , and a nine - arch bridge was constructed in 1 8 1 ff 7 ; this , however , so seriously a ected the traffi c up and down the river that it was superseded by a swing bridge . In the ’forties Robert Stephenson had to bridge the Tyne at Newcastle in order to it carry the railway across . It was decided to have a high- level bridge with rail and road facilities . This gave Stephenson a great deal of trouble as there was difficulty in securing good foundations for such a huge structure . The traffic is so great across the Tyne that another bridge was needed , and the

- present single span bridge was decided upon , 1 2 Book of Engineering

8: CO . Dorman , Long , the celebrated bridge builders of Middlesborough , being awarded the contract . The most interesting feature of the New castle bridge is the fact that it produces , in miniature , the wonderful structure which Co 85 . Dorman , Long have so successfully thrown across the huge harbour at Sydney . The Tyne bridge is almost exactly a third the span of the Sydney structure The t wo former provides lines for trams , four for vehicular trafﬁc besides two footways of considerable width . The m agniﬁcent single - span arch is approached by spans on either side of the 1 river which total 7 9 feet , the actual arch 1 of the bridge being 53 feet , and is , there fore , easily the largest arch in this country . The greatest height of the arch is 1 70 feet and the roadway is rather more than half that height above the river level at high tide . The steelwork of the structure weighs about tons , approximately half of it going into the arch and the roadway which Fam ous B ridges 1 3

it supports . Rarely has such a safe bridge

as this been built . Too often in the past the engineers considered the ' loads then current and paid no attention to those likely in the future . Here the designers looked ahead indeed and if 100 tons can be safely placed on four wheels that magni ﬁcent i it bridge w ll take . In order to balance the arch there are two very handsome granite abutment towers . Here the skill of the steel worker is con cealed , but it is there nevertheless , for the towers are really of steel , cased in with granite , to give a handsome appearance , and to provide the weight necessary to counterpoise that enormous thrust of the single arch . The towers cover a good deal of ﬂoor space , and in addition to providing means for passengers ascending from the quays to the bridge , they are adapted for use for warehousing goods .

As in most of these structures , the work went on from both sides of the river , the men building outwards at what seemed a d dizzy height to the people below . Gra ually 1 4 Book of Engineering

other unti1 the two arms approached each . they could be joined . One of the greatest bridges erected in recent years is that which spans the harbour of Montreal . Four million pounds has been spent on the bridge . The biggest liners can pass under it quite easily , whilst its ﬂoor accommodates four lines of vehicular lh k tra e , provides side wal s for foot pas sen ers g , and two tramway tracks are also arranged on the outside of the central vehicular road . Two main piers carry the principal span , which is no less than 1 62 feet , with a height of feet above water level at the highest point of the tide . This portion is a cantilever structure with two

0- 42 feet anchor arms . Thirteen steel towers and two masonry piers carry the rest of the bridge . There are many steel spans over St that portion of the . Lawrence which is shallow and not used for t rafﬁc ; these 0 vary from 9 to 245 feet in length . The Montreal Harbour Bridge is one ’ of the world s greatest , whether considered from the point of view of importance or Famous B ridges 1 5

a length ; it forms a most v luable link , yet ,

like our own Charing Cross Bridge , it has been the subject of much debate and delay F in building . rom end to end the bridge two is quite miles , and it brings the growing district south of the city into di rect touch it with . Some thousands of tons of silicon and carbon steel have been incorporated in what is a splendid monument to both the designer and the builders . It seems almost incredible to old - time railway travellers that the majestic Forth Bridge is well on its way to celebrating

its jubilee . It seems only the other day that they were having to turn out of their — ’ train perhaps on a cold winter s night , and take the steam ferry over a stretch of water which could be singularly vicious at times .

' If th e f erry were to be avoided a distance of something like seventy miles had to be

t - travelled by rail instead of twen y of to day , so obviously there was a case for a bridge

here if it could be built . 1 6 Book of Engineering

Many schemes had been started , but

somehow there were always objections , and

- some of them were too well founded . Bouch

had built a bridge across the Tay , and encouraged by what he thought was a very

successful venture , he went on to prepare r plans for the Forth Bridge . Fo tunately in they were never persisted , or perhaps the same fate would have awaited the i greater bridge . It w ll be remembered that the Tay Bridge collapsed during a gale and took a train and seventy people with it to the river below . Actually the Forth Bridge had been begun , when the collapse of that over the Tay brought everything to a stand i st ll , and caused people to shake their heads and say that the task was beyond the

engineer . The original Forth Bridge was being undertaken by the North British Railway o C . who wanted to shorten their route to the north , but when the new venture was considered it became apparent that several b eneﬁt railways would , and therefore they should take their share in making the scheme

Famous B ridges 1 7 ’ a success . In the eighties a scheme was F Sc h submitted by owler Baker , w ich seemed to meet all objections , and the work was sanctioned , though not before several rival schemes had been considered and turned down . It seemed obvious to the assessors

’ that the only kind of structure which would meet all objections was one of the cantilever a type . This me nt a steel bridge , with a t great height , in order hat a warship , with r o her towe ing masts , could g safely below t i . There were two deep water channels to be left unobstructed , and over these came the greatest spans , each of feet ; in addition , there were two other spans each 6 1 o of 891 feet . In additi n to these there were fif teen short approach spans to the four greater ones ; these were of 168 feet ni each , resting on gra te piers . Then , to give access to these , came four granite finall arch spans of 57 feet each , and y a four of 2 5 feet each . Adding the tot l spans together the huge length of yards is obtained , thus constituting the one greatest bridge in these islands , and 1 8 Book of Engineering which was to set the fashion for many greater ones in the world of railways overseas . In assessing the Forth Bridge the granite and shorter spans are frequently overlooked , but one has only to stand beneath the preliminary spans to realise that if they were not so completely dwarfed by those huge cantilevers nearer the centre of the c bridge , they would be ac laimed as wondrous indeed . Possibly owing ' to the failure of the Tay l Bridge , the Bi l for the greater structure nl was o y obtained after a severe struggle , and finally the big contract was awarded to a firm formed specially for the undertaking ; Arrol Sc Co this was known as Tancred , . There was no time lost in making a start upon the venture . The Act was obtained in 1 882 ; in January of the following year ni a begin ng was made . For more than seven years work went ahead as speedily s as po sible , due regard being had to the delays incidental from rough and winter weather . Never before in Great Britain had Famous B ridges 1 9 a bridge been undertaken on the lines the chosen for Forth .

The caissons gave some trouble . They had to be ﬂoated out and moored in the fairway . This was a ticklish proceeding , and one of them ﬁlle d and sank through water entering the rivet holes . It tilted out and of the vertical , it took nine months i to get it back again . Such a mishap as th s not only held up the progress of the work

’ r r but it involved unneccessa y expense . Apa t from the misfortune with the caisson no serious delay was experienced . Slowly the great arms stretched out towards each other and , as the yards lessened which divided the north from the south side , the workmen entered fully into the first race for the honour of the crossing . The work had been proceeding vigorously ’ in the late eighties from both sides , and by the autumn there were only two narrow o u 1 88 gaps to be j ined p. As September , 9, drew to its close there was a matter of mere feet dividing each of the two big spans . Who should have the honour of going first 2 0 Book of Engineering dry - shod over the Forth ? Obviously it would be one of the workmen and well he deserved that honour . Two of them at length hit upon the plan of throwing a ladder across the abyss ; one hi went to fetch a rope , with w ch to secure the ladder in position . Whilst he was gone , the other fellow , risking a terrible death , actually tripped over the insecure ladder , the waters of the Forth showing only too plainly through the open spokes . Two days passed and visitors had followed l oth less perilously , and then on the of October the gap was filled in such a manner that anyone might venture the crossing . It should be made clear that there was still a gap between the ends of the two portions comprising the north centre 60 girder . This made a break of feet in filled the entire structure . It was on the 1 5th of October , so that within a month the east and west were joined through out , and many visitors made the complete crossing . Famous Bridges 2 1

1 8 0 e t In January , 9 , the bridg was prac ic t o ally complete , and to test it thoroughly w i goods trains , weighing with the r engines no less than tons , were run into the centre of the bridge , and there left for a time for a thorough testing . If the bridge would show no deviation from truth with such a load as this it was obvious that it could be opened for trafﬁc within a short time . For some reason it was not deemed advisable to run these goods trains right

across from side to side , but three days — — later on the 24th of January a passenger ff train with the directors , friends and sta

crossed safely , the locomotive being driven a by the Marchioness of Tweedd le . Followed the ofﬁ cial tests by the Board of Trade r during the middle portion of Februa y , and then came the ofﬁ cial opening by the of K Prince Wales , later ing Edward the

Seventh . In this great bridge there are tons

of steel and thousands of tons of masonry . The whole of the metal - work requires t e a painting once in three ye rs , and to enable 2 2 Book of Engineering 3 it to be carried out systematically a per manent staff of painters is employed su fﬁ cient to deal with a third of the steel - work att en each year . Could the metal be ﬂ ed out it would equal an area of 1 3 5 acres ; this represents the area which the painters must cover .

2 4. Book of Engineering

has been built at Barking . It been placed so far out of the city for many reasons ; ﬁrst , on account of the smoke which can be blown to sea , or over Essex rather than the city ; secondly , because land is much cheaper ; thirdly , because by placing it on the banks of the Thames colliers can bring tons of coal at a time to feed those 0 hungry furnaces . These eat up at least 7 tons an hour when in full action , and remember that economical combustion u mder the most approved system possible will secure far more steam per ton than twenty years ago . Barking is not only the biggest power station in Britain but , when the projected extensions are carried out , it will be the greatest in the world . Although it has been mentioned that it supplies a portion ’ the of London s needs , it is really power house for a good many of the Home Coun ties and the extensions will mean an addition of a very much greater area to its already large tract of country . To - day Barking is producing current Lighting London 2 5 representing something like horse power each twice round of the clock . Here we have organisation brought to a r very high state of pe fection , and there are many who think that this kind of organisa tion is what is wanted in every industry , and that all industries must work on the big scale or not at all . Thus everything which can be done by a machine is accomplished in that fashion . The colliers , for instance , which a few years ago would have been unloaded laboriously by hand labour , are discharged by machinery which is almost human in its sagacity . Working steadily the mechanical unloaders take out the coal from every nook and ’ cranny in the collier s hold , pass it along to some splendid machinery which quickly

reduces it to a powder . The pulverised fuel can then be fed to the boilers by re machinery which , in many respects , sembles that which feeds the boilers of

an ocean liner with oil . There is no waste

with pulverised coal , and no clinker to clog ﬁr ar up the eb s . 2 6 B ook of Engineering But pe rhaps the strangest touch of all is found at an intermediate point where a clever device is employed to sample the

coal . The samples are taken as desired and go to the laboratory where the usual analytical tests are made to determine whether the fuel is the best that can be

supplied for the pulverisers . Another great advantage of the riverside situation of the huge power station is the

‘ fact that water does not have to be paid for from any waterworks ; this is an expen sive item when something like a constant i stream , running into m llions of gallons a

day , is a prime need of the boilers and

condensers . It is no light task pumping up a stream which would ﬁll continuously a pipe with n a diameter of eight feet . In additio , something has to be done to this water

for the sake of the boilers , which object strongly to any suspended matter in their

supply . Here again the scientist comes

to the aid of the engineer . The latter has e rected and equipped a small building in Lighting London 2 7 which the apparatus suggested by the scientist is installed . This is designed to impregnate the water with a solution of chlorine gas . This is such a powerful agent for the work in view that only one part of the gas is r required to two million pa ts of water . The marvel of the apparatus is that with out any intervention on the part of the men in charge this i mpregnation goes on continuously and always in the correct proportions . Come to the boiler houses for a moment and there see something which is well worth while . There is little noise in those vast houses ; there are several . No constant clanging of furnace doors , no opening and i shutting , no rak ng out , no shovelling of coal to an insatiable giant . It is all done by machinery and the pulverised coal streams along and into the furnace . In order that — — the men in charge or the visitor may see what is going forward there is a small eye through which the interior of the inferno may be watched—but only through tinted 2 8 Book of Engineering glasses , so great is the glare of that con su m in g fuel . In the older power houses there are huge r ve tical or horizontal engines , clanging their r At way th ough life . Barking the turbine ni has attained its ze th , for here is a whole army of these excellent machines which efﬁcientl work so y and yet so silently . There is just the low drone and no sense — or little sense of movement beyond the

drone . From the turbine house to the power house is an easy step and here that great genii is fully enthronedm that magician which

can be so excellent a servant , so terrible a

master . That rebellion is possible and antic i ated a p is expl ined by the guide , who states that in order to provide f or any eventuality the power house can be ﬂooded instantly with a curious gas which has the r merit of beating ﬁ e .

But such a gas is , like the electric

generators , a good servant but a terrible i master . For th s reason there is a gas mask always kept ready so that if it Lighting London 2 9 should be necessary to call in this ally he shall not be an enemy to the fellow

whose job it is to see that all is clear , and that no engineer has been overlooked and overcome by the fumes of that

potent gas . Passing on we come next to a room where there are many graphs and charts , discs and other tell - tale adjuncts of a great power station . By these charts the engineers in charge are able to gauge the requirements of every

t - hour of the twen y four . They tell a story of great demands on the current and the story is a rather different one each day of the year , since as the days lengthen the consumption naturally drops from ﬁve onwards to nightfall and the graph shows , too , how the mornings are affected . But it is not only light which has to be considered . U p- to - date factories are relying more and more upon power taken from such a station as this . And there is the housewife who does her cooking . There is a decided upward 3 0 B ook of Engineering trend when the hour of the midday meal comes along , whilst a cold snap in March will certainly have a pointed eff ect on con

sumption . Yet the midday rise and fall shows some strange changes at certain parts of an hour , and they are explained by the guide who says , whilst there is the ! that demand for cooking just before one , there is a corresponding drop at that hour from the factories and ofﬁces because thousands of lights necessary in basements and badly off built upper rooms are turned .

A question to the guide is , How is the current sent to the south side of the river where most of it is used ? ” Wait and see , is the reply , and sure u enough the mystery is soon cleared p. Barking power house has its own private the tunnel , driven well and deeply under o great river . Down it g many serpents that is the best simile perhaps for the numerous rather bloated cables which worm their way from north to south whilst great ships pass over them . One is left wondering

3 2 Book of Engineering the horses is amply made up on the swing r boats of indust y .

If Britain is to continue great , and a workshop for many parts of the world , it is such organisations as Barking which will allow of it being accomplished .

A LOCO MOTIVE THAT FEEDS ITSELF

THAT is a rather far- fetched title to give to the new self- trimming tender for loco motives which the well known locomotive 8: Co builders , Messrs . Beyer , Peacock . , of a M nchester , have recently introduced . But ﬁrem an any who had sweated at the shovel , and then had to work backwards as much as twenty feet to get at hi s coal in a fast t emp ying tender , would agree that the new tender at least placed the locomotive ’s food within easy reach of that insatiable mouth

the furnace door . It will be found that the ordinary kind of

tender is employed , but that a rounded a tank arrangement , with sever l doors , is l placed where the coal is usua ly found . These doors allow of the fuel being shot

into the big circular hopper , which is built 0 3 3 3 4 Book of Engineering on a tapering system to help the coal in its travel from back to front of the tender . But this would not operate satisfactorily s of it elf, especially when we remember that an engine must often run tender ﬁrst for some considerable distances . Hidden away in the interior of the circular container is a series of small engines , whose business it is to work the coal forward so that the ’ ﬁrem an has always a supply within arm s length .

Unfortunately , the movement of the train with its vibration tends to congeal s the fuel into a more or le s solid mass , and this factor had to be considered . The clever designer of the self- trimming tender got over his difﬁcu lty by making the machinery hidden in the container produce a complete turn round ; that is to say the container will rotate upon steam being admitted to a certain valve . This shakes up the coal and allows the pushi ng forward screws to continue their good work . Locomo tive Feeds Itself 3 5 Although the builders had in view the helping of the ﬁrem an on their big Beyer- Garratt articulated engines (as L M S. now seen often on the . . and the where there are virtu ally two r engines in one , needing a ve y big boiler

and therefore plenty of fuel , the new container can be ﬁtted to most existing

tenders . ’ The ﬁrem an s job has become increasingly heavy during the last few years owing to the tremendous growth in the locomotive

boiler , and it has meant not only extra work

for him , but less assistance from him to the

driver . Obviously the man with the shovel constantly in his hand could not give that expected look - out for signals which every . rem an 1s i fi enjoined to g ve . As signals tend traffic to become more complicated and , on i s the main lines at any rate , still growing , it will be appreciated that the relief given to the firem an by the new self- trimming tender will be of real use to the driver besides making his chum ’ s work far less

arduous . 3 6 Book of Engineering One of the new tenders is ﬁtted experi mentally to a new Beyer - Garratt goods engine now at work on the one of thirty - three of this type of locomotive now in service on our greatest

3 8 Book of Engineering unsuspected presence of a spring . The small spring can be diverted , if not drained , but there are many instances in which all calculations have been upset , lives lost or endangered , and huge losses sustained through an aggressive spring . Even when it has been conquered , and the tunnel made , it is by no means certain that trouble will not be constant as long as the tunnel lasts . In such cases expensive pumping machinery will have to be installed whilst the wages and upkeep of the plant will run to thousands a year .

Stephenson , when engaged upon the survey of the London and Birmingham ﬁrst railway , the of our great trunk lines , planned its course to take in Northampton , incidentally avoiding a good many cuttings and a tunnel to get through a range of foot hills . Unfortunately for Stephenson—and for Northampton as it turned out— intense opposition was encountered from the land owners round that town . They did not want the railway and preferred to be served Tunnels and Their Making 3 9 by the stage coach ! There was only one — thing for it Stephenson had to make a m fresh survey , leaving Northa pton on one side and cutting through the hills he had so keenly desired to miss , for Old George

- dearly loved a well graded line , and he realised that deep cuttings and a tunnel to keep it anything on the level he desired would add greatly to an already heavy expenditure . But he could not have foreseen that an underground river (by some called a a K spring), would be t pped at ilsby , and that the contractor who off ered to bore the tunnel and line it for a sum of less than 100 000 J£ , would be ruined and so worried that he died under the strain . It was necessary to go on with the diffi cu lt boring , but so was this problem sufiicient of water , being pumped out daily to supply the needs of a fairly large town , 00 000 that over J£3 , was expended before the line could be completed , and the coaches withdrawn which were supplying the link between the two length s of 4 0 Book of Engineering railway separated by this unfortunate tunnel . Very similar trouble was experienced on the much greater venture under the Severn . This tunnel was not rendered necessary by any obstinate landowners , rather was it entered upon to improve the service of the Great Weste rn to the coalfields and large towns of South Wales . The Severn is easily the greatest of our

English rivers , and it has a singularly wide estuary , involving , with its approaches , a tunnel under the water of no less than four and a half miles . Unfortunately for the engineers they found the Severn a singu larly fickle river ; it overflowed its banks at unexpected moments , it was subject to a bore (a tidal wave), and the bottom of the river was porous to an extent not guessed . From the outset it was necessary to install pumps and in ordinary circumstances they Were su fficient to deal with the inflow and floodin also the g from high tides . But when the Great Spring , as it came to be called , was encountered there was consternation . Tunnels and Their Making 4 1 t The men barely escaped wi h their lives , and the work of months was ruined in so B f an hour or . y great e forts the water was pumped out , and the Great Spring penned in so that it should do no further damage .

But now a worse disaster was brewing . There had been a succession of high tides t which had worried the engineers , hough they felt that all would be well so long as nothing worse supervened . There was one danger which the local people feared , and they warned the workers ; it was that if a strong wind was blowing against the tide At ﬁr there would probably be trouble . st the winds were kind , and then came an ominous change . The wind shifted and blew heavily downstream . The tide was ﬂowin g in strongly , far higher than was

commonly experienced , and it met the wind . Now came a struggle between wind and water and the former won , forcing back the water and causing it to spread above

- k the low lying ban s of the Severn . This 4 2 B ook of Engineering inevitably meant the flooding of the land for miles around ; worse still , it meant the flooding of the huts used by the tunnel workers . Six feet of water was no uncommon depth in these huts , and had the inhabitants not been warned they must have been O u drowned like rats in a trap . went the irresistible flood and poured down the work ings , again flooding them , and making the position worse than before . There were close upon a hundred men imprisoned in the workings ; too late the warning reached t e them , and all they could do was to treat further into the tunnel to reach a shaft .

Their position was truly terrible , for the water was still rising , and they were in total darkness . It seemed impossible that they should escape , and had the tide gone on rising they could not have been rescued . floodin Fortunately , when the g occurred , the tide was on the ebb , and thus no further fl ooding took place ; even so the work of f ortu rescue was no easy matter . Another nate circumstance was the fact that above Tunnels and Their Making 4 3 ground was a man in charge of singular He energy and resourcefulness . at once obtained a small boat , had it conveyed to the shaft , and then let down until it was afloat in the water of the tunnel . There was no lack of volunteers , and they rowed off into the workings , flares lighting up the n hitherto sombreness of the tun el . Alas , they had not proceeded far when progress was barred by a series of timber piles which had been driven in to support the roof . in They were , of course , near the roof their boat , and here the piles from either side met and formed an impenetrable barrier .

Beyond were the marooned men , and it was uncertain then whether the water was still rising . Back they rowed and obtained a saw with which to cut their way through the piles , risking the collapse of the roof by their removal . When work was well in progress ill luck again baulked the eff orts of the rescuers , the saw was dropped over o board , and back they had to g again for 4 4 Book ot Engineering B another . y real hard work they worked their way through , and when the imprisoned men had began to lose all h0pe of rescue the boat reached them , and a few at a time were carried to the shaft until every fellow had been safely landed . It was necessary to employ divers to enter the workings and close certain valves . This again was a very hazardous under taking , because the workings were cumbered with hastily dropped tools and ﬂoating timber .

Lambert , a diver who had many surprising and dangerous adventures in sunken ships , never had a more onerous task than this he undertook below the Severn . And , owing to a mistake in his instructions , he had to k ma e a double trip , the second being under — taken with a new self contained diving dress which enabled the air tube to be dispensed with . Many years were spent in the construction m a niﬁcent of this g tunnel , and when it was opened in 1 887 it was agreed on all hands that no greater engineering feat had ever

4 6 Book of Engineering machinery . The Greathead Shield was an invention that followed quickly in action after the boring of the Severn Tunnel , and it pro v ided a means of boring tunnels at depths which were formerly thought quite im prac i ble t ca . Simply described the Greathead Shield is a section of steel tube which can be lowered a At down a sh ft . the bottom the cutting machinery is set in action on the face

of the proposed tunnel . As the cutters work their way forward the shield follows upon some temporary rails . The spoil is passed backwards to trucks which are e already in position , and th se run upon the temporary track to the bottom of the shaft where it is raised to the surface and of disposed .

As the shield goes forward the steel tube ,

surrounded by a concrete coating , is built into position ready for the laying of the

permanent track . In practice a tube is

bored from several shafts , and a shield is working in either direction from the foot a of a single sh ft . Tunnels and Their Making 4 7 The marvel of the engineering feat here is not so much the boring as the accuracy with which it is accomplished . When the sections meet there is rarely more than an inch out in the measurements ! BY ROAD AND RAIL

WITH the ever increasing invasion of the road by the fast motor- coach the railways trafﬁc get more and more alarmed for their , and are therefore ready to consider anything which will help them in their desperate

ht - ﬁg against the new comer . It has long been seen that a dual purpose vehicle would help the railways against the L M S road , and within recent months the . . . Railway has experimented with a new type of omnibus which will serve equally well Karrier R o on road or rail . This is the railer . In previous attempts whatever was likely to be gained by a convertible vehicle was lost by the time taken up or method of transition from a rail to a road unit . 48 By Road and Rail 4 9

Karrier Huddersﬁeld The Motors , of , have tried their utmost to meet the needs of the railway engaged in road work as well

Ro- as in the running of trains . In the railer At r they appear to have succeeded . ﬁ st glance we have just an ordinary motor a coach , but the observ nt will quickly detect n t several sig iﬁcan features . First there are ff bu ers at front and rear , and , secondly , there are some suspicious looking wheels tucked away within a few inches of the ordinary pneumatic- tyred wheels used for the road . The rail wheels are smaller , and ,

of course are ﬂanged . They are locked to an eccentric which keeps them clear of the road when the vehicle is employed

upon the highway . They are on the same axle which is prolonged to provide for the

road wheels . In the ﬁrst test the Ro- railer set off upon

a branch of the late Midland system and , travelling at the rate of 40 to 50 miles an t u l hour , it ran both smoothly and well , ac a ly attaining a higher rate of speed than is employed by the train which it is expected I) 5 0 Book of Engineering At to supplant . the end of the line it ran into a siding where some sleepers had been so placed that they brought the ground level up to that of the rail top . In three minutes the road wheels were lowered and the rail wheels raised . The R o - railer then became to all in tents and purposes a motor- coach and hl ran smoot y through the town , made e a tour for exhibition purposes , return d n to the sidi g again , was converted for rail — travel and off it went the whole trans ference having been accomplished in six minutes for both changes . Those who made the journey remarked that at the same speed the travelling was better on the road than on the railway , a fact which is su fﬁciently rem arkable until we remember that the line up on which the r experiment was ca ried out was a branch , and therefore not so well laid as the main line . There was more swaying noticeable t but hen speed was higher on the whole , also the day was wet and sand had to be used on the slippery rails , the coach By Road and Rail 5 1 being provided with this accessory in an ticipation of such conditions obtaining at times . Although the ﬁrst R o - railer put in service is a passenger vehicle it is hoped to provide goods units , and these will play a very important part in dealing with what may B be called a self contained load . y this is meant a load from its point of origin for a single consignee . It will be possible

Ro - for the railer to be sent to a factory ,

pick up its load , get back to the railway , and then run a distance without limit to the station of destination where it will become road borne again for delivery at the consignees . U p to ten tons weight of goods could be

dealt as with a single unit , and at a speed on the railway which would not be safe A n on the highway . all night trip could be made between towns from 200 to 3 00 miles

apart . For the present the Ro- railer seems to have a special advantage for branch line

passenger services , particularly where the 5 2 Book of Engineering town or village is situated some distance

from the terminus . It is frequent in Britain for the railway to mi ss a town or village by

a couple of miles , possibly due to the foolish opposition of landowners when rail

ways were in their infancy . That town or f village has su fered ever since , and now the road coach or bus is trying to take its tra c fﬁ from the railway . Here the latter has an ally in the new vehicle because it can serve all the intermediate places on

the branch line then , where necessary leave the railway and rejoin it at a spot later on , having given a direct service to the villages and towns which lie off the rail

route .

In addition , whilst travelling along the

R o - railway , the railer can stop and pick up passengers without undue delay or

trouble . When the vehicle is running on the road the rail wheels are also revolving ; these latter are of the laminated woo d wheel type familiar to most of u s in another form upon the railway coach . Such wheels are

5 4 Book of Engineering as tests have proved that on the rail the petrol consumption is exactly half that on the road with the same loading . Unladen ,

- Ro 2 . the railer weighs 7 tons , 5 cwt FLO ATIN G DOCKS

WITH recent years the largest floating dock in the world has been placed at i Southampton . It w ll take not only the largest vessel now afloat— such monsters as Ma estic Levia than the tonners j and , but it is large enough for even bigger ships should they be built . The most common type is that whi ch is shaped like a large oblong box , without end and with hollow sides and bottom . floatin Normally it is g well above water , but when required for use the air chambers are flooded until it sinks down anything 2 0 from to 3 5 feet , according to the draught in of the ship which is about to be warped . So soon as its burden is safely inside , and in proper position , powerful pumps begin

- to empty the water from the air chambers , ss 5 6 Book of Engineering and in a couple of hours , or even less , the ship within is high and dry , ready for overhaul or repair . As every ship must

- be dry docked at least annually , you can imagine that a ﬂoating dock is kept well employed . The demands made upon it set an inventor to work , and he produced a plan by which a single dock could lift several ships a day m clear from their element , but it was eces sary to have somewhere for them to be deposited . This is the depositing dock , and it works in connection with what are called grids .

Imagine several steel sections , shaped like L ” the letter , placed in series at the river side , with a little space left between each of o the sections . A dozen or m re sections make one grid . The sections of a grid are all connected , and are held in position at ﬂoatin the back . The g dock itself is an opposite series of sections , like the letter — L reversed , thus J . This type of ﬂoatin g dock has no ends , nor has it a left hand side . The ship is warped on to the Floating Docks 5 7

fin e rs submerged g of the dock , and is then raised by pumping out . The dock , with its burden , is then towed alongside one of the B r series of grids . y ca eful handling the depositing dock has its fingers inserted between those of the fixed section . Then the water is again admitted to the air chambers , the depositing dock sinks , leaving the ship on the grid . The depositing dock is then drawn away from the grid , and work is commenced on the ship . SO ME TUNN ELLIN G FEATS WHAT would Napoleon have given for a tunnel under the Alps and the trains , which f convey , without e fort , thousands of people in a fraction of the time it took to get those troops over one section of the great moun tain passes ! These great feats of engineering dwarf h completely anything in t is country , but it is only fair to our own engineers to state that from the point of view of danger and drawbacks , the tunnel under the Severn t vies with any hing attempted abroad . The Alps are pierced by several great

- off - tunnels to day , yet who , hand , could mention the name of one of the engineers who were responsible for them ? It is one of the ironies of life that the men who have been constructive in their

5 8 Some Tunnelling Fea t s 5 9

lives are forgotten , whilst those who were

the opposite are remembered , and even receive the aﬂix Great to their names

Napoleon for example . Before any of these m agniﬁcent tunnels i were started upon wh ch pierce the Alps , and give direct rail connection between

France , Germany , Switzerland with Italy , and other countries lying south of these

ranges , a tremendous amount of careful

surveying had to be undertaken . To the average person it seems quite impossible that a long tunn el through moun tain ranges can be started from both ends and then meet within a fraction of a foot within the heart of a great peak . How can the engineer , without actually walking over — the peak a feat often quite impossible be sure that hi s two tunnels will meet and not miss each other by yards , if not by miles ? He B would answer , y careful calcula tions made with compass and theodolite and checked over and over again to ensure ” their correctness . Even so it seems some 6 0 Book of Engineering thing of a miracle , and if we give it a thought we shall see here one of the greatest achievements in theory carried safely for ward into practice . Years were given to the surveys of these

Alpine tunnels , and until they were satis factory there could be no question of award ing the contract . It is not generally known that the tunnel engineer usually contrives his mountain i boring upon an incline , wh ch will not be too great a strain upon the locomotive . Thus there is a point—usually half—way where there is a summit . It is shown very clearly where this summit is placed by the laboured breathing of the locomotive b ecom ing easier , and then by a perceptible increase its in speed as the train starts upon descent . The extra fuel needed for the ascent is compensated very frequently by the possi bility of cutting off steam completely for some miles upon the descent . v In the case of the Alpine tunnels , howe er , electric locomotives have either ousted already , or are threatening to oust , the

6 2 Book of Engineering advance of the art of tunnelling is so great that in very many instances the roundabout route has now been abandoned in favour of a direct tunnel under the mountains . The first of the Alpine tunnels was that known as the Mont Cenis . This was driven by Italian engineers through the Grand V — allon , to link up the Paris Marseilles rail way with those serving Turin , a branch line being also constructed to complete the link . The first blast was fired in the constru c in 1 8 tion of this tunnel 57 , and four years later the machine drill was introduced . This u so led to considerable speeding p; even , it took another ten years before the trains could pass from France to Italy without hindrance . The length is less than eight miles . How greatly the air drill helped the engineer may be gathered , when it is stated first that during the four years , when all work was done by hand , the progress was only at the rate of 9 inches a day upon l either side of the A ps . When the com pressed air drill was fairly at work 45 inches a day were driven through the granite . Som e Tunnelling Fea t s 6 3 A year after Opening of the Mont St Cenis tunnel a new one under Mont .

Gotthard was started to link up Belgium , al Germany and Switzerland with It y . This has a length of slightly more than nine i m les , but the greatest achievement of the engineers was undoubtedly the building of several spiral approaches with which to

gain altitude . Thus the train doubles on

its course , so that there are places where the locomotive and its train is running many feet above where it was climbing a few minutes earlier . The great advantage of the air drill was demonstrated more clearly

St . in the Gotthard tunnel , the work being

accomplished in nine years . Next came the Arlberg tunnel which 1 880 was begun in , and so great was the progress made that it was completed in a little over three years . The rate of progress 0 was close upon 3 feet a day , and by careful organisation the work of bricking the tunnel was carried forward at the same rate as it was excavated . It will be clear that the farther the boring is driven into the moun 6 4 Book of Engineering tain the greater are the difﬁ culties encoun t ere d in removing the spoil and bringing along the bricks and cement . In the Arlberg tunnel 900 tons of spoil and 3 50 tons of masonry had to be moved each day from

or to either face . The Simplon tunnel was next undertaken ; 1 8 8 this was begun in 9 , and completed

seven years later . This is rather more than 1 2 miles long , and it was constructed upon

an entirely new plan . Two parallel headings r were driven th ough the mountain , and

- then , at agreed upon points , cross headings n were driven to co nect the two tunnels .

These served to ventilate the headings , and then one of them was enlarged to allow of

the track being laid , but the other was left in its original condition for thirteen years when it was undertaken and completed

soon after the Great War . During the cutting of this double tunnel both cold

and hot springs were encountered . A name which 1s 1nseparably connected with the Simplon tunnel is that of Alfred l Brandt , who not on y provided the improved

T ELE HO N E C ALL - B O! A R ECENT D ESIGN or P

Fa ce pag e 6 5] Some Tunnelling Feats 6 5 drills used in the work but gave his best He energies to seeing it pushed forward . was a victim to his profession , being killed l Loet h by a fa l of rock . Next came the sc berg , a fraction over 9 miles in length .

As originally planned , the tunnel was to have been perfectly straight and 8% miles in length . A serious disaster threatened to i end the project . After driving the head ng 2 miles through granite the men suddenly broke into an ancient glacial gorge with an underground river in its bed . In a few moments the men and their equipment were overwhelmed and lost beyond recovery .

- Twenty ﬁve men perished . Not to be beaten the engineers blocked up the gap , turned the course of the tunnel , and found the solid granite once more . Coming to the New World we note the wonderful achievement of piercing the

Andes . In point of length the tunnel is insi niﬁcant g , but in point of merit it is one of the most splendid achievements of the engineer . The railway itself is a master piece of careful planning on either side of E 6 6 Book of Engineering O n the Andes . the eastern side , in Argen tina , the ascent is fairly gradual , although towards the end there are some stiff gradients

- laid down upon the rack rail principle , but onxthe Chilean side of the Andes there is a sheer drop of something like feet , whilst in 46 miles to the coast there is a of difference in levels feet . The tunnel was cut through the last two miles of the mountains and the traveller may be impressed to think that he is proceeding at a depth of feet below the old mountain road . Over men were employed on the two - mile tunnel cut through some of the hardest rock that drills have ever tackled ; ﬁrst indeed , the drills would make no impression and time was lost whilst a fresh battery was obtained . Then , with the aid of dynamite , the work went on steadily , the men being divided into eight - hour shifts so that the boring was continuous . It was most trying work for these poor fellows . Two miles above sea level meant

areﬁed . Y t r air , and it was bitterly cold e

THE EVOLUTION OF THE TELEPHONES No one knows exactly who invented the telephone ; there are quite a number of claimants to that honour . But to Graham Bell must greatest credit be given amongst r the early pionee s , because he solved many problems which had baffled previous ex erim enters fif p . Just a little more than ty years ago Graham Bell succeeded in re producing sounds at a distance by means of electricity . And from that first successful trial in America we have the wonderful and com

- plex system of to day , amongst which the

British is one of the best . Sometimes you will see in the Press that it is the worst the writer has had a bad telephone day , i ﬁsh erm an so l ke the who has had no catch , he condemns the whole system . 68 Evolution of Telephones 6 9 How does the telephone work ? is a question that must often have been asked of father . And father , having had a busy day , in which , perhaps , his telephone has annoyed rather than helped , will not give l a satisfying answer . We l , of course , like is all electrical gadgets it a little intricate , and you would not thank me to go too deeply into details . Here is something of a what t kes place when a call is required . There are three distinct parts of the tele phone which you and I know— these are fairly simple . In the Exchange there are thousands of parts , which would take a whole book to explain . The three parts that matter at the moment , are the trans mitter , the line wires , and the receiver items one and three are similar . The receiver (and transmitter) consists of a ﬁtted horseshoe magnet , with a small exten sion piece of soft iron at each end . The magnet is placed very near to the centre of a disc of thin sheet iron , the centre of which is inclined slightly towards the poles of the magnet . Round each pole of the 7 0 Book of Engineering

ﬁne magnet is a bobbin of very wire , the ends of which are joined to the ends of the

two line wires . If you look at the next telephone line you pass you will notice that there are generally two lines for each

service , and that they cross each other on their journey from pole to pole to obviate

what is called induction . When the telephone is used the sound of

the voice enters the transmitter , the sound

waves strike upon the disc , and so causes

it to vibrate , and the vibrations follow

exactly the sound waves . These are carried

along by means of the magnetic current ,

ﬂow along the line , and are then reproduced

on the microphone . Those are the general principles of the

working of the transmitter , line and receiver . Now we can get outside again for a moment

and look at the lines . These are of copper , though there were many steel lines in exis tence . Though galvanised , steel wires f quickly rust , and there is a loss of e fective

ness . Now , as far as possible , the trunk routes (and also City lines) are being put Evolu tion of Telephones 7 1 underground in cables . Overhead lines ff su er in storms , and communication is often broken down from this cause . But even the cables are not free from trouble and water is the greatest enemy , if the slightest crack develops in the covering material , water will penetrate and interfere seriously with transmission . Quite recently a large exchange was cu t off from London entirely through storm water penetrating ‘ the cable ducts . r A cable will contain hundreds of wi es , in pairs , and in order that they may be identiﬁed more readily , each wire has its wrapping of coloured paper , the colours w arranged in sequence . The ires are then covered with a waterproof insulating ﬁnall t material , and y they are armoured wi h a lead jacket . Earthenware pipes are laid , these are called ducts , and through them the long cables are pulled . Now come to the telephone exchange the place with a thousand eyes which glare at the stranger entering the large room of — m . or , i ystery , eyes are wh te ! Most of ! the 7 2 Book of Engineering

rather opal , but some appear bloodshot , these latter indicate a public service such o e as a call fﬁ c . Each wire from the cables or from the overhead lines is led into the

exchange , and here it ends at the back of the switchboard . Connected to each wire is an indicator which signals the operator when the person at the other end of the line desires to make a call . One thing in — particular strikes u s in the exchange that At is the absence of bells . our end we get the thrilling sound of the telephone bell too often , and we talk glibly of ringing up the exchange . If we did , those poor girls ‘ would be driven to sheer desperation ; it is quite bad enough to have a succession of eyes winking at one . When we need to make a connection , we lift our receiver in from its usual position , and straightway the distant exchange an opal eye becomes bright , a minute electric bulb being ignited by the lifting of the receiver . The actual termination of the caller ’s wire is termed a jack , and several hundreds of them will confront the telephonist . She Evolution of Telephones 7 3 is not expected to attend to all the callers

they represent , and all the numbers which she has on her board will be duplicated on

others . Immediately one of the eyes ﬂashes its

message , the telephonist plugs into the jack ,

and asks for the number required . If the

number should be on the same exchange , i e . . a local one , the connection is made at

- once , but should it be for a long distance call , then several connections will have to be made . The telephonist enters the service as a young girl , often as a girl probationer . These have indoor work something like that given to juniors in a commercial office ; ou collecting duties and so . Then she passes to the telephone school , though a few are selected to be trained in telegraphy . As more telephonists are usually required than there are girl probationers , there is also the direct entry into the class from the 16 1 ages of to 9 . The training is a very a careful one , and any girl who c nnot adapt herself to the work must seek employment 74 Book of Engineering n elsewhere . There is a medical exami ation to pass , besides the training , and a Civil Service certificate must be obtained before a new- comer can be appointed to an estab lishe d position . The examination is not difficult very , and any girl who has reached the highest standard in an elementary school difficult should have no y in getting through . The training in the school is very interest ing , the telephone ear and the telephone voice receiving special attention . The voice must be distinct , low , and penetrating . ’ r s The must be rolled , and there are certain figu res which must be pronounced in a way entirely different from that usually used . This is very necessary , or the wrong n caller would consta tly be summoned . The low speech of the telephonist is at once noticeable on visiting an exchange ; instead of a babel of voices one hears just ff a subdued murmur , far di erent from that of the irate gentleman who brings down the house when he speaks telephonically . It is , r of course , very necessa y that the telephonist s should hear a low voice , besides posses ing

7 6 Book of Engin eering end of her service , or a gratuity if she should leave to get married . There are other advantages which are common to Govern ment servants , and the fact that the position is a permanent one weighs with candidates for what has been called The Hello Ser ” B i vice . y the way , a telephon st must never say Hullo In one corner of the exchange is a set of numbers , and if one watches them closely for a moment a click is heard and then i something like the work ng of a cyclometer , mi another mile is added to the total , the le being a call in this case . Before these meters were introduced the telephonist had to record each call upon a little ticket , and there was an enormous amount of work involved in sorting out the slips of paper , and then making out the quarterly bill for calls . A touch by the telephonist works the register meter The meters are for local calls ; tickets must be made for what ru are called t nk services . ff n u Girls sta the excha ges by day , us ally

8 a m 8 m . from . . till p. , then men come on Evolution of Telephones 7 7 for the night hours , though such an arrange a ment does not apply to all exch nges , especially where the night work is com r l pa ative y light . Not so long ago a newspaper announced that the telephonist would be extinct in a few years owing to the rapid extension of the automatic telephone exchanges . The journalist was quite wrong . It is more than possible that , when the whole country is linked by automatic working , the actual number of telephonists will be much the same as now . The automatic exchange largely eliminates the local telephonist , but the trunk operator will remain . As the telephone habit is growing rapidly , and with it the number of lines and calls , the loss of staff due to the automatic working will be off set by the greater number of trunk calls required . Once the householder has the telephone installed he is not content ’ to use his phone for purely local calls ; a he will want to t lk with distant friends , so the telephonist is not likely to become a back number , especially as the automatic 7 8 Book of Engineering is not feasible , at the moment , for more than local working . The day may come when everybody will be their own operator , using wireless tele phony for communication . It is , of course , a dream , but , in this age of wonders , so many dreams have come true that it is never safe to say : That is quite im pos ” sible . The automatic telephone and its working is too complex for description here . But here is something of the simpler side of re automatic working . The usual telephone ceiv e r is fitted with a dial with numbers 1 to o . All the numbers on the automatic ex change must consist of a group of four fi u re s g , that is why , at the moment , in antici pation of the change - over to automatic work ing , the numbers in the London area are fi u res being altered to four g . When a call is wanted , the receiver is lifted off its hook if in the usual way , and a low hum is heard , then you know that you have your connection with the exchange . The dial is then operated by placing a finger in the Evolu tion of Telephones 7 9 number hole corresponding to the group fi u res of four g , which comprises the tele phone number of the subscriber whom it is desired to engage . Then you bring each of the four numbers round in turn to the s stop position , and then relea e quickly each time a number is recorded upon the line . ff If the call is e ective , you hear the ring of a bell ; if not , you hear a steady droning noise showing that your subscriber is engaged . In the silent exchange there are tiers of switches , and here , by very complicated and delicate electric instruments , the con t n nec io s are made good . I should want several pages to describe exactly what hap pens here , so we will push on to note what is perhaps the greatest and most recent development in telephony—this is telephone con ersationwith Am eri and th Dom inions v ca e . Our Post Offi ce experts have been working on the problem for a very long time , and now success has crowned their efforts . How

- far reaching such services may prove , it is yet too early to say . 8 0 Book of Engineering For some years telephony to France has been a regular feature of the service , and quite recently all parts of Germany have been linked with this country by submarine and underground cables . Holland and Bel nn gium were already in co ection , so the day is not far distant when all European countries will be able to speak with Britain ; this , of course , quite apart from wireless .

8 2 Book of Engineering

' Mauretama B remen such craft as the and the . Either of these are much slower than the latest destroyers , but again the fastest war ship travels at less than half the pace of Miss En land II the speed boat such as g .

She is indeed a wonderful craft , and inter est in her will never die , mainly because e of the sad ev nt , the loss of Sir Henry e S agrave , during her successful attempt on the speed record . Since her misadventure and loss she has been doing splendid trips

Mr K . under . aye Don Here are a few facts about this superb ﬁrst speed boat . In the place her engines

- develop horse power , yet her pro l pel er is quite a tiny affair , but it turns at revolutions a minute ! The stem of of the boat is stainless steel , and its edge is like a razor . THE RIVER TRAINS

A BELGIAN engineer has perfected a most ingenious system of transport for use on Diﬁi the river Congo and its tributaries . culties of transport have always been a drawback to the development of the Belgian

Congo , and many efforts have been made in the past to improve upon existing methods . Now comes the river train , a system of mechanical portage designed to solve the problem of river transport where rapids are a bar to transport of the usual t ype . The power unit for the river train is a 3 00 horse - power steam launch of an r unusual type . The t ain consists of a

- 0 series of twin hulled boats , 9 feet long , six to eight being employed with each train . In order to appreciate fully what exactly is in the mind of the inventor we have to 83 84 Book of Engineering realise that the vast Belgian Congo is splen didly supplied with a river system which is unexcelled in any similar area . Not only is there the Congo River , but there are numerous tributaries which make up some thing like miles of inland water ways within the colony . t Unfor unately , apart from rapids , a great deal of this total is made up of stretches of water which has an insu fﬁ cient depth for the steamboat or barge of the usual a type . Indeed , a recent series of c reful surveys shows that there are about miles of waterways where a craft must have a draught of not more than three feet ; another miles will take boats drawing — up to six feet , whilst the remainder about — 600 miles in all is available for ocean going craft . Something has been attempted— and successfully so far as the experiments have a — been c rried out with aircraft , particularly

l - t s of the seaplane and f ying boat ype , but it will be appreciated at once that the load of such craft is negligible in comparison The River Trains 8 5

th e with barges . As the exports of Belgian Congo are for the most part of a heavy hi nature , it is clear that aircraft w lst useful t rafﬁ c for fast and light , and particularly for passengers , cannot take the place of — river transport hence the river train . U p to its coming the mode of transport was slow and costly , consisting of light draught canoes with hand portage Wh er ever the rapids were encountered , or again where shallows made navigation im prac ble tica .

The amount of trans - shipment rendered necessary from such a course was trem en dous , and the exports and imports to the Belgian Congo suffered considerably in handling . The double - hulled barges comprising the river train take to land wherever the river

is impracticable , becoming , for the time

- f or being , a mono rail train . Assume a moment that the barges are in tow of the

tug and making good progress upstream . There are rapids ahead which will check

the progress of the river train . But at the 8 6 Book of Engineering side of the stream , just before the rapids are reached , a cutting into the bank is So observed to which the tug is headed . soon as the tug and its burden are within the channel it is observed that it takes a

curve to bring it parallel with the river ,

though it left it at right angles . Along the centre of this channel piles nk have been su , and care has been taken to ensure that whatever the state of the r sufﬁ cient st eam , there shall always be water 1 to cover the p les . As the channel goes on the piles come nearer and nearer the sur

face . Upon the piles , towards the end of

- the channel , a mono rail is laid and the wheels which are placed within the saddle of the double hull engage upon the rail so soon as the river train is drawn sufﬁciently on to the slight upward slope of the

piles . The piles go on to dry land and the mono- rail is laid across them until a similar

channel is encountered beyond the rapids , where the river train takes to the water n o agai by reversing the pr cess just described . The River Trains 8 7

r The piles are of no ordina y type , for m they are called upon to take a load , esti ated 0 at 8 tons per pile . There must be no movement nor subsidence , and they are therefore sunk in solid concrete to a con rable t side dep h . At ﬁrst it was thought that some sta tionary or motive power on the land would have to do the work of taking the river train round the loop which circumvented the rapids , but the inventor came to the conclusion that this method was not only r unnecessa y , but would largely destroy the economic working which was his prime objective . He n , therefore , plan ed the tug on the double - hulled system also and divided hi s

. 1 0 power unit in two Thus , there is a 5 horse - power engine in each section of the l hu l . Each engine drives its own screw

- when the boat is water borne , and when it begins its climb out of the water to negotiate the land loop , the screw is disconnected and the power of the engine transmitted to th e wheels by means of coupled transmission 8 8 Book of Engineering

gear , quite a simple operation and one which efﬁcient has been proved to be . It is a wonderful achievement really to have produced a tug which is equally at r home on land or water , and it is rema k

able to see her leave the water , ascend

- gradually the inclined mono rail , travel

along the level for a short distance , and then head for the second channel

with her train of barges behind her . In order that these shall not over- run their mentor on the descent to the water

again , a set of powerful shoe brakes is

supplied for the wheels . These , by the way , consist of four sets of two wheels

in line .

The two hulls are quite distinct as units ,

- and are steel built . They are joined by a

platform , under which are the wheels

referred to . The platform is laid upon transverse girders , and it serves as a con meeting link between the train and also as the bridge of the craft . The total beam of

- 18 the double hulled barge is feet , and when

- rail borne they maintain their equilibrium ,

9 0 Book of Engineering It may be wondered how the barges are

- got upon the mono rail . This is really an automatic procedure due to the gradual narrowing of the channel , which forces the barges into a confi ned space at the centre in which are the piles and their super imposed rail . afloat Each barge has a helmsman , and he becomes the brakesman ashore . The change over from screw drive to wheel propulsion is accomplished as soon as the tug is astride of the rail and whilst the propellers are still submerged ; this prevents the screws racing with possible damage to their shafts . The change over from water to rail takes less than ten minutes , and although the speed on the rail is less than in the water , a rate of fiv e miles an hour was maintained when the trials were carried out on the a c nal at Willebroeck just outside Antwerp . The operation of the river train will be watched very carefully by those who are faced with similar transport conditions , but it needs little consideration to arrive at the The River Trains 9 1

t a point hat the idea has gre t possibilities , and that it would be cheaper to introduce the river train on waters which have not been canalised rather than to attempt the t lat er . SPEED AND THE ENGINEER

WHAT is the most remarkable revolution accomplished in the last century ? If just a little thought is given to the subject the answer would surely be The revolution ” in speed . Rather more than a century ago the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester r railway , with considerable trepidation , we e formulating the conditions for a trial of locomotives . A commission had reported against their use , suggesting the rope and stationary engine at various points along the thirty miles of track . Many of the directors favoured the use of horses for haulage , and George Stephenson had the greatest difﬁculty in persu adm g his employers to let the locomotive have a look in at all .

94 Book of Engineering was the only engine of those entered to

fulﬁl - the conditions , passing the ten mile test and actually averaging something like 1 5 miles an hour for the whole of her

trips , whilst at a special trial she reached

3 5 miles an hour . The triumph of speed indeed ! — Now there are two kinds of speed the

spectacular and the useful , and in the in stances we are to consider let u s keep those

two kinds always in mind . Some prefer — — spectacular most young folk do others — will prefer the useful a speed which may serve every day and without any special l preparation . Thus , ta king still of the iron u s road , let see the two kinds of speed it b rieﬂ upon , tracing very y the upward

tendency upon the railway . Speeds rose rapidly as soon as the rail ways settled down to work ; very soon the average rate of travel of the express train 0 had reached 3 miles an hour . This appears u s slow to , but one must consider it as relative to the best on the road and here 00 in then we have a 3 per cent increase , Speed and the Engineer 9 5

a say twenty years . Then it went ahe d , but , strange as it may seem , the average speed of the best express work accomplished in

- 0 Britain to day is less than 5 miles an hour . That does not look like the triumph of speed does it ? But think again of the loads carried at the rate and here we have the useful speed . Six hundred tons by a single locomotive at close upon ﬁf ty miles an hour for three hundred miles on end , — well that is really a singularly wonderful triumph and there is nothing so good if load be considered on sea , on road or in th e air . Such a speed as the Flying

Scotsman gives , for instance , is far below W hat the locomotive could perform , even so to average 47 miles an hour means f re quent stretches at over sixty and often that

a - g llant green coated steed , with a load d a which would have shocke our forebe rs , l attains eighty mi es an hour . The ﬁnest recorded speed of a train this as apart from an unattached locomotive —was accomplished on the Great Western 1 0 — —0 t in May , 9 4 , when a 4 4 Ci y of 9 6 Book of Engineering Truro was clocked at miles an hour

between Exeter and Bristol . Higher speeds in are frequently quoted , but no case will they bear the criticism which may be i e B applied , . y how many independent travellers was the alleged speed recorded ? In the case of the City of Truro with ex eri her mail train , there were several p e nced a checkers on board , who e ch made

their notes of passing times , each with a

- all specially tested stop watch , and they n i agreed within a fractio of a m le .

There we have the triumph of speed , but I would not call the miles an hour use ul e a the triumph of f speed , b c use special preparation was given and it was necessary to have the course quite clear for the light O u t ahn ost mail special . the o her hand it is certain that when the railways settle down i fairly , after the r grouping experiences and the general standard of track improvement u is f rther advanced , the average speed of our expresses will be raised from its present ﬁgu re to at least 60 miles an hour between t erm lnals the . It will have to be so or

Speed and the Engineer 9 7 road coaches will take the express traffic as they have largely already filched the local . G o back again a century for our com th e parison with the present speed on ocean . Under sail high speeds were frequently registered when the wind served . Possibly the best speed would equal fift een land miles an hour in the most favourable cir um stances - c of wind and well handled ships . But we get a finer appreciation of what steam has meant on the ocean when we note that a fast passenger sailing ship from Y Liverpool to New ork took a round month , occasionally it was run under that time , but this involved weather conditions which r r were ideal , and , therefore , a ely met with e on th North Atlantic . A century ago the fast clippers h ad yet t r to appear on the scene , have hei heyday and then disappear before the onward march of steam . The clipper represented t the triumph of speed in sail , and we migh say that the best was an equivalent of

twenty miles an hour . 9 8 Book of Engineering

e ﬁrst St am came to the river , and here the early paddlers were hopelessly out classed by the fast sailers ; indeed , on American waters in the early days of steam the skippers of the sailing craft would return their passengers ’ fares if they did

- not arrive well ahead of the steam boat . A hundred years ago the Atlantic had i been crossed with ships hav ng steam , not yet could they be called steamers , as they used their engines much in the same way as a sailing boat to - day would use her auxiliary power in the shape of a small motor engine . ' — It was in 1838 that the Strias a tiny — cross - channel steamer P opened up the F Atlantic erry under steam . Her speed was only that of a sailing ship— but—she was the able to maintain it all way across . Call it ten miles an hour all the way and So we are not far out . soon as the Cunarders had opened up their glorious record of safe and speedy travel on the ocean- that was 1 — ﬁrst in 840 speed be gan to mount . The Cunarder did very little better than the

1 00 Book of Engineering their going , besides rendering the ship helpless , much damage was done and twice fine at least a ship endangered . But speed was demanded and again came the triumph of speed until we reach , by definite gradual but stages , the splendid ’ 1 0 Mauretam a in 9 7 . For more than twenty years she remained supreme amongst liners , but then came the German ships B remen Euro a and p and beat the old Cunarder . 2 Even so she notched over 9 knots , more 0 than 3 miles an hour , when extended . Warships have already surp assed the Mauretania and the forty mile an hour has been well passed . But speed on the water belongs not to steam , but to the petrol engine . Here we have again the break between useful and spectacular speed , between a great ship with huge earning power and the splendid , rofitable but not p , motor boats like Miss a Miss En land Americ and g , the late Sir Henry Segrave ’ s wonderful craft which easily beat all records in the spring of 192 9 0 and 193 . Speed and t he Engineer 1 01 It seems hardly worth while recording the speeds attained by such craft as Miss En land g , by aircraft or by the racing motor car . To write confidently of the rec ord to day means that before the printer can get to the setting up of his type a higher figure

has been reached , one alters it in the proof and again before the printer can make the

correction the record is obsolete . — And so it goes ou always the triumph

of speed . There is no apparent limit and too often has the prophet been hopelessly out e e of it in th s matters . THE MARVELLOU S TELEPRINTER

BOY SCOUTS and Girl Guides will know the Morse key upon which messages may t be tapped out . For six y years or so it has been the principal method of sending tele

Ofﬁ ce . grams in the Post , now it is doomed — Something better has come along the at n teleprinter . To look , the telepri ter is t exactly like a ypewriter , indeed , it is a — n typewriter but somethi g more , because the message typed upon its keys is coming 00 out in typewritten characters , perhaps 3 miles away .

The old Morse sounder , which has been the standard instrument for most telegraph ofﬁces 0 , is capable of a speed of about 3 words a minute ; the teleprinter can manage

60.

THE WELLAND CANAL

IN September of 1930 Canada brought another great undertaking to a satisfactory conclusion ; this was the Welland Canal St connecting Lake Erie with the . Lawrence waterway . The Welland is rather diff erent from what we understand by the word canal in

Britain , since the largest liners at present — running to Canada that is vessels of

tons , could use its waters . No less 2 000 000 than J( 4 , , were expended in cutting i th s great waterway , and it is a tribute to the farsightedness of the Canadian Govern ment that they have undertaken this and similar schemes for linking the great rivers i and lakes with the sea . Such undertak ngs have an important bearing on British com merce generally because eventually it will

1 04 The Welland Canal 1 05 enable the wheat of the greater part of the Dominion to be brought from the middle a belt without tr nshipment . s In all , the Canadian ship canals compri e six distinct systems and their total mileage is close upon The new Welland Canal is an extension of a centu ry- old canal which extended from Port Dalhousie on Lake Ontario to Port

Robinson , where a connection was given with the Welland River . Although the 2 s original canal was only 7 mile long , it had to be given no less than 40 wooden locks to surmount the big difference in the level between its beginning and its end . Such a canal could scarcely be satis s factory , and within a few years variou alterations were made in an endeavour to it improve . The extensions carried out at the same time gave connections with Port Colborne t rafﬁc s on Lake Erie . As grew the lock was became congested , and a bold scheme undertaken within ten years of the opening which had the eff ect of reducing the forty 1 06 Book of Engineering

- locks to twenty seven . Masonry took the place of wood and a considerable deepening took place to allow of the rapidly growing steam - boat tralh e between the lakes and the river to be accommodated . Even then the projectors did not foresee that remarkable grain trade which was to furnish the canal with the greater part of its trafﬁc , whilst at the same time making for ex treme congestion . One bold attempt to relieve this congestion was the designing of a — special type of grain carrier a vessel about 600 feet long , accommodating far more than the earlier types and making for economy of working . In practice it was still found that transhipment had to take a pl ce in the case of cargoes for Britain . It became obvious that the locks must be l greatly en arged , the canal deepened , and , if practicable , that the locks should be further reduced in number . On careful consideration by the experts it seemed better to straighten out the route , indeed , to construct an entirely new length 1 2 Allanbu r of miles from Lake Ontario to g,

1 08 Book of Engineering — the Straits of Belle Isle a distance of something like miles . There is a difference of 3 26§ feet in the levels of the Welland Canal , so it will be appreciated h owwonderfully those immense locks serve . THE RAILPLANE

EVER since railways were introduced the engineer has always been puzzling himself as to whether it would not be possible to do away with one of the two rails . Many systems have been tried , and although a fair measure of success has been attained , nothing has so far been evolved which is better than the present system of the dual rail . The mono - rail has had a great deal it of attention given to , but it has not

ever gone beyond the experimental stage , save perhaps in the case of the Laritgu e

system , which was employed in Ireland between Listowel and Ballybunion This

little system ran for many years , and although it had the element of success it in , there were so many disadvantages in 109 I 1 0 Book of Engineering pract1ce that it was not thought worth while

continuing . The latest attempt at a mono - rail system ni Rail lane An is known as the Ben e p . experimental installation has been laid down over some disused railway track at Miln av ie g in Scotland . The total length of this rail lane 2 p is 4 5 feet , and the whole of the

- and equipment is full sized , not laid on the model principle in which most of the mono — rail systems have begun and usually ended . The object which the inventor has in mind is really to obtain a system of high

speed transport , which shall have all the safety of the railway with the speed and form of the airway . The Z eppelin - shaped car accommodates 0 5 passengers , and it is driven by propellers

placed fore and aft , with the object of 1 0 attaining a speed of 2 miles an hour .

The overhead structure , upon which the wheels of the car will run , is quite an

imposing erection of girder work , and the ﬁrst critic , at sight , would be inclined to say this will be a fatal obstacle to the

1 1 2 Book of Engineering d is claime , therefore , that whilst the usual surface railway is confronted with the difﬁ culty of burrowing through hills and through t cut ings in order to keep a level track , the railplane can be carried over any obstacle and th e method of propulsion is such that the speed of the car will not be materially f a fected by quite a substantial gradient . Not only has the surface railway to be placed in tunnels and cuttings , but there is the enormous cost of embankments in order to secure easy gradients . The great point in favour of the railplane would appear to be the fact that no additional land would have to be taken for its construction ; in deed , even where the present roads or rail were not utilised by placing the elevated track above them , it could be carried across ﬁelds without seriously affecting their value from an agricultural point of view . The overhead tracks are carried on trestles which are placed at suitable intervals to support the two rails which are so important . Although the railplane system is described

- as a mono railway , it needs to be added

1 1 4 Book of Engineering would work in combination with a magnetic brake control . Although the design of the overhead track for th e railplane is planned for steel construction , the inventor points out that reinforced concrete , or even timber , can be employed if these are cheaper or more i eas ly obtained . Further , he advocates that an elevated roadway either for fast motor t rafﬁ c or for pedestrians could be provided difﬁcult without y . Every eff ort has been made to reduce m friction to a minimu , thus the car itself

- is stream lined , just like the gondola of a an airship . Running on single overhead rail , and equipped with modern ball bearing devices for all rotating parts , there is comparatively little friction to be

anticipated . The air screws are driven by electric

60 . . . motors , whose output is b h p at

- r . p .m . on a one hour rating . Should it be

necessary to stop the car suddenly , this can

be done by reversing the car screws , and so easily would the stoppage be made The R ailplane 1 1 5 that the occupants of the car would not r feel any discomfort from its ab uptness . In comparison with the construction of rail lane tube railways , the Bennie p system n seems quite i expensive . It is estimated that the cost per mile of double track for rail lane 20 000 the p would be under J£ , , whilst that for underground railway works 8 0 000 out at J£ 5 , , and even tramways cost anything up to a mile , and the

60 000. average surface railway at least J£ , Mr . Bennie is anxious to see one of his double tracks in operation between Glasgow and Edinburgh , and he claims that the whole of the present passenger traffi c could be accommodated by eight cars , which would be so arranged in service th at there fiv e would be a departure each minutes , the journey between the two cities taking w only t enty minutes . The critic would immediately seize upon the diffi cu lty of keeping such a large area of girders in proper paint condition . Remembering that the Forth Bridge takes a small army of men constantly at work , it 1 1 6 Book of Engineering would seem that a good length of railplane track would be equally expensive in this

respect .

Again , the inventor is ready with an answer ; he says that the whole of modern

ﬁrst - progress is to obtain , , long lasting efﬁ cient enamels and paints , secondly , methods of spraying the paint , and , thirdly , of incorporating in the steel something which will make it rustless such as chronium , although the latter would be out of question at the moment from point of cost . He th e does admit , however , that painting of the track would cost almost as much as its running . A moderate system gives this 200 paint work as costing J£ per mile per

annum , or with other details such as signalling stations and so on it would 00 possibly run to J£3 per mile per annum . Each car would require only one attend ant , the entrance and exit gates being automatically controlled . The inventor contends that here alone th ere would be substantial savings in wages costs . Those who have seen and tested the

THE HUMAN SALAMANDERS

WE are not thin king now of the real

salamanders , those animals endowed with ﬁre such mysterious powers of resistance ,

if legend is to be credited . Rather do we think of those hard - working fellows who help the glass blower by making his pots It is perhaps generally known that glass is manufactured from a combination of ﬁne powdered ﬂints , or possibly sand ,

mixed with various earths , etc . These con stitu ents must be well mixed under very

great heat , and here it is necessary to provide something in which this may be accomplished— hence the pots provided by the salamanders These pots are

ﬁre - made from brick clay , and they must withstand very great heat without bursting

ﬁre - or cracking . The brick clay is mined

1 1 8 The Human Salamanders 1 1 9

something after the fashion of coal ; indeed , it is usually found in alternate seams with

coal . It is not so comfortable down the ’ clay mine , though the coal miner s job is

never a pleasant one . But the clay has to

be blasted out , and the water is more of a nuisance down a mine in which clay is

present . When the ﬁre - brick clay is brought to the surface it is run off in the small tubs

- to a shed where the pot maker , with end less labour , proceeds to fashion it into a An pot . There is the mixing stage . assistant uses his bare feet to render the mass of burnt and unburnt clay into a workable condition . The work of building up a pot is laborious in the extreme and unless the greatest care were taken there would be a tiny hole which would allow of the molten glass to escape and so ruin the work of the equally

- patient glass maker . The pot can be added to only little by little day after day , and no chickens in an incubator have greater

' care than does the pot as it dries very slowly . 1 2 0 Book of Engineering

Frost will , in one night , undo the work of weeks , and often the workman must stay up all night to watch his charge , just as the shepherd on the adjacent hills is keeping his vigil too . The pot is built up in layers s of about four inches high , and a each layer is added the pot must be left for ﬁni sh ed several days to dry . When it is it is grey in colour and resembles something like a small hippopotamus , but without legs . Ten months are required for the pot to dry out , and during this period it needs constant scrutiny to determine whether all is well , whether the drying needs acceleration or retarding , and whether the tiniest crack is visible . The day comes for its despatch to the neces glass works , and the greatest care is r t sa y in handling i . When it arrives at the i works it goes nto store , there to await the cracking of a pot already in use , though some are so good that they actually wear out without a crack appearing . The new pot does not pass straight to normal duties ; if it did it would most likely

1 2 2 Book of Engineering to be in good condition , ready to take the place of the old one . The glass - house is never a cool place with the furnaces constantly at white heat , but the actual breaking down of a side of the casing which holds the old pot makes the place an inferno . Clothes , as far as k possible , are discarded . Working quic ly the old pot is brought out by the use of the strange tools , each having its own par u lar t ic task . For some reason the men shout ru of a medley of inst ctions , some which must be disregarded , since one man is obviously contradicting the order given by his mate .

The old pot out , the new one must be l put in its place without delay , and certain y without being allowed to cool down , or danger would result , and almost certainly it would crack badly . With a deftness born of long practice the i new pot , weigh ng at least half a ton , is slid into position , and the aperture through which it was inserted is made good by ﬁreb ricks ﬁnish , and also wet clay for The Human Salamanders 1 2 3 ing off round the neck and mouth of the pot . When the man in charge passes the work

as good , the sweating crew are ready to slake their thirst after one of the hottest jobs that a human being is ever called upon

to undertake . The new pot is then ready for its load of material from which ﬁne glass- ware will be produced on the following day to serve and delight the women - folk of this country

and many across the seas . The visitor is warned to keep a reason r able distance from the fu nace , and also

- from the white hot pots . Many a decent pair of trousers has been hopelessly ruined ﬁerce by coming within reach of the heat . And that is how the pot - maker and ﬁx er helps to the production of one of our great

necessities . THE ROMANCE OF THE BARRAGE

FOR many centuries water- power has been

neglected , and it is only since coal rose so

considerably in price , that the various nations of the world are turning more and

more to what is often called , fantastically

perhaps , White coal

There are , however , other uses for water

power besides the generation of electricity . Long before electricity had taken the ﬁrm hold it has of modern enterprise , the bar rage was serving splendidly in various parts a of the world , and p rticularly in Egypt . ﬁv e Herodotus , some centuries before h C rist , wrote these words Egypt is a gift of th e Nile It would seem that Herodotus lived in an age when something of the present system of barrages must have been in existence , perhaps on a greater scale , 124

1 2 6 Book of E ngineering

system of irrigation canals was evolved ,

and these , together with the annual ﬂooding

of the great river , kept the banks green when the rest of the desert was absolutely

sterile . The ancient engineers employed what

was called the basin system of irrigation , by means of canals and natural channels they ﬂooded certain sections in such a way that when needed the water could be drawn off and seed planted in the rich alluvial

deposit . Whilst it is usually conceded that Britain has taken a tremendous part in the con

struction of the Nile barrages , it is well to remember that the real work of making Egypt a much more prosperous country than it had been was begun by the Egyptians themselves in the early part of the nine t eenth century . Mohamed Ali introduced l the cultivation of the cotton p ant , sugar

cane , and many kinds of fruit trees which

had been unknown in that ancient land . first His engineers were Egyptians , but many of them had received their training Romance of the Barrage 1 2 7 in Europe . They worked largely under the F direction of eminent rench engineers , and they began successfully the works which were designed to control the water supply r of the Nile . Perhaps the most rema kable of these native built barrages was that of 1 8 the Delta , which was constructed in 43 . Kh Another great Egyptian , the edive 1 86 18 Ismail , who reigned from 3 to 79 , proceeded further with the work of irriga He tion . cut that famous Ismailia Canal , which not only irrigates a very large portion of desert land in the Delta district , but actually carries drinking water to Port Said and the canal zone generally . Ibrahirnieh Another great canal , the , was 1 8 dug in 73 , and this enabled sugar to be cultivated on a large scale in Upper Egypt . r All this was ve y excellent , but it did not o 1 88 g far enough , and in 3 the Government of Egypt summoned well - known Anglo Indian engineers to advise what could be t e accomplished in the future , and to organi se the works which had already been carried out . 1 2 8 Book of Engineering One of the first results was the improve ment of the Delta barrage , which greatly improved conditions for the agriculturists of that part of Egypt . One of the results of the improvement of the Delta barrage was the tremendous increase in the value it of the country which lay around . Fields trebled in value , and some increased even so n more , produci g crops which had pre v iou sly been thought quite impossible to grow in Egypt . The next step was the construction of 1 0 the Assuan Dam in 9 2 . This is one of the fine st engineering works ever carried A ssint out , and in conjunction with the and Z the ifta barrages , a complete revolution in upper Egypt was carried out , and this part of the ancient kingdom made extremely s valuable , both to its inhabitant and to the

Government . Not only did the Assuan Dam make things so much better in upper Egypt , but the conservation and then the re lease of water made possible by its con struction resulted in greater prosperity for

1 3 0 Book of Engineering

r ve y much shorter of course by air , and now new barrages are proposed in the Sudan which will greatly increase the pro du ctivit y of that country . The great barrages are there as permanent e monum nts of the skill of the engineer , but what is often overlooked is the direct out hi B come of such work as t s . y making land more fertile , a greater population can be o u maintained in greater comfort . This p p hi lation can pay larger taxes , w ch means that the Government ha s more to spend on social services . Tremendous strides have been made in education and social reform , particularly as regards improvement of All health . this has been possible through the work of the splendid engineers who ﬁrst designed and then built those monu mental barrages whi ch are so im portant to

Egypt .

The most recent of the Nile barrages , the was as Nagh Hamadi , opened as recently 1 0 December 93 . The work was carried out ﬁrm d by a British , Sir John Jackson Limite , 1 and it was begun in 927 . Romance of the Barrage 1 3 1 To carry out this great work it was necessary to build dams , called locally sudds , to enclose the areas which had to be pumped dry before it was possible to go forward with the permanent work . The condition of the river would allow of this particular side - line of barrage building to be accomplished in only ﬁv e months out of It the twelve . , therefore , reduced the three years to considerably less if this factor is taken into consideration . Fortunately for

Egypt there is no scarcity of labour , and many of the natives made what to them was a small fortune by their work in con nection with this important barrage . Organisation was the secret of this suc cessfu l venture , and the contractors saw to it that whenever it was possible to go for ward with the work , materials were already assembled for the purpose .

ﬂe et 200- A of six tugs , towing ton barges , were working night and day for three years , employed solely in bringing the limestone from the quarries 70 miles downstream to the side of the barrage . 1 3 2 Book of Engineering

a Brit in sent out tons of cement , and close upon of steel sheet piles were required . The barrage represented over tons of rubble masonry and concrete , merely for foundations , and over

concrete blocks , each of which weighed 44 tons , were placed in the aprons . Possibly the work could not have been accomplished in so short a time had it not been for the employment of ﬁve electrically driven aerial cableways which were estab B lish ed on either bank of the Nile . y this means it was possible to bring the heavy concrete blocks into position , and drop them where required . h ou sands T of men were employed , and the work had to go forward at breakneck speed whenever the condition of the river allowed it .

1 3 4 Book of Engineering in the provinces , and yet theirs is the

most pressing problem of all , when we think of the terrible congestion which is n daily found at Liverpool Street . O the

London , Midland and Scottish , several isolated provincial electriﬁcations have taken

place , and one very important scheme in connection with the t rafﬁ c working from

Euston northwards as far as Watford .

In one respect the L .M . S . may claim to have gone considerably farther than the

Southern , since they are enabled through their connection with the Underground Railways to work trains originating at Wat

ford right south of the Thames , proving a

very considerable boon to the passengers . ’ That is a brief resumé of what has been accomplished in the matter of electriﬁ

cation . But the great problem with all our rail

ways is the question of additional capital , and even when it can be proved that such deﬁnite capital will bring a return , there is some trepidation in asking for this sub

“ scription in view of the t erriﬁc onslaught Challenger of Locomotive 1 3 5 on railway trafﬁ c made by the motor

bus . i This being the case , our ra lways are making every eff ort to explore fully alterna tive s to electric traction . Some success has been achieved already by the adoption of the greatly improved rail motors turned out by

firm s . such as the Clayton Wagons Ltd , and o firm s the Sentinel Wagon C . ; both these have greatly increased the effi ciency of the steam locomotive employed upon the rail coach . For branch lines where the traffi c is not heavy , but yet where a frequent service i is demanded , nothing better is l kely to

- be evolved than these self contained cars . But obviously such vehicles have their limits , and they are quite unsuitable for suburban lines where the trafﬁ c is really heavy , and where the only alternative to electrifying them has been the employment of very powerful steam locomotives .

The experiments conducted on the L .M . S . with various locomotives of unique design ,

- such as the turbo electric , etc . , have not 1 3 6 Book of Engineering

a trafii c helped to a solution of the suburb n , whatever they may have achieved as regards providing a more efficient power unit for express trains . Within recent months another develop ment towards greater effi ciency has been tried by the L . M . S . In this instance one of the usual electric trains has been handed over for conversion to Diesel - electric traction . Already on the sea the Diesel engine has proved its efficiency and has made railway engineers think whether its power could be utilised for the production of electric cur so rent . If , there would be no reason why effi cient an electric train , which would w travel any here at good speed , could not be provided without recourse to the enor mous expense of building power stations

and electrifying the tracks . The unit under consideration consists of a Diesel - electric

set placed in each motor coach or locomotive . The experiment has now been under

review for several months , and at the outset a

gear drive was considered practicable . After

1 3 8 Book of Engineering 3 system as this and that it would save the heavy cost of electrifying the remainder of the Metropolitan system . It is suggested that the train might draw its current from the live rail up to the point where it ends , and then the Diesel engine should be coupled up to provide power for the rest of the

difﬁculties There are , of course , some in the way of the adoption of such a scheme , and there are some engineers who contend that the Diesel - electric unit will have to have considerably longer testing than it has it so far been possible to give . The great

- point , however , is that the Diesel electric system could be proﬁtably employed on lines which need electric traction , but for which the cost under present conditions is certainly prohibitive .

In comparison with steam , the balance is very largely in favour of the Diesel engine , nor has progress in the development of the high speed Diesel engine been in So any way exhausted . far from that being the case , these engines are now being made Challenger of Locomo tive 1 3 9 with an approximate total weight including k 0 lb . 2 2 . radiator , fuel tan s , etc , of to 5 per h .p. Such being the case , it is obvious

- that , per horse power , the balance is heavily in favour of the motor engine as compared with the heavy and costly steam locomotive . The general principle of the Diesel

electric vehicle is quite simple . The equip ment consists of an engine driving a direct current generator which supplies the cur rent to the traction motors ; these are of

standard type .

It might be asked , Why Diesel engines , when the internal combustion motor has been brought to such a high pitch of efﬁ cie nc y , also when the cheapening of petrol has so considerably reduced the cost

of running such engines , that there is little to urge against their employment ? It may be pointed out that as on ships the Diesel engine using crude oil results in great

economy , so for railway work the cost is much lower than in the employment of efﬁ cienc petrol , while the y is quite up to the

standard of the engine using the latter fuel . 1 4 0 Book of Engineering It may be of interest to mention here

- that the petrol electric coach , and the petrol

electric locomotive , are by no means new , since a large number of both kinds of vehicles were sent out to France during the War and used with great success behind the lines on the light railways which were r built for transpo t of munitions and stores . Now to consider the problems involved

- in connection with Diesel electric traction . At the outset the power vehicle , whether it is a locomotive or a motor coach , bears a resemblance to the steam engine in that — each is self contained ; in addition , the out deﬁnite put of its prime mover has a limit . In the second place the transmission of power , being electric , is capable of high r overloads for limited pe iods . Owing to the enormous capacity of a power station when compared with the

- r rating of the rolling stock motor , ordina y electric stock permits the full advantages of the electric motor to be utilised to the utmost limit . It has been the aim of the designers of the Diesel - electric equipment

1 4 2 Book of Engineering constant voltage from a direct driven exciter , or , in certain circumstances , from a battery . field field The second is a series , acting in field opposition to the shunt .

ak 00- h T ing as an example a 2 . p. equip ment , it will be found that the reverse series ﬁeld automatically limits the currents which can be applied to the traction motors , even when starting from rest . Thus there is no t possibili y , by faulty manipulation on the i a part of the driver , of obta ning too gre t an acceleration or of spinning the wheels . It should also be noted that no starting resistance is required in the motor circuit .

Further , the shape of the output curve of the generator is such that over a wide range of Speed the engine is being utilised At at or near its maximum output . the same time , however , the engine cannot be overloaded . The control of the power given by the ge nerator to the traction motors can be varied either by control of the engine speed , ﬁ ld or by control of the e of the generator . A combination of these two methods is Challenger of Locomotive 1 4 3 , found to provide th e simplest and the most

economical method of control . Other points in which motor coach operation diff ers from that of the locomotive

is found in certain details , particularly in

- cases of multiple unit operation . Thus it may be desirable that all the operations connected with starting up and shutting down the Diesel engine shall be controlled ’ from any of the driver s compartments . This can be quite easily arranged for on

the driving controller , so that the operator

has one control only to manipulate . Two additional notches are provided on the n master co troller , and these are provided

with interlocks , so that they are inoperative so long as the driver wishes to keep the

engine running . The master controller can in addition be provided with the usual ’ deadman s handle , the operation of which

opens all the circuits , shuts down the

engine and applies the brakes . It is in f — e fect absolutely fool proof, and neither the engine nor the electrical equipment

can be overloaded . 1 4 4 Book of Engineering

The pioneer Diesel - electric set built by the English Electrical Company is to the order of the L .M . S .

- 00 h . The 5 p. engine is of the Beardmore h as type , which eight cylinders , the engine 0 k w 600- being coupled to a 34 . . volt k 8 .w generator and a . exciter . The conversion of a unit of the electric stock used on the Manchester- Bury line to Diesel - electric propulsion has been carried i out by the engineering staff of the ra lway . The engine has four speeds and the gener ator supplies power to two traction motors ,

0- h each of 2 8 .p. mounted on one of the motor coach bogies . In normal services the motor coach will operate with three trailer i coaches , mak ng a compact and useful train with driving compartments at either end . A 1 20- volt battery consisting of 60 cells n is provided for starting the engi e . The battery is connected by means of a change over switch to the generator ; the latter acts

as a motor , and rotates the set until the ﬁre engine commences to . The battery is

then disconnected from the generator . In

Challenger of Locomo tive 1 4 5 addition to this the battery , under certain conditions , supplies the lighting and control f or current , also the power driving the exhauster motors . Normally these supplies are provided by the exciter , but as the latter is driven by a variable speed engine , arrange ments have to be made to provide them from the battery whenever the exciter voltage drops below a certain limit . Each motor- coach is 5 2 feet long and unloaded , it weighs 3 3 tons . It is provided with a control compartment at each end , ﬁrst and one baggage , one , and one second

class compartment . The coaches are painted in the well - known red uniform of the and the whole train is a very ﬁne example of what may be accomplished

in such a conversion as that described . XVIII

THE MARVELLOU S TELE- WRITER

THERE are many wonderful instruments ’ at work in London s great telegraph ofﬁce ’ t - le - at S . Martin s Grand , but the most — — remarkable to the visitor at any rate is

- m the tele writer , because it seems al ost

human . There is nothing much to see until the

machine begins to work , and then it is most uncanny . A pen is held against a block of paper and suddenly it begins to move and letter after letter is written in a ﬂowing l hand . More remarkable sti l is the wonder

ful way in which the pen , having reached n r the end of a li e , begins another but ﬁ st a t kes a dip in a small inkpot . This curious instrument is reproducing in the big Telegraph Ofﬁce in London the message which is being written by a city

146

THE ROMANCE OF THE PANAMA CANAL THERE is a strong probability that there will be a second Panama Canal cut through that narrow stretch of land which divides

the two Americas . The United States

Government is now considering the matter . That such a vast expenditure can be con t em plated is suffi cient proof that the present f ulfille d canal has expectations , and that the traffic attracted to the isthmus is so great that a single waterway will no longer suffi e Yet reflect c . how strange it is to that the first attempt at a canal across the Isthm us of Panama should have been a fiasco complete , involving many people in serious losses and even ruin . The French had been very successful with the Suez Canal , and it is not surprising therefore that they turned to fresh fields

148 Romance of Panama Canal 1 4 9 for conquest . That a canal might be cut across Panama had long been envisaged ; 1 8 0 indeed , in 5 , the governments of Britain and the United States concluded a treaty under which the complete neutrality of any canal across this portion of America should be guaranteed . Nothing was done as to the cutting of the canal until some years after the Suez venture had been carried to a successful conclusion . The Colombian government were approached and they readily under took to give the land for the canal on the condition that at the end of 99 years the waterway would revert to the country . Other conditions were that the canal could not be transferred to any other nation and that it should be completed within twelve M years . When it was known that . Ferdinand de Lesseps had consented to

take charge of the scheme , to visit the site

of the proposed canal , and then to super ﬂowed vise its construction , money in and onﬁd n e c e c ran high . There was some 1 5 0 Book of Engineering diff erence in opinion as to whether the

canal should be cut at sea level or be locked , de Lesseps favouring the former as in the

case of the Suez waterway . There were many causes for the whole

sale failure of the scheme , not the least being the corruption which crept into the

enterprise . Everywhere money was spent l lavish y and often unnecessarily . The estimates were proved to be wholly u nreli

able ; the survey was too perfunctory , w hilst the health factor seems to have been com letel p y overlooked . That deadly climate

took a terrible toll of the workers . It is summed up by saying that in the worst of the seasons forty people daily were being buried in cemeteries which were soon over

crowded . Although the venture was badly planned and carried out with a tremendous amount

of extravagant outlay in fees and appliances , the work went on steadily for several years .

Then , at last , de Lesseps admitted that he had not allowed sufﬁ ciently for the tropical rains which caused small streams to become

1 5 2 Book of Engineering

Atlantic . A large section of the United States people expressed the opinion that this should be a great national undertaking , carried through at whatever cost might be necessary , and that it should not be regarded primarily as a money making concern . A commission was appointed to go into first the whole question , and they at found in favour of a canal which would include th Lake Nicaragua , which , whilst not so di cult in some respects as the one planned by de Lesseps , would nevertheless mean a length of over 183 miles to be navigated between ocean and ocean . The cost was estimated at which was less than had been squandered upon the u m finish ed French venture . When the liquidators of the French com pany heard of this counter proposal they a became very nxious to sell their enterprise , r such as it was , to the United States gove n finall ment , and y President Roosevelt came to terms which saved a little for the poor

French shareholders . The next step was to come to an agreement with the Colombian Romance of Panama Canal 1 5 3 government , not an easy matter by any first means . One of the demands of the — U . S .A . government and one which was very necessary to allow them complete free dom of action- was the making over of a belt of Colombian territory six miles wide to come under the Stars and Stripes . It was a delicate matter to negotiate a treaty which would not off end the suscepti bilities of the Colombians over the ceded r territo y . But the leaders of the smaller country were not unmindful of the rich monetary bait ; more particularly they saw in the successful cutting of the canal an increased prosperity for the country gener th e ally , whilst the towns and villages near canal zone would be be nefited both during the construction and later on when traffi c was passing regularly to and fro . Once the treaty had been made the American engineers got busy with their i t plans , which meant a v r ual scrapping of the work already carried out . They looked a o far head , seeing that even if the carg ship did not increase greatly in length and 1 5 4 Book of Engineering

a n depth , the liner and warship most cert i ly would . Therefore a minimum depth of 3 5 feet was determined upon with a minimum width at 1 0 At the bottom of 5 feet . every turn in the course of the canal it was decided that widening on the usual minimum should be undertaken in order that the ships could be steered more easily and without endanger ing themselves or the banks of the canal . A waterway 50 miles in length was neces sary though the width of the isthmus at its narrowest point is considerably less than

that . From the Atlantic the canal pursues

an even bed for some miles . t Then come the Gates of Ga un , where the ship must ascend 85 feet for the next

stage of her trip through the waterway . ﬁne Here is a very engineering achievement , involving three successive locks for this big

difference in levels . In view of the very serious damage which would result if a i sh p collided with the sides of the lock , and

a possible block as the result , all vessels must be towed through the locks by electric

1 5 6 Book of Engineering Every stagnant piece of water was either abolished or so treated that the deadly mosquito found no safe hiding place for her eggs . Malaria and yellow fever had been i tracked down to th s hateful insect , and though perhaps no one would yet consider the canal zone a health resort it is f ortu nately true that white men are free far more there from the disadvantages of a tropical climate than in many other parts of the New World . Gatun Lake is rather a favourite stretch of water with shipowners for they find here some recompense for the necessarily heavy tolls which they must pay . The water of Gatun Lake has this curious property that it dissolves very quickly the marine growths upon the hull of a vessel which so tend to slow her speed . The period between dry docking a ship that uses regularly the Panama Canal may be extended consider ably through this strange property of Gatun water . 2 In length the lake is about 3 miles , and from it the ship enters the celebrated Romance of Panama Canal 1 5 7 — Culebra Cut an obstacle that seemed so t e rrific to the French engineers, and by no n mea s easy for their successors . When in progress the work was constantly held up and the men and machinery threatened by r t e rific landslides . One of these deposited thirty million cubic yards of rock and earth upon the excavation which had been pre

pared . With the landslide went houses and machinery . It took two years to clear up this trifle , and held up the canal to that extent .

The Cut is nine miles in length , and the whole of its course had to be prepared with the greatest care ; even so there were many occasions in whi ch the water disappeared as if by magic and there were curious u hillocks in the middle of the course , p heavals which had not been there the day before , and were doubtless caused by sub terranean pressure . Another set of locks is now encountered and these lower the ship — Mirafiore s into still another lake that of , an expanse of water less in size but of greater beauty than Gatun Lake . After 1 5 8 Book of Engineering passing another section of the canal the final set of locks is reached , and these place Pacific the vessel upon Ocean level . Of all the marvels of this feat of engineer ing the locks and their machinery are th e greatest . In these clever brains were allied i r with sk lful hands . Elect icity is employed to a greater extent than in any similar i undertak ng . Thus , there are more than 200 distinct electric motors employed in the lock houses , whilst there are the useful and exceedingly handy electric locomotives , already mentioned as employed upon towing duties . Placed end to end the locks would measure feet and 60 motors are devoted to the opening and closing of the gates . i There is a central control house , in wh ch n the engineer in charge for the time bei g , can see at a glance exactly what is happen ing at every lock , the state of the water and the number of ships in course of transit being shown upon the charts and dials . Never was work so concentrated as here .

THE DEVELOPMEN T O F THE STATIONAR Y EN GINE

THE constant improvement of the sta tionary steam engine is often overlooked because of the more spectacular achieve ments of the locomotive , or again by the greater efﬁciency attained aﬂoat with both turbine and reciprocating engines . Here are some of the useful improvements made in recent years with stationary engines

depending upon steam .

‘ The Question of Eﬁiciency a nd Economical Lubrica tion

The idea of enclosing an engine as a means of preventing the oil being thrown about the place originated during the watch

1 60

1 6 2 Book of Engineering pe rhaps the pass - out t urbine is the best a r example for all round st tiona y work . The main principle of this method of i work ng is that the low pressure steam , as n extracted from the turbi e , is allowed to do work in the high pressure stage

ﬁrst .

It also does away with a high back - pressure u inefﬁ cient t rbine which is very . The main advantage of this type of turbine is found in cases where the demand for low- pressure steam does not correspond

with the load , or where the demand is

not constant .

Under such conditions , it would appear that governing would be a very difﬁ cu lt

thing , but with a specially designed oil relay o governor , on which an is chronous gear is n ithi superimposed , governi g is brought w n

the ordinary limits , and hunting is non

existent . The method of controlling the amount of steam being passed out is by means of s a ported gate , the port being set in such s a way as never to allow them to clo e , this D eveloping Stationary Engine 1 6 3 being made necessary by the fact that the turbine is exhausting to a condenser . The steam consumption of these turbines is very little more than an ordinary turbine for any given load , of course , taking into account the amount of steam being passed out . Such turbines are now available up k w to about . .

Diesel Engines

Diesel engines have been available for many years now , and recently one was brought out as a totally enclosed high - speed engine , being made in three standards . These three standards can be m odiﬁed and varied to meet most requirements between k w. 1 50 and . They are of the land type , being particularly suitable for driving electric generators , and are easily adaptable for shipboard use . They embody all the experience gained in the manufacture of high - speed reciprocating steam engines over and a period of many years , the forced 1 6 4 Book of Engineering lubrication system is applied to every a be ring . These engines are of the a1r mject1on type , are single acting , operating on the four stroke cycle , the piston being of the trunk type . The air compressor is of the

- three stage type , with coolers after each compression , the delivery pressure being up 1 000 1b to a , . per square inch , and there is a pressure and output control on the intake valve . The compressor is driven by an overhung crank at one end of the main shaft , and is mounted on an extension of the main

- run engine bed plate . Since these engines at higher speeds than are usual , provision is made for cooling the piston head and exhaust valves by oil when conditions make this necessary . Always , on the larger standards , the exhaust valve seats are water cooled . The high - speed Diesel engine offers many

- advantages over the low speed engine , the chi ef of which are more power from the

same space , less head room required on

HOW THE EN GINEER HELPS THE RAILWAY

SO ME remarkably good locomotive tractors h ave been designed and placed on the M market by . Gaston Moyse , of Paris . These machines have been tried at various goods depots of the French Railways ; having proved successful there , they have been experimented with in various industrial works . Many attempts at the adoption of internal combustion type locomotives have been made , and although a fair amount of suc c ess has been achieved there have been difficu lties found inherent , such as lack of elasticity or flexibility in the gear for the t ransmission of the power generated by the difficult engine , in other words the y has b een to secure an easy application of power . How Engineer Helps Railway 1 6 7 M . Moyse has adopted electric trans mission , and has thus secured traction units which possess practically the elasticity of a steam locomotive . The power unit of the new locomotive tractor consists of a four cylinder Panh ard - Lev assor petrol motor ; this drives direct an electric generator of

- Thomson Houston construction , which delivers direct current for operating the two closed motors , one of which is applied to each of the two axles of the locomotive . By the adoption of this electrical m ance u vrin g gear , the locomotive can exert a haul in ff ﬁ ur 10 0 1 e 00 b . g e ort up to any g within , rw in either direction fo ard or backward . In addition it can exert a maximum trac tive eff ort at three miles per hour of nearly oo lb 9 , 5 . In running order the weight of the locomotive tractor is 2 0 tons and it works up to a maximum speed of 1 5 miles per hour . The total length over buffers is

2 2 - feet , while the wheel base is 9 feet only . Under test it has been found that this handy machine can handle satisfactorily a 1 6 8 Book of Engineering load of 700 tons on the level at an approxi mate speed of 3 miles per hour , a speed , by the way , which is adequate for most shunting work . The locomotive tractor has also been able to deal with a load of 1 50 tons up to a 1 0 grade of in 5 . The new machine has been designed to conform to all the requirements of the standards laid down by the Berne Conv en tion . In order that the locomotive tractor efficientl may be y braked , Westinghouse air brake apparatus is provided ; in order that o r n shunting may g fo ward in dark ess , the machine is adequately lighted by elec t ricit y . Special attention has been given to the provision of an effi cient lubrication system ; all fittings for this purpose have received most careful supervision . In many directions eff orts are being made to supplant the steam locomotive , and it would seem that for shunting duties at any rate , the internal combustion machine is likely to prove the most suitable substitute .

Thus compared with the steam locomotive ,

1 7 0 Book of Engineering ordinary type of locomotive found on our i eﬂi cient railways , is , wh le a most machine , r also a ve y expensive one , not only in its ﬁrst cost , but in running . We have only to consider the boiler , for instance , to realise that it is far from an economical steam producer ; in addition th ere is a great deal of its area exposed to the air , and at v speed , the air takes a very hea y toll of its heat .

Then consider , for a moment , the reciprocating operations of the locomotive , apart from the wear and tear , which is l natura ly very heavy , there is a very certain deterioration caused by the dust and cinders which pass to the most delicate parts of ’ the locomotive s anatomy . For the rail

- tractor , such as the Atkinson Walker , many claims are made , and careful analysis of them shows that they are well based . Not only is the ﬁrst cost of such a machine very much less than a locomotive performing

similar work , but it is more especially true that the maintenance charges are much

lower . The builders guarantee that the fuel How Engineer Helps Railway 1 7 1 consumption will be more than halved , and the lubricating costs approximately one fourth . By adopting an automatic lubricating system there is no time lost in standing u by for oiling p. The whole of the work ing parts are adequately protected from track grit ; the boiler is as indestructible be as it is possible for a boiler to , and it is pressed to produce a high - pressure dry

steam . Then it is possible to halve the size

of the boiler , and also to protect it thoroughly

against radiation . Steam is raised in about half the time as compared with the usual n type of locomotive , and , taki g the power

exerted , the weight is certainly less . From a working point of view there is the gain t hat one man can give adequate attention , ﬁrem an t the being dispensed wi h . In the Atkinson - Walker rail tractor the

engine is placed vertically , right under the ’ driver s eye ; it runs at a much greater speed

than the driving wheels , and the claim is made that as a consequence it asserts great

starting effort . The steam is distributed on 1 7 2 Book of Engineering the u niﬂow principle which is simplicity

itself , besides ensuring economy ; the engine

is easily reversed , and eccentrics , radial

valve gear , piston or slide valves are

absent . The makers supply their own

steam valves (there are no exhausts), and

these only require facing , grinding or ring

renewal .

In place of the usual side coupling rods , ﬁnd with their rather complicated joints , we

simple roller chains . The boiler is rather ﬁtted small , of a vertical type , with water tubes ; it is especially well lagged and pro t e ted c from draughts . It is built of steel

- throughout , and consists of a two piece

welded structure without screwed stays ,

- s steam joint , rivets or crown bridges , and it is so arranged that by breaking two joints it may be taken easily apart for cleaning

the steam and water spaces . As far as the ﬁre - box can be made indestructible that of

the rail tractor may be so classed , the only parts of the boiler proper which require renewal are the water tubes ; these are short i and are very eas ly replaced .

1 74 Book of Engineering wasted . It goes without saying that the boiler of a self—propelled vehicle is its most important component , and the greatest attention must be given to its construc tion .

- — The ﬁre box of the Atkinson Walker rail tractor is especially efﬁ cient ; it is made of steel without stays or rivets ; it is circular

in form , squared in its upper parts to

receive the tubes , but its lower ﬂange and ﬁring and clinkering openings are welded to

the bottom portion of the outer shell , the

top portion of the outer shell , by the way , circu is removable for cleaning inside . The

lation is most rapid , and as the insides of — the tubes and the outside of the ﬁre box

can be kept clean , the steaming power of the boiler and its original working pressure remain practically unimpaired during its

- i life t me . The superheater is of rather a

unique form , consisting of a solid steel tube

placed right in the way of the hot gases . The special ﬁring device mentioned above

conduces to coolness in the cab , and totally

prevents glare from the furnace . How Engineer Helps Railway 1 7 5

A feed - water heater of an efﬁ cient u n ﬁtt ed breakable yet easily cleanable type is , the feed pump is of the Duplex slow speed type . For such a small locomotive the water tank may be described as of generous capacity . In addition to the usual man

- and hand holes an accessible , cleanable strainer is provided in the delivery pipe ; each axle is driven by adjustable roller chains from a cross shaft by the engine and crankshaft through a pair of bevel spur wheels .

The axles are of high tensile steel , accurately ground in the journals ; for the z axle boxes cast steel , bron e bushed is employed ; these are automatically lub ri cated . The driving wheels have centres of mild steel with separate mild steel tyres ; the brake gear is operated both by hand and steam power ; sanding gear of a very bu fﬁn simple pattern is provided , whilst the g gear is of standard design for work with

- rolling stock of the normal type . The sus pension gear is of the usual semi - elliptic spring type . 1 7 6 Book of Engineering The Great Southern Railway of Ireland have recently placed in service several Drewry internal combustion rail cars for branch lines and intermittent passenger services on the main lines . These coaches appear to be the very type of inexpensive unit for working such lines as are found in Ireland where trafﬁc has never been too

heavy . The u r nning costs are low , and even if they load up to less than half capac ity it has been proved that they will pay

their way . Two types of the Drewry rail car have been supplied by the makers from their Burton - ou - Trent works ; one of them — 0 h - is of the 7 7 5 .p. four wheeled coach for

the 5] feet gauge . It was stipulated that this car should give up to a speed of 40

miles an hour on the level , and yet be able to attain a rate of 20 miles an hour up a 1 gradient of in 75 . They have accommoda 0 tion for 3 passengers , and it is estimated that the total running costs amount to less

than one shilling per mile . This type of

— - car is ﬁtted with a 6 cylinder water cooled

1 7 8 Book of Engineering

- ft To work upon the 3 . gauge track some smaller Drewry cars have been built , these — h 0 . . are 4 45 p , and except that they are smaller and lighter , they follow generally the details of the broad gauge cars . These rail cars have already proved to be extremely economical , and those employed on the narrow gauge show a total working cost which is under ninepence a mile . XXII

SN APPIN G THE MAILS

CLICK ! Thud ! Those are the noises heard as the big mail train flashes by th e trackside apparatus for the exchange of mails .

Click , thud , is heard throughout the night as the train hastens on its journey from s London to Aberdeen , whilst the orters aboard the mail are working against time . How do the men know when to put the bags ready on the standard for the ” trackside net to take off ? is a question that has often been asked . t r In the day ime , of cou se , they can watch various signs by the side of the railway , or they may pass under or over a certain t bridge . But at night here is nothing to be seen , save perhaps the lights of a village or town . 1 8 0 Book of Engineering The mailmen know where they are exactly

by the sounds made by the train . Each bridge passed over has its own particular

sound , each cutting through which the

train is rushing has a note all of its own . As an exchange point is reached the men within the mail van put whatever bags are due to go into one or more stout leather

pouches . As many as four light mail bags o can g in a single pouch . The pouch is r strapped eady , and is then clipped upon

the standard . When the sound of the rail way tells the man in charge that the train

is rapidly approaching the exchange point , he pushes out the standard with its two or

three pouches , and at the same time drops

a net from the side of the van . Then an electric bell begins to ring ; it says As you ! value your life , do not pass this spot

No wonder , for there is the usual click and the thud , and something black comes ﬂying

into the mail van through the open door . It is the pouch picked up from the track i side standard . Ma ls have been exchanged at sixty miles an hour !

1 8 2 Book of Engineering orator at a street corner , or again for use as the body of the errand boy ’s delivery vehicle . It will be at once apparent that the timber for the ordinary wooden box could not be grown at home in su fficient quantities to firm suit the needs of perhaps a single , such as Lever Brothers , therefore , many a cargo of timber finds its way to these shores which will be devoted entirely to the production of the common soap box . Whilst most of thi s timber comes from northern Europe , and Scandinavia in par ticular , practically every country , except perhaps France and Italy , contributes its quota to the works of the English box maker . hi r reaff ore s In t s count y , the question of tation has only become acute since the

War , and even now there are many deploring that we do not do more with our waste land than allow it to remain treeless . In

Scandinavia , however , the wealth of the forest is fully appreciated , and there is a law which ensures that for every tree cut down at least one must take its place . The Romance of the Box 1 8 3 There is a limitation placed on the amount of timber cut , and care is taken that , so l far as can be seen , the yearly supply wi l be made without rendering the countryside bare of its trees . For box making the timber obtained from spruces and firs is preferable to any other kind . The Norwegian spruce , sometimes fir called the White , is the tallest of European firs n 60 , often growi g to a height of feet .

Then there is the northern pine , of which there are tremendous forests in Russia and

Scandinavia generally . Whilst the Nor wegian spruce produces a very light — i yellowish white timber , the northern p ne gives wood which is best described as a

- light reddish yellow . Either of these kinds of wood should be obtained from trees not less than sixty years old ; if they are older so much the hi th e better . The reason for t s is need for i a obtain ng he rt wood rather than sap wood , th e t latter being the grow h of recent years . In a young tree the bulk of the timber would come under the term sap wood , and 1 84 Book of Engineering

u it is so soft as not to be worth export . O the other hand , it would never do to allow the tree to become degenerate before it was felled . It is obvious , therefore , that if forests are properly cared for and their trees planted in sections year by year , a succession of timber of exactly the right age will be available . In the forests there will be found the ’ - wood cutters camp , and almost invariably this camp will be pitched as near to a stream or a creek as possible . Naturally enough , there is no cheaper method of transporting timber than by water , and although the streams and creeks will not penetrate into the interior of the forests , it is often possible to carry forward the work so that the men are never far from water . A good deal of the felling is done in the th e winter months . When trees are cut down they are ﬁrst trimmed of their bark nk and branches , then the tru s are loaded on to sledges and pulled over the snow by horses until the nearest water is reached . ff the As a rule , no e ort is made to ship

1 8 6 3 00k of Engineering hi s p load , and is stored in huge quantities

at Port Sunlight until it is actually required . Having seen how the timber reaches Britain for one of the largest ﬁrm s using u s boxes , let now see how the engineer has been brought into the business of box pro

duction on a large scale . Time was when the making of a box would have been a ’ carpenter s job , now it may safely be said r that it is essentially the work of the enginee . H e it is who has ev olved that wonderful w machinery which takes the plank , and ith

a very few processes , converts it into a box , printed with the name and address of the ru user , and in many cases some inst ctions as regards the quantity and quality of the t ﬁrm fu ure contents . In the case of such a

as we have in mind , whose trade is world

wide , it follows that several languages are e us d for giving this important information . ﬁrst box Strangely enough , the Operation in making is to print the necessary particulars t upon the wood before any hing else is done . Clever machinery has been devised whi ch s cuts to the exact size the side , ends , bottom The Romance of the B ox 1 8 7 and lids of the boxes . The cutting , although it seems so simple , involves some remarkable

- dove tailing of the ends and sides , for these boxes will have to stand a great deal of hard usage before they are delivered to their destination . The sides and ends having been dove tailed , the box passes on for the next opera tion , which consists of nailing on the bottoms , but this is not done by hand , for the engineer has evolved a clever tool which is well named the automatic nailer . It is in charge of an operator who is enabled to turn out scores of boxes each hour . All that he has to do is to pick up the framework of the box as it reaches him , select three bottom boards , place them into position , press a foot treadle , reverse the ! box , press again , and hey presto the box is made . The machinery feeds itself from a ﬂow of nails which descend by a series of tubes ; they always arrive with the sharp point downwards , then they glide into the slots and so the automatic nailer is con stantl y fed with the necessary supplies . 1 8 8 Book of Engineering The boxes which have to go abroad are further strengthened by having small bars accom nailed across them , this work is also lish ed p by clever automatic machinery . The boxes are now ready for their con s tent , and directly these have been packed safely inside there is another machine wait ing to nail on the lids . This is largely a replica of the machine which did the work of nailing on the bottoms . r t o Eve y hing seems to g so smoothly that , as with many other details in life , we are apt to take the whole business for granted ; but it is well to give a thought to the clever brains which visualised each of these Opera tions and then perfected the machinery to carry them out .

1 9 0 Book of E ngineering the fellow , who now suspected a case of

- leg pulling ; instead , it was explained to him that the liner had now been equipped with the recently invented Fathometer . This is

a most ingenious piece of apparatus ; indeed , it is claimed to be the greatest advance since the gyro compass or direction ﬁnding by

wireless were introduced . As its name may

have suggested , it is an instrument for ﬁnding out how many fathoms of water

there are underneath a ship . Naturally such an instrument is rather

complicated , and it consists of three distinct l : main parts . They are divided as fol ows

The Indicator on the bridge , comprising a dial whi ch has a clock- like face divided n 0 into fathoms , begin ing at and running 1 0 up to 3 , is the visible termination of the t appara us .

A fathom is , of course , six feet . The dial on the bridge is connected with a delicate microphone placed in the bottom of the

ship . A wire connects it with the bridge

apparatus . The microphone is very sensi The Wonderful Fatho m e t er 1 9 1 tive and picks up the echoes from the

bottom of the sea . These echoes come from blows (which the stoker heard) made by a hammer on the plating of the vessel ’ s

bottom . When the mechanism is set the hammer strikes about each three seconds and the sound of the blow travels to the bottom

of the sea , and then gives back the echo which is transmitted , via the micro phone , to the bridge . It has been known for some time that sound travels through water at a uniform rate of feet per second . The mechanism is arranged to give regular blows at the intervals men tioned i , wh lst another very delicate piece of apparatus measures the time taken by the echo to reach the microphone ; by that means the depth of the water under the ship is known to a foot . The Fathometer is only set to work when the liner is within a reasonable distance of the coast and fog or mist supervenes . In clear weather going into or leaving port the pilot is able to know exactly where he is ; 1 9 2 Book of Engineering in bad weather he had to take an awful t on responsibili y if he kept , whereas if he advised anchoring there was a fairly good risk of the liner being run down by some vessel which had not taken the same pre caution . Fog is gradually losing its terrors for the skipper of the big liner , and we may imagine with what anxious eyes the dial of the ﬂash Fathometer is watched , a red at the marked portion telling the observer exact depth of water .

THE EN D

G ' A N D A D EN T U R E S ER I ES n IRLS SCHOOL V ot . Louisa M. Alcot t I T T E M EN T i L L WO . his is one of the most del ghtful books for gi rls t . Th e r ever writ en girls are very amusing types , and their expe iences are wa wh 1ch all Th e o told in a y appeals to . character of J is drawn very v d and we grow to ove the g r wh o manages to get nto so many Vi i ly, l i l i scrapes and then get out of them cleverly . T T E E E T LI L WOM N WEDD D . his is a continuation of the life of M i . e r th e Little Women g , happ ly mar ied at the beginning of book , am u sm d 1fii ul e s A s exper ences the man tr als and g c t1 of a young W fe . i y i “ ” i the boo draws to a close we see the Little omen changed nto G k W i ood Wives and all ends happily . T T E E Th LI L M N . e further experiences of J o are re ated in this enter l Al taining book , for she sets up a school for poor neglected boys . though B h ae r l a hard tas , she and Professor manage t we l , and the bo s all k M i y thought of other and Father B h aer W th than ful hearts . O f co urse i k , e i the lads get into scrap s , wh ch helps to make the book most amusing . U N ER T H E A B e n hi s S a c1rcu s D LIL CS . and dog ancho run away from fi nd W1 th B ob B i l and a home and etty in the old house under the l acs , and h s many adventures there with the ch i dren are descr bed W1th i M A ’ ll i humour and sympathy in iss lcott s typica style . A N - A E A d eli h tfu l stud a h e al th u OLD F SHION D GIR L. g y o y co ntr w f y h o t h . E girl , goes to stay rich friends verybody learns to love her for unse lfish ne ss her charm and , and she proves a helpful person when her k Sh e l a friends become ban rupt . eventua ly m rries the son and all ends happily .

E T C S N S . T i R wh o IGH OU I his is the story of a little g rl , ose , has wh o lost both her parents , and goes to live With her aunts and seven boy c ou sm M s . a er Uncle x, a breez sea capta n who s a so her guard an , H y i , i l i and herself are two ver lovable characters . , y R ” S E B Th R . Th e O I N LOOM . e further story of ose charming bud i i ri of a g rl blooms out into a be—aut ful and lovable maiden , the f end , the peacema er the be lo ed oi a espec all y o the one th whom she ﬁnd s k , v ll i f Wi happiness . ’ J O S T Men BOYS . his delightful story deals with the Little when h S the grow u p. Th e irrepress ble Tomm B angs st gets 1nto l scrapes . ’ y i y ill o s own i i n T j ch ldren help towards the making of the book , and eddy one can see the old J o of Little Women . ’ - Th A UN T J O S S CR AP BAG A N D S HAWL S TRA P S . e Scrap B a g s a real treasure house and Shawl - Straps a d e h gh tf ul account i , E m A m en can u l . B i of the run through urope of a party of char ing g s r ttany , m t z e rland r wh 1m France , S , Ita are a l pleasantl and cleverl t eated , ly , l y y s xcal adventures told and we get a ua nt p cture o ondon n t e da s , q i i f L i h y of our mothers . ER E M A ' l SILV PI T CHER S . ight stories in iss lcott s best vein ; jo ly gi rls and e uall oll boys full of l fe and s in ts and del ghtf ul to spend J , p q y y ’ i i an eveni ng w th . etty s Tramp s part cularly good and etty as tender i L i i , L as the Tramp 15 strong and true .

A V i v l d J ACK A N D J ILL . portrayal of the home and school life of l r Ne w E . Jack and Ji l , and their f iends in a ngland Village Jack and Jill i l . commence With a spill but Jack soon recovers , though J l is badly injured W1th d om g However , other children , they have a gloriously happy time all i manner of interestin g th ngs . ' G IR LS A N D A D EN T U R E 2 8 ll “ SCHOOL V SERIES 1 .

R. D. Blackmore

T To m D N E. h e R ight onourab e S aw , writing in 1 9 14 LORNA OO H " l h u m n B T H H : h I i ooks hat ave elped me , said W en have seen and te l w of th e I r h o i . t too much seamy side , have always a f iend W ll help Lorna Doone i ll carr me to sweet meadows and who eso e co untry W y " l m h ie , to deeds of modest courage and high endeavour .

Nancy Delve : T M R H E FOUR TH FOR M . ona hodes begins her life at school by u arr l cou sm hat ng and q e h ng th her popular , Al ison , but Nonie Shi elds theimerry madcap of tWhie Fourth Form becomeslher nseparable chum , ’ i M N i N and ona enters With zest into ome s hilar ous schemes . ome is deter m ned that the c ou sm s shall be fr ends and at ast the two are un ted i i l i , much to the delight of their churns . E T T A ﬁne W LL PLAYED S CO S . story dealing with the struggle Micky Que llan and A udrey H arvard had to pull Scotts back to its old pO Sl t D C H B C . Tenm s , C A of ock ouse of everley ollege ricket , thletics , S R th m s h wimming , ambles , Picnics , and all the other g t at make the summer term the Jolliest of the year are here .

Irene Mossop

R I S I N M MA N D . Two s sters , Ke t and Ros a ie R entord are CH CO i i h l , o forced , owing to lack of money , to leave an expensive school and to g to a day school Chris is the games captain at the schoo l wh o has a very d i ﬁicu lt ob owm 15 all J , g to the fact the school split up into various leagues . Sh e 1n T does succeed the end . here s plenty of sport and exc te ent in ’ i i m nne this story of life at a girls sch ool .

S A T H E S . YLVI SWAYS CHOOL Pauline , the leader of the old girls , decides that the new girls must be made to obey the tradition of J o s and kept n a secondar pos t on n the school . B u t she d td not S D i y i i i know ylvia are , who by her unfailing good humour , sportsmanship s n s r w- and un elﬁs h e s won f o the ne comers the respect of all .

PRUNELLA PLAYS T H E G AM E . Prunella Prendergast was quite l i cousm wel un ike the orthodox nervous new g rl , and although her elder l cou sm was comed her arriva , her younger Jealous of her success at work w n and games . B u t the way n wh ch she pla ed the game o her form i , ’ i y mate s hearts and at th e end of her ﬁrs t term one and all voted her a good sport .

N C N EW R . I t D a I KY , GI L te s o ia ond Ken ey , the capt in of the ’ ll f m l St S M V k ngs House at . H lary s Schoo and her oung ster , on ca N c i i i l y i i ( i ky , D 15 S for short). iamond very Jealous of her young ister , whom she regards Th e as likely to supplant her in popularity . story describes the riv alry S l between the isters and is chock fu l of excitement and sport . Mary Loui se Parker ” M SS S T IR E A T S O . M S i t ﬁre be I PI F CHO L ss p , or to exact , iW l Th Ga am lton s a character that all readers l love . e stor of her y H i , i i y life at R olsh am Manor Schoo and how she overcomes her u n po pulan ty l w i . T . Will appeal to all g rls his book is packed ith excitement , fun and sport ’ N D A D E N T U R E S ER IES not G IRLS S C HOOL A V . Marie Louise Parker ’ A S Comi n b ack E T H E G IR LS O F S T . HILD . g from the asterholi C w da s , the gi rls found that the r much loved and adm red apta n as on y w iT i i her a y to Canada for good . his causes great excitement as an election Th e for a new captain has been decided . result , however , is not satisfactory to all , but the new captain has many staunch pals and in the end Wins through . — M D T DIANA A N D P A M CHU S . hen iana empleton rea ised h er ’ W l t h e heart s desire and went to school , she found Pam Weybridge Just ﬁnd T - chum she had been hoping to . hey were a gay hearted pair of insep d om s arables , and g rls W ll uch enjoy read ng about the g o t e s el es ’ i i m i f h m v and their many friends .

E. S A. eymour ’ T wh A S C HOOLGIR L S S E C R ET . his is a story of a girl o paid for o wn Sh e her schooling by writing short stories . had promised not to reveal her secret and had to endure a good deal from the cur os t o the gi rls , i i y f B u t and the suspicion and measures of some of them . she had some good wh o staunch friends stuck to her through thick and thin .

’ B O YS B O OKS , net .

M. nt n R. Balla y e

T H E N F U R TR ER S . was s YOU G AD When he a boy , sixteen year R M B al was of age , obert chael lant ne employed as a cler by the Hudson i y ’ k B a C . He C R y Fur ompany went into anada , to upert s Land , the name g ven on the format on of the Hudson B a Co pany n the year 1 6 10 y , , i R i m i by Prince upert . ' T H E O ne h n CORAL I SLAN D . of the uest boys stories ever writte ; Th e th ri lh n R g and jo ous adventures of the castawa s , alph , Jac , and y y k ’ Peter n on the r romant c desert sland W ll never be forgotten . N o bo s ki i i i i ’ y B n reading is complete before he has discovered allantyne s wonderful yar . A R ER M M T I N R A T T L . any of the adventures in this story befall the hero in the rom antic forests of B ra 21l but before these expe riences there v o t i l come a sea age , an encounter Wi h pirates , a wreck , and other thr l ing incidents . It as always been a favourite book With boys .

L. m R. Bella y TH E A E T R ES O F T R E S was DV N U S COU G Y . cout Gre a scout ﬁrs t H e was was y t of the water . more than a scout , e also a c e er ama eur v ’ ” detect ve ; and h s pluc and i n enm t n nm as ki n wrong uns to i i k g y i g , sa noth ng of breathless adventures , ll del ght a boys whether they y i Wi i ll , are scouts or not .

T EY T T T th o S C OU G R : D E EC IV E. here is a ba ing mystery ab ut beaut fu old B arnett Farm that nobod can u nravel and s the ca use i l y , i o f u i B ut a whole part of hol day g ests hay ng to leave prec p tately . S G y i i i cout re s not eas ly scared , and sta s on to solve the m stery once lyl i i y y and for a .

B Y ' A N D A D E N T U R E 2 n O S SCHOOL V SERIES 16 ot .

H. Elringt on

’ T H E TS E S E . Vere ke r s OU ID HOU Harry father haying died , his rather mean uncle sends h m to a b g publ c school , but enters h m at ” i i i i l I t o f Pu gs e y s . s n rather bad odour , and most ts members feel i i i ’ wh l Pu sle s themselves desp sed b the rest of the school , o ca l them g y ” i y B u t H i t h ow Paupers . arry brin gs a new spirit into , and the story of th e outside house makes good is very interesting reading.

R. A. H. Goodyear M A LL O U T F O R TH E S CHOOL. uch fun is caused by the arrival S t wi n wh o . at Wolverton chool of masters , add zest to the life of the school There is much fun in this t ale and some stirrin g accounts of Soccer matches . r M llowsh i S i A and M . e p, a master nown as h p hoy s most popu ar l kl i l proves a marvel ous footba l coach .

n c es S TR I C KLA N D O F TH E S I! T H . O wing to its comparative i a c Si bili t h 1ll H ane nh all S l y on top of a , chool has fal en on bad days , there be ng onl about a u arter of the number of bo s t could accommodate . i y ” q y i w B u t S i . H o tr ck , the captain , determines to make things hum he does it so that three hundre d ne w boys are expected by the next term is a very interesting story . E D B i T H HAR Y BROCKDALE BOYS . rockdale is proud of be ng n i - I t k own as one of the most robust publ c schools in the country . looks down With pitying contempt on a neighbouring school o f d eh cate boys . H ealthy sport and b r1gh t doings at B rockdale are spiced by a series of wa mysterious adventures , and a y is found in the end by which the - B rockdale boys may meet th e once despised school on level terms .

I. Percy Groves A R M T R A N E R i CH OU H G G . Ph ip uddock was a tru y ainous H il l v ll l . e Vi lain caused his old kinsman to be poisoned , and tried his best to do away With the young heir so that he himself might own Charmouth G B u t R C ( range young onald athcart , with tremendous pluck and no h is o wn V i - 5 1n little luck), came into after many icissitudes and ha r rai g adventures . Bernard Heldman ” O O D T E E ER T i o M UTINY N B AR H L A N D . h s bo k is packed Th e With thrills of all kinds . men of the Leander were a pretty rough lot , but their coup brought no good either to themselves or the few F h 1 wr k ﬁn al . ire s p e c , , , , honest men on board , savages pirates slavery and - escape all tend to make breathless interest for boy readers .

G. A. Hent y

H E C R N ET O F R E T fine T O HO S . his story of the gallant days of firs t i old , traces the career of the hero from his lesson in fencing unt l he fine s t E H e rufli es Ma becomes one of the swordsmen in urope . it With rl E G borough in ngland , France and ermany . H A C J ACK ARC ER . midshipman in the rimean War is captured by br gands at G braltar and held to ransom but escapes . H e ta es part , i N iD B k Wi th a aval ivision at alaclava and covers himself With glory . N N G H I S U Th e E wh o WI N I S P R S . story of an nglish lad won his s p1113 after many wonderful deeds and hairbreadth escapes during the Crusades . No t dry h story but a ser es o lor ous ad entures . i , i f g i v ' B OYG OO HO O L A N D A D V EN T U R E OI R IE. 2 10 not . Kit Higson

T A T S R R S N S N S . T of H U P I I G OY , PI K he were a jo y ot B ll l ” “ ll y s ur ri sm youngsters , but harried by a big bu y , until t at p g hoy st w arr ved ; and the mo surpr sed person as the bull , wh o ound he i Si y f had met h s match . mm p n s and h s spec al churn , ac Tay or i Ji y i k i i J k l , two f i l s are ine little chaps , and the r adventures Wi l delight boy . George Gibbard Jackson

TH E F T E P R E Th e E QU ST O H OS Y. story of the hunt for a mine of fabulous value both an En h sh captai n and a Frenchman be ng very , g ’ i Two wh o E l s keen . boys stowed away on the ng ishman s hip come in A t i i for any amount of excitement and danger and adventure . hr ll ng story for boys . Kni Arthur L. ght

Th e I N J U NG LE A N D KRAAL. adventures of two young midship un l s l n Im 1nedi a tel men in the g e of Ce y o . y on landing at Colombo from e and their ship , t y fall into thrilling adventures , lose their horses nearly ! A n the r ves exped t on nto the ungle s planned , and a ter any i li i i i J i , f m adventures they assist in the capturing alive of a herd of elephants .

Andrie Laurie

Th e l TH E CR YSTA L C I TY. Crysta City is a fantastic tale of a ﬁnd s m young midshipman , who , washed overboard in a storm , hi self in a wonderful glass city under the sea ; its onl y occupants bein g an old an and h s beaut ful daughter . Th e mys ter o the r existence t ere , m i i ’ i y f i h and the result of the young sailor s v sit make a very interesti ng story .

I. Macgregor N E O N E T HOU SA N D M ILE S I N T H E R O B R O Y CA O . T l canoe h s is the og of a charm ng cru se in a sma , designed by the i l i i l O l e T S writer . With padd e and sails he travers d the rivers hames , ambre , M Rh i n M D A ar Ill M M M S euse , e , a n , anube , , oselle , eurthe , arne and e ne , i , i u T C U See Z , Z g , r , and Lakes itisee , onstance , nter , urich and Luce ne together W th 5 111 can a s n B elg um and France and had two exped t ons n the open i , i i B l i i i sea of the ritish Channel . Pet er Mael

A o f UN DER TH E S EA T O TH E N OR T H POLE. t ril ing story A l h l adventure in the rctic regi ons , W th hardsh ps ga ore met W th pluc M i i i k and endurance . ut ny and treachery have the r part and strenuous i i , ﬁ h ts W th po ar bears and dangers o all nds . g i l , f ki Capt ain Marryat

M R . M S M A N S . B o C i ID HIP EA Y efore he began to write bo ks , apta n M - H e arr at had a share in many hard fought battles at sea . sailed as a mi shipman under Lo rd Cochrane and spent years in dangerous se rwce 011 S M t the French and panish coasts . ar at served many years after this , and was the hero of many e xplm ts that had been embod ed n h s wor s . i i i ' k ( h ts Mr M n Ea s M 5 e agree that . idshipma sy rank among arryat v ry tigSt e Y ' S O H L A N D A D EN T U R E S ER IES no B O S O O V t . Herm an M e lville

H we m o v m o l MOBY DICK. ere have a g bo k which cou d have been t t n e ] wn e only by a writer of genius who had lived a life of p n . Such incidents as these could not have been invented . H erman Melville went wh ah n i we l e upon a g exped tion , and have the resu t in these stirring pag s . Th e o f re ah t sense y is wonderful , and the tale made the writer famous lass all over the world . I t is now a c w.

Sam Noble ’ ’ E A o TW EEN D E C K S I N T H E SEVEN T I S . b ok that any boy lli l own I worth ca ng a boy Wil delight to read and have for his . t is a f ascm a ti n N Sam N was truly g account of life in the avy when oble young . S o . imply yet forcefully written , every line is a J y

G. Norway

’ E T R E A a RALPH DENHAM S ADV N U S. t le of the B urmese . A B i s Jungle boy sets out from his home to take up work in urma . H adventures beg n earl for h s boat catches fire and S n s . Th e fi r for i , w y B i l i k m as his . H e whom he to work in urma fai s , and he is cast upon luck s th e fin all s . travel through Jungle , has many adventures , and y make good Michael Poole ’ N ER R I N S R E . U D GWOOD UL Jackson Wrexham , the son of an A l n wood S merican mil ionaire , is sent to chool where he strongly resents the d l SCl pll ne imposed and quite fails to understand the team H e spirit . has a great number of scrapes and even tries to run away E l S from school . ventua ly , being a good wimmer , he wins an event for i the school and at last settles down happ ly . Loui s Rousselet R M A TH E S E P EN T CHAR ER . French gentleman and his boy and girl fall under the displeasure and into the power of a great Indian P1 ince . A ad v en ndre , the son , escapes , and disguised as a young native has many tures and s fin all reun ted W th h s fa y . , i y i i i mil

I. G. Rowe

A Si R OUN D TH E WOR LD WI T H DRAKE . story o r Franc s ’ ” f i D Th e G rake s voyage round the world in olden Hind , of the voyages , i S i many and adventures , Victories W th the pan ards , endurance , of storms and hardships and triumphant return to Pl outh , to sa not ng o m ym y hi f the special exploits of a char ing young hero .

W. Clark Russell

T H E R Z EN IR A TE . ﬁn d s F O P Paul , a sole survivor , , stuck fast in O n r the ice , an old ship . boa d is the frozen form of an eighteenth century l f or pirate , whom Pau brings back to life a while , and eventually gets both ship and treasure home intact .

T H E SEA EEN . A QU tale of the sea and seafaring people , told by wh o e R a girl , Jessie , marri d ichard , a captain , and goes With him on an e i ﬁr e adventurous voyag . It includes a mut n a ship on , and the wonder tul salv m es g of another vessel that provi them with an ample reward .

1 0 B O YS ’ A N D A D E N T U R E 2 8 no SCHOOL V SERIES 1 t . Jules Verne P R T D R O P ED F OM H E C LOUDS . Five men escaping by balloon A C war- from an merican ity in time , are carried out to sea by a hurricane . A i r fter the most acute per ls they are cast upon a island far f om land . i ere the heroes settle , and prov de themselves th clothes , food weapons H Wi , o f r by a clever use the natural products of thei new home .

A T N G S A N Ari arti ficial FLO I I L D . island , four and a half miles long A i - m ll I t and three broad , is made by an merican nulti i ionaire . contains i M mansions , parks , public bu ldings , water supply , etc . oved under its wn o . Th e l ad ven power , it travels to many parts of the world marve lous tures of its inhabitants make an exciting story . O TH E F U R C UN TR Y . A n exci ti ng story of the wonderful land of i u I t n i the Mi dn ght S n . tells of the pe s and excitement of trappin g in A C r S l the rctic ircle , and the hunting of wapiti and polar bea s and i ver . i r ox , etc , var ed W th adventures a ong icebergs and the g eat r ers and f i C m iv lakes of the Fur ountry . T R F T R ” TH E M A S E O H E WOR LD . ob n the Conqueror e ' i h l C OD SI d e I S fl i n i cal s himself , because he that the wonderful y g mach ne he has invented and constructed gi ves him complete control of the destini es B u t S find s of all nations . he comes up against John tock and he is not was so powerful as he thought he . FROM THE EAR TH T O THE M OON A N D A TR IP R OUN D T Ah A m a t o I . merican determined to pay a to the m on ; so he built Th e an enormous gun , and a house like a shell , and tried . results of his i a as t om sh i n exper ments are cont ined in this g book . R EY G M G ODF M ORGAN. odfrey organ has everything a young man H i s can . want , but he is weary of luxury and longs for adventure fond l o un c e al ows h m to g off on a vo age W th h s tutor , a most egregious l i y iw i 1001. Th e Sl nkS t o ship under them , and the are thrown upon an island , and have Just as much adventure and h ardship as they can put up With .

R E TH E M N o t EIGHT HUN D D LEAG UES O N A AZ O N . merely a description of a Journey down the most wonderful river in the world , r but the story of a brave gentleman wrongfully accused of a c ime , and the schemes of a rascally adventur er to blackm ai l him and his family .

A T I N T T H E R N N ER S Th e A FLO G CI Y 8 1 BLOCKADE U . B lockade R u nners tells h ow a grave and handsome young skipper ran A C l h o w a cargo to the merican ports during the ivi War , and he had nl on board a Winning little lady , so that he not o y ran a cargo , but won brought away an imprisoned father condemned to death , and so mi himself a char ng bride . TH E A DVEN TUR ES O F T HR EE EN G LI SHNIEN A N D THR EE A N S T E R u ssm ns o om t R USS I . hree ng shmen and three g on a J li A T s ci enti ﬁc and exploring expedi tion to South frica . hey disagree and re - i separate natives attack them , and only after many perils do they un te in safety .

E EE S I N A . I n i n FIV W K BALLOON a balloon , which had someth g o f i t r the airship about , the inventor , his faithful servant , and a f iend , A E . S ﬁe rce cross frica from ast to West wamps , forests , deserts , savages , e b asts , hunger and thirst all assail the intrepid voyagers in turn ; but they W n th rough by s i pluc and endurance . i k ll , k ' A N D A D E N T U R E S ER I E 2 n B O Y B S C HOOL V O 18 ot . Jules Verne

TR B A T N S O F A M . A C man I UL IO CHINA AN rich young hina , ﬁ nd i n an r g the future does not attract him , writes order to his f iend to ch oosm own . He kill him , g his time and method then changes his mind and wants to l ve but fr end and paper have both dis appeared and a i , i , l - wi d goose chase With endless set backs follow .

O A G R E Th e TWEN T T H US N D LEA UES UN D E T H E S A . masterpieYce of all submarines was the one imagined by Jules Verne and C N constructed by aptain emo , the most mysterious sailor that ever sailed Th e the sea . voyages of this book and the astounding adventures of its crew make it one of the most fascinatin g stories ever published .

i DICK SAN D S . When a catastrophe depr ves a sailing ship of its cap i o f ta n and nearly all the crew , the responsibility bringing the ship safely o f D S ﬁf te e n . He to the end its voyage devolves upon ick ands , a boy of A r does h s best , but treacher results n land ng them n ica nstead of i y i i l i f i the haven they desired , and many adventures befa l him and his party,

A o f fe w TH E EN D O F NANA SAH IB . story the time a years M A s u after the Indian utiny . party of men travel many mile in a wonderf l i T r mov ng house , drawn by a marvellous steam elephant . hei many adventures and the d om s o Nana Sah b the fi end o the Mut ny , and g f i , f i ﬁn al his overthrow are very exciting .

TH E G T T A n i of FLI H O FRANCE . interest ng story of a party charmi ng French peo le wh o are forced to ﬂee from Germany when war Vi i ssi s declared between e two countr es . They pass t rough any c i i h m f tudes on the Journey . One of the r number co es W th n an ace o be ng “ ” i m i i i shot at dawn . E T R ER D A i l H C O S VA A C . most aston shing story of the co lision between a comet and the earth , full of adventure and excitement , and a e l . incident lly , full of information conc rning certain heaven y bodies E IA M N A f o f S A i a TH VANISHED D O D . ine story the outh fr c n diamond ﬁeld s and the adventures of a young engineer wh o attempted o f d T was the dangerous experiment trying to make a iamond . here a i ? R diamond and it van shed ; but how ead the story .

TH E S E R ET O F T H E S N . T i C I LA D s is a story o mystery , an w h f T unseen man h o guards the castaways and prowd es for them . heir U attempts to discover the secret are in vain , but at last the nknown n N T re eals himself as Captai emo , the hero o wenty T ous and Leagues v ” f h U nder the Se a .

- N TER TH E I C E . An two l n WI AMID ice bound ship , dead y e emies ﬁ h ts a aboard , shortness of food , g With men and pol r bears , dangers of every kind possI ble in the A rctic Circle make an exciting and interesting book for boys and others .

T EIR IS D M E . u es Verne had suc an ad iration tor H LAN HO J l " h m Th e S I SS R w the famous book , W Family obinson , that he himself rote Z u . a sequel , and carries the history of the ermatts considerably f rther Th e n i t book is at least as interesting as the one that i spired . E T H S W YS O F TH E G . Th e fin al adventures of CA TA A " FLA Th e S i R wiss Fam ly obinson . Here some of the family haying Visited Europe are on the r way bac to the r sland ho e when they are sh p A i k i i m i wrecked . fter many privations and adventures they get a very pleasant surprise . B YS ' S O HO O L A N D A D EN R O V T U E S E R I ES 2 16 not . Jules Verne TH E G T S E A T TH E EN D O F TH E R T LI H HOU WO LD . hree men are left in charge of a ne wlighthouse on a lonely island at the southern S A A - extremity of outh merica . band of pirates have a lai r ne ar by and n most exciting happe ings take place .

M TR G Th e re atest rom an ICHAEL S O OFF . g tic writer since Al exandre ’ D l u umas u es Verne s works have been translated into every lang age . M l gtro oﬁ ichae g is ranked by critics as one of the fi nest creations of his pen . T H E M S TER O F T H E Th Y Y FRANKLYN . e story of Captain B rani can wh o i E John , set sa l for a voyage to the ast , expecting to return Si x . B u t Th e to his home in months he did nothing of the ki nd . story of the var ous e ﬁ orts to d scover what ad happened to him and h s sh p i i h i i , fi u nm askm w th t e na o a lla n W ll greatl nterest boys . i h l g f Vi i , i y i

Rowland Walker TH Tw E LOST E! PED I T ION . o boys are allowed to go wi th a party to search f or the members of an expedition that has been lost in T i the Wilds of the A mazonian forests . hey have glor ous adventures and l al l narrow escapes ga ore , but ends well . M A ST ER A EN E B ET B w V L T IN UCK . Valentine ucket as a new bo , but not the ord nar ret r ng sort of new bo . The all thought y i y i i ”y y ﬁrs t was - wu at , that he a lout and a mug m p, but he soon showed was i Si t he noth ng of the sort , and made the whole school up and take c D l not e fro the o nus downwards espec al the school bull . i m mi , i y y Lew Wallace

B EN H U R . A f Th e ri nces tale o Christ . story tells of the ex e of Be n E C th e be i nni n Hur in the ast at the time of the birth of hrist , an g of C i Th e l hr stianity . ta e is written in absorbing style and the daily 11 e and atmosphere of the time are powerfully depicted .

GIRL S ’ SCHO OL STO R IES

AND T L ES O F ENTU R E 2 net . A ADV , /

Louisa M. Alcot t T LI T TLE WOM EN . his is one of the most delightfully homelike books Th e o for girls which have ever been written . character of J is drawn i w all - wh er v dl , and e gr ow to love the tom bo sh g rl o anages vto gyetViintoyso many scrapes and awkward positionysi andi then gemt out of them cleverly . M E E E T LI T TLE WO N W DD D . his is a continuation of the life of . Me e i n th e Little Women g , happily married at the b ginn g of book , o f A s experiences the many trials and am usm g difficulties a oung Wife . the book draws to a close we see the Littl e Women changed into Good Wives and all ends happily;

G IR LS ’ A N D A D E N T U R E S E R I ES 2 n 1 4 SCHOOL V 1 e t . Bess i e Marcha n t Th w ’ I E F R M E. e stor of a g r , h o , a capta n s daughter C C LY O y i l i , ssm Sh e learns early in life that her father is m i g . goes to Ceylon and has man enthrall ng adventures , the ch ef o wh ch is the trac ng and y i i f i i ’ rescuing of a stolen baby . Finally , the mystery surrounding her father s disappearance is cleared u p.

Irene Mossop

E D J ! ﬁr s t W LL PLAYE , ULIANA Juliana thoroughly enjoyed her wa term at school and made good both at wor and games . Sh e s beaut ful — k i and charming and very wealthy her chief friend was a scholarship girl wh o I n had no money and no pretty clothes . the end an exciting secret was discovered that brought them much happiness . T H E G w PRUNELLA PLAYS AME . Prunella Prendergast as quite unl e the orthodox nervous new g rl and although her elder cousm ik i , h er couSi n was welcomed her arrival , younger jealous of her success at work u w wo and ga es . B t t e ay n wh ch she pla ed the game , n her orm 'm h i i y f “ ates hearts and at the end of her fi rst ter one and all oted her a good m " m v sport .

M in Mrs. Herbert art

T T Th o f H E LON ELI EST G IR L I N H E S CHOOL. e story the O l wh o E Pr ncess tt a , comes fro abroad to ive at an ngl sh school i i i h m l i wh le her father s travelling . S y and reserved by nature she soon becomes i i ” the loneliest girl in the school .

Siby l B. Owsley

E A TA I N S T H E S C . Th e d ifi d ent DULCI C P HOOL stor o a sh , w y f y g rl h o was not at all happy when circumstances made her capta n . i ’ i B u t she faced her d i fii culti e s With pluck and came through her dreaded or e al Wi th flyi ng colours and won the love and respect of the whole 5 0gool Mary Loui se Parker

P A T O F T H E T . A i FIF H quite de ght u stor of sc oolg r e . ’ li f l y h l lif Pat O Farrell s rea l rather a dear and attracts the love o most people i l y G f she meets , old and young . irls Will enjoy reading about her adventures d om s and the g of herself and her friends , both boys and girls . ’ M R E . M W nﬁeld wa MOLLI E O F ST . ILD D S ol ie i s one o a l l f a ; Chr s Carsta rs was an on ch ld , and somew at spout . B oth f mi y i ’i ly i h a St . M rrived at ildred s , and girls Will enjoy reading about their friendships t i teir and work and the r play , and the r prowess n ga es and sport ill i i i m gener y .

H. B . St owe

’ N E T M S A N . wh o 1 8 1 U CL O C I Peop e were not a ive in 5 , when ’ B l l U T C was ncle om s abin written , Will not be able to understand the great exc tement caused b th s boo both n England and n A mer ca ; i y i k , i i i and when the struggle between those wh o Wished to abolish slavery and wh i an i v 11 those o desired to perpetuate it resulted in the Am ei c C War . O I R LB ’ C A N D A D EN T U R E B ER IS O 2 S HOOL V 1 net . 1 3 T Mabel L. yrrell THE R T N ES O F T H E B R A I T HWA I T S A ( FO U . family of our , s th e i r . T three girl and a boy , live With an aunt , parents having died heir new neighbours at the old Manor House are a source o f great interest A ri to them . most m ste ous burglar , th e d sappearance o f enrietta y y i H , are a few among the exciting incidents . C T R ’ R T ER M A M VI O IA S FI S T . Victoria lberta ach ain begins her school l fe al wrong , and gets out of favour W th nearl a the gi rls to i l i y ll , i B say noth ng of worr ing the headm stress . u t she soon fi nds her o wn i y “ " n place and ends by being recog ised as a real sport .

D. T. W i A. h tney A R T O Ne w E HEA F GOLD . Home life in a ngland country place ; h u n Th e quiet , Puritan folk , ng out their lives in traditional ma ner . i essuni s t main characters are two g rls , one a p and the other an optimist . T ER R S . Sylwe A t O H GI L rgenter made the discovery hat other girls , i girls belonging to other c rcles , had hearts too . When adversity came to herself , she faced it bravely , and in the end had her reward . WE R S . Th e o f i l GI L story health , happ fe among a fam of g r s S y y li y i l and the r fr ends . uch a cheer crowd they are , n s te of not be ng i i y ’ i i i E v er b o blessed With too much of this world s goods . y y is glad when a m i ssm wa g paper turns up in a strange y , which ensures that they Will all not have to leave the old house they love . May Wynne

O F H O LLY D EN E S C H L . A CAROL OO de ight u schoo story, T l f l l full of pranks and games and high spirits . here is also a mystery which u i C sets the tong es of the unpleasant set wagg ng against arol , but her special chums are loyal and all ends well . B O YS ’ SCHO OL A ND ADVENTU R E SER ES et I , 2/ n . Harold Avery

A A LL ER . B ob t wo wh o BOY OV Fred and , school chums , are by o am i e s no means nam b b , have an escapades , but come out on top y p , ’ m y o wm S wh o . largely g to the hero s ister , proves a good pal to both Tom Bevan R H B TH E H ER OI C IM PO ST O . enr orden was an i postor ; e ’ y m h h ow i t ; took another man s name and place , but could he help so much t happiness f or other people depended on i . Full of intri gue and danger wh a e all o r . and tight corners , this book will entrance boys boys B O B — SM B ob B BLAIR PLAIN AN lair , riding back to his home fi all stead n A ustral a one da nds t burnt to the ground , and h s stoc i i y , i i k Th e B ob stolen . story of the struggle between , supported by his friends , 5 ram iull . and Sand Malone the bushranger , and h s followers 1 c of thr ls y , i il B m a T H E M YS T ER Y TR A IL. eco ing sep rated from his party while R is out on an expedition , onald Leslie surrounded by black men , bound r To hi s find s and gagged , and ca ried away . amazement he that he has wh o been kidnapped by order of a white man , is a kind of king in the Wild country . ’ A N D A D EN T R E S E R I E 2 n 3 6 B O Y S SCHOOL V U S 1 e t . Harry Collingwood H “ M ” i T E WR ECK O F T H E ANDR O EDA . A t r ing story of a wh h ll sh pwrec ed part o land on a wonderful sland , where strange th ngs i k y , i i Th e s M happen to them . mov ng sp r t among t the s young asse , ’ i i i m i y o ffi cers i ll one of the ship s , whom all boys (and others) W much admire . TH E R - Th e C UI SE O F T H E FLYIN G FI SH . wonder ship that fli es h gh n the a r s ms the surface of the sea , and descends to ts lowest i i i , ki i I ts E i depths . owners hide it under the waters of the nglish Channel unt l i T they need it for the r cruise . heir dismay when they discover it has i t e xcmn . been stolen , and their adventures in recovering , make an g story

I N S O F EL O A . i E A EARCH D R DO lfred arle , an mer can , and D C E l W i ick avendish , an ng ishman , set out on an expedition to try and M C Rl D T discover the fabled city of anoa , the ity of orado . hey have ri l the most th l ing adventures , and make the most surprising discoveries .

N ER A R E N . Th e S Swm b urne U D FO IG FLAG tory of Paul , a middy wh o h cou sm - l , t rough the machinations of his , is court martia led and S H e O ID S d sm ssed the erv ce . J the na belonging to another countr i i i vy y , and f h aVi n after seeing much ighting , and g many adventures his innocence s h h e e t ab s d . A fi is ne racy story . “ ” T H E F T H av m s u ﬁ e OYAGE O H E AUR O RA . g er d a een V “ k d i s a om tm ent C G A pp , young aptain eorge Leicester bought the urora H e - rai s With his savings and set out on a voyage to Jamaica . had hair m g adventures before he got there , and if he wanted something to distract i t his mind , he most certainly got .

Harry Collingwood 81 Percival Lancast er T E F M I N H POW ER O TH E E N EM Y . H ugh archmont is devoted h tl D Z to his t e brother Jac . ur ng trouble W th the ulus the ch ld s ’ k i i i i - stolen b H ugh s arch enem and g ven to the blac warr ors . Th e W ldest y y i k i i , most hair - ra i sm g adventures happen to both brothers before Hugh succeeds in saying the child .

W. Bourne Cooke

T H E G R EY WIZ D . A th ri lli ng p rate story w th a dnapped bo , i ki AR i y, a secret concern ng h dden treasure , a trul po sonous lla n treacher , i i y i Vi i , y all l pluc , and a happy end ng , the ngred ents for a thorough y en oyable ’ k i i i j boy s story .

F im I. en ore Cooper

W D M A VI VI d - h n T O . ﬁ ti i two A IRALS story of sea g g, in wh ch the m wh o l - ﬁnd ad irals , had been a most life long friends , themselves out of sympathy With one another concerning the Jacobite cause . However . n t me of stress and danger r endsh p proves stron er t an O p ni ons . i i , f i i g h i

n i F nn G. Ma v lle e

Two T H E BLACK BAR . great chums are midshipmen on a vessel ﬁ h ti n B o b i all M g g the slave traders . pro des sorts of fun , and ar after v k, u wo - f man desperate escapades , capt res t sla e sh ps and ga ns heaps o y v i , i - m one v prize for all concerned .

B O Y S ’ A N D A D EN T U R E S ER I 2 n SCH OOL V ES 1 ot .

A. L. Haydon

- U P S C H O O L A T M O N KSH A LL . Fred Fu ton is sent to a ﬁne public school by a friend of his father ’ s on lcondition that he does exactly what he is told to do . Later he huds he must choose between s Th e betraying hi father or his chum . book tells how he came out of the ordeal .

Ascot t R. Hope

S O F WH I TM IN ST ER . T d v n TH E BOY his book recounts the a e tures and misadventures of as lively a bunch of schoolboys as you cou ld Th e Th e w sh to eet . t tles of the sect ons are Favour te , Th e B urglar i , m i i i ’ A H Th e M E St D a istory of Hampers , isfortunes of an leven , . Valentine s y . O T O R E S S C H O O LB Y S I S . tories about boys for boys by this ever : all popular author scrapes and jokes , adventures and surprises come —e Th e into the various stories ight long ones in all . stories are written h i e in a bright style and are full of .

R E N S A N D S ET T ER S . D SKI L Yarns of life in the Wild West . M i Th e any thr lling adventures are recorded in graphic style . times of B f B l C ﬁ h ti n R ed I u falo il , and Kit arson , the times of herce g g With ndians all and With the perils of a new country, are dealt With in these stories . R A N T R S O Th T H E T U F M CHO L . e stor of a bo whose parents have died and left himOto the tender mercies of aylittle bayckwood ’ s com H e R ed munity . runs away and has exciting times among Indians .

Thom as Hughes ’ - ’ H O D . T T O M B R OWN S SC O L AYS his great clars ic boy s book i ﬁ ne s t continues its popular ty it is the of all school stories , and one which every boy must read at some period or other in his boyhood . Your father h e was Will tell you how enjoyed it when he your age .

Cut clif f e Hyn e M H SAN D Y CAR ICHAEL . ere is a story to gladden the hearts of bo s and ma e the r pulses beat . Sand s a ragged l ttle urch n who y k i y i i i , f travels far , has many adventures , and so impresses the savages he inds himself among, that they decide to make him king .

Percival Lancast er ’ - I J A CK O , R . N . A rol i c ng stor of a ner ha red CAPTA N HARA l ki y y i , - u c tempered , but lovable sa l or . wh o has man adventures wh o ta es q i k i y , k all k h erOi ne inds of risks , and is afraid of nothing and no one but the . B u ﬁn all t , e succeeds there too as he certa nly deserves to . y , h , i

George Lit t le E O TH E Th LIF N OCEAN . e thrilling account of twenty years at sea told ver v dl . F ghts and mut n , cann b als and p rates a ha e y Vi i y i i y i i , ll v their share in making a very exciting and interesting book. ' B OYO S O H O O L A N D A D V E N T U R E S E R IES 2 1 not . Bessie Me rchant ’ ’ O N T A ﬁnd s i s i h is !rand tath er s H E TR A CK . boy wh le earching n g 0m h o w writing desk strange papers , and a history of treasure ?telling h is 4i n f or grandfather man ears before , for o e o a gir , e t E gland , y y l v f l v South A er ca and ound m o m g ad e ntures and any ard noc s . m i , f v m h k k Franci s Marlow T H E D A i S E CR ET O F T H E SAN HILLS . most excit ng story o f o f h ie h dden treasure . It g ves a V v d dea the rough on a sa l ng i i i i i i i l sh p , and tells o f treachery ntr gue ld adventure and f na downfa i , i i , Wi , i l l o f i n -! i the Villain chie . Robert Overt on

S O N F H A l i A O T E S CHOOL . splendid yarn which wil thr ll all T ar fi boys . here e ne accounts of cricket and football matches and more A ﬁ ne o f c than a spice of adventure . spirit esprit de orps hangs over the book .

Walt er C. Rhoades ’ O U R E A T S T . T ﬁne . F LLOWS ARK S . his is a schoo story It M l ' G t M S . concerns the adventures of rayson and his friends at S . ark s chool A ll the elements which go to make up a good school story are here exciting schoo sports , cr c et and ootba atches th e thrash n o f a bu y . l i k f ll m , i g ll

A. R W. ogers ’ N T A n t DAN Y S PAR N ER . interes ing story of the love between a - e I t l u es one legg d man and a little orphan boy . te ls of their advent r travel - r l ng th a wagon team out to the w lds the r search fo gold , thei r troub es i Wi i , i l - R ed fi . from horse t e es , and Ind ans and nal app ness and success hi v i , h i Rowland Walker ’ TH E I N E A T S T Wh el ton L O S WH LP CHOOL. ony p is a lovable k Th e cram iull young rascal up to every ind of prank . book is of high T u i t spirits and mischief and gaiety of laughter . here is not a d ll page in ,

GIR LS ’

SCHO OL AND ENTUR E STO R ES l net . ADV I , /

Louisa M. Alcot t ’ ' N T J O S S C R A P . A s AU AG the title suggests , the book is u B ' f ll A M of the most delightful scraps , told in unt Jo s lovable style . Louisa . A lcott is beloved of every girl because her characters are very human and tal and ever story appeals . Vi , y ’ L U LU T for S LIBRARY. his is a collection of delightful short stories c i o f hildren some of them charm ng fairy tales , some of them stories ord nary ch i dren good and naugh ty ) but all o f t em are written in i 'l h Alc s wn i e wa . C r i l e . Miss ott o tabl y hild en w l lov them G R L'8 A N D A D E N T U R E S O R I ES n ao I SCHOOL V T 1 1 e t . Edit h Awsby R E H L R E T f T H E SC OO F I N D S . hree ls of very di ferent character e r c l and circumstances b come f iends at s hoo , and afterwards enjoy a jol y C . Th e h as hristmas holiday , one incident only marring the pleasure book sh h tl l i E Awsb a g y re ig ous tendency, which is characteristic of dith y . ' EYT O A R l s R UTH S N . book for older children uth s de icacy prevent n her from h elpi her struggl ng fami mater all , but her sweet wa s ! i ly i y y l wh o Sh e and reh g ous be efs help and comfort all know her . has the ii t great g of helping lame dogs over stiles .

R. D. Bla elnn ore

” ’ n D LORNA DOON E. Lor a oone has become one of the world s o wh o classws . N one can claim to have read the books that matter has of E R i d d D not read th s wonderful romance x oor , Jan , the oones , and i D m the outlaws of the oone Valley .

Harriet B oultwood

’ H ER O S ST R . T wh o O Y his is the story of a splendid dog , has a hard ﬁrs t time at , but presently becomes the property of a particularly taking schoo bo . Th e two are devoted to one another and Hero ves up l y , li - to his high sound i ng name . Charles Bruce

T R . A i vm g WYFO D HALL very well written story of the slums , g a t R good picture of poor children Without being too sordid . Lit le osa and S her grandfather are terribly poor , but , in pite of that , generous to other All i R . unfortunates . ends happ ly for osa as she deserves A N I G HT I N A SN OWS T OR M . A collection of short stories A N S S ad v e n suitable for young boys . ight in a now torm deals With an ture whi ch befell two schoolboys forced to spend th e Christmas holidays a at Sc oo . Th e ot er stor es are or g na and the scenes are a d n R uSSi . h l h i i i l , l i i

t Maude M. Bu ler ’ A l i nv ah d i S H ER OIN E . pleasing stor of a l tt e g r w o ever BOB y i ' l h m y e 5 . Sh e i one lov s , and who is the apple of her father eye is very k nd to two i wh o be ne ﬁ t ragged , unhappy ch ldren , considerably through her o . bounty and are the object of uch de ot on to B b , a tt e age boy , m v i li l p

L i n uc e E. Jackso

T M D was r - scarum O BOY DAISY. aisy a haru u , thoughtless , restless , i nﬂue nce little person , but lovable for all that , and she had an on the people she came n contact W th espec all her own randmot er, t at i i , i y g h h surprised even herself .

TH E G O F TH E S A R ET . BAD E C L POPPY Five happy , but l re tt motherless chi dren do p much as they like , and form a League of R u sm T ight against Wrong , g t e scarlet poppy for a bad e hey champion s i ea u eﬁtoo . the cause of a poor Widow , and make a uccess of the g

’ 2 2 B O Y S A N D A D E N T U R E S T O R I E S n SCHOOL V 1 1 ot . Charles Bruce N E J N ’ R S T R E A t U CL OH S FI SHIPW C K . the e arly a ge o f Si xtee n U . H e ncle John runs away to sea and some pals , together With two i . T ff ladies and a tiny g rl , are shipwrecked and escape on a raft hey su er - e . A lovm a good deal , and have many exciting adventur s story for sea g boys . t Maude M. Bu ler

M N G T . Two ID I oung bo s , the sons o a rector a e a H PLUCK y y f , h v i T ver m sch evous turn of m nd . he go too far one da however and y i i y y , , 1 o wn Th e dec de upon their punishment . punishment requi res more pluck i all and endurance than they imag ned , but ends happily .

Jenn ie Chappell

- A G O A R N ET . Ah orig na stor o a oung boy wh o AT BOY B O i l y f y , s though in reality a baronet , earn money for a time by driving a goat S carriage in the seaside town where he and his isters live .

F t nt G. orsy h Gra R B w TH E H E O O F CRAM PT O N S C HOOL . oys h o like school i an d m H th e wh o l stor es would enjoy this book , ad ire ercules , hero , certain y H e fn end T l ves up to h s name . and h s uiet , revor , are good characters i i i q , and stick to one another through troubles and Joys alike .

Ascot t R. Hope

T E T B R I r H A N DI TS O F H E O SPHO US . t was g eat un pre B k f tend ng to be band ts and ta ng capt ve a small compan on , but the i i i i i T y found that amateur bandits sometimes get into trouble themselves . his and other stories in the book make interesting reading for boys . ’ ’ TH E T R E S N E ST Th e l Ne nne VUL U Vu ture s st is a story , Th e with good descriptions of Swiss scenery . hero is a very plucky lad whose exc ti ng exper ences in the Alps would appea to all adventure l m i i l ov g b oys . ” - M S . T R li ttle Sco t DU P orn ichardson was a ragged , bare footed E , and w n a delightfully interesting character he as . His pluck and endura ce during a very trying time at school make excellent reading . ’ R E A S SANDY S SE C T . canny cot boy fondly imagines he has dis covered a thrilli ng secret which involves h i s o wn quiet schoolm aster With S u l concermn i t . a pirate . andy faithf l y keeps his word g ’ A nne TH E H ER M IT S A PP R EN T ICE . stor o a pioneer in t e ’ y f h U nited States in the 6 o s when the country was still unsettled save by s l . Indian and bison . Packed With adventures and thri ls

Kni t Arthur L. gh Mid R T ER M I DD I ES A N D S E S O . B rother B O" H LAV R AH Y Two E i i i . Th e d r dies . sons of an old ngl sh fam ly become m dshipmen el e s wrong y d scharged and a ter man adventures eets h s young brother i l i , f y m i All . under strange Ci rcumstances . ends happily ' EN R R B OY S S C H OO L A N D A D V T U E S T O IES 1 1 not . 3 3 Bessie Me rchant

i s I N T H E CRADLE O F T H E N OR TH WI N D . Bessie Marchant - o f se a and a well known authoress f or girls and boys . Her story the a un f or m i ssm th e - h t a g ship in ice bound regions of the north , With much hardshi p and any exc t n nc dents s well worth read ng . m i i g i i , i i

Robert Richardson G B C A in THE B O YS O F WILLOU H Y S HOOL . story of camp g A IS out experiences as well as school life . little French master ragged a b u m m f or good deal y the boys , but t rns up trumps in the end , and himself admiration and respect .

Loui s Rousselet A TH E SER P EN T CHARM ER . stor o Indian i e whic wou d A y f l f h l interest most boys . father and a son and daughter are most treacherously o and cruell beaten b a ne ghbour ng Ind an pr nce . A old sna e char er y y i i i i k m , wo nd eri ii l whom the children befriended , proves a friend to them . Richard Rowe H G L G ER A E T E O D DIG S . young man leaves ngland and the girl to whom he is engaged and tr es h s luc n A ustral a . A ter ard E i i k i i f h times he returns to ngland and his people .

L. E. Tiddem an

H E A E T R E O F A R R Th e li ttle son T DV N U S J ACK CH I N GT ON . of a soldier dances in the streets of B ologne because he believes his father . H e i 111 A s beggared ma es fr ends W th a de ghtfu ittle a e 3 . good i l k i i l l l l m story for sma l children .

Iules Verne T ADR I FT I N TH E PACIFIC . his is the story of the amazin g ad v en a h tures o a party of Ne w Ze land schoolboys , w o suddenly f nd themse ves f T i l adrift upon the ocean . hey are driven on the shores of an island , and t s ost nterest ng for boys to read h ow these p uc y youngs ters estab i i m i ’ i l k li sh ed a boy s colony .

T EN T N ER TH E Th W Y THOUSAND LEAGUES U D SEA. e ﬁrs t i and the most marvellous submarine ever constructed . Voyag ng With i t , the reader s made fam l ar W th the arvels that abound n the ocean i i i i M m i and in the land below the ocean . arine monsters , wonderful plants and ﬂow rs , o canoes , bur ed c t es are a et in a oyage t at gird es the cartg v l i i i ll m v h l

ER T A i l T I G S A N D TR A I OR S . thr ling story of a strange caravan e T i that penetrat s the erai , the immense forest that stretches across Ind a i Hi al n at the oot of the m ghty m ay as . I th s forest ld men and Wi l der f i Wi , . Th e r l ﬁrst th e s beasts are encountered book th il s from the page to la t . 3 B Y ' A N D A D E N T U R E S T O R IES 1 n 4 O S SCHOOL V 1 ot . Jules Vern e

TH E I O F TH E Th e CH LD CAVERN . scene of this story is laid in S a cotland , and cont ins the story of most extraordinary adventures in a Th e mine of fabulous wealth . ch ld of the cavern s a oung gi rl i i y , and her adventures n the cavern W th the ster ous B e ng wh o i i my i ’ i of dwells there , makes one the most exciting of all Verne s tales . T H E SE C R ET O F TH E S D A ll I LAN . party of ba oonists become T castaways on a lonely island out of the track of ships . hey establish a T little colony , but pirates and then convicts attack them . hey are mys teri ousl n H e y helped by some powerful but unk own person . is the secret C i N which is discovered at last , and he proves to be apta n emo . T H E R R T BURBANK N O T HE N ER . his is a story of the A merican C1v 11 ar . B urban was a wealth property owner n Flor da and h s W k y i i , i wa f enemy takes the o pportu m t y the r o fers of causing him as much su ﬁ er osSIble . I t ing as p makes very interesting reading . K T E E R T xar TE AR H S OUT H R N E . e is decidedly an ugly customer] H e l wh o A C does not real care W ns n the mer can v l ar , but hear ng y N i i i S i i W i the man he hates is a ortherner , poses as a outherner and does his Th e l best to ruin the other man . story is full of thri ls . H h e T E CLIPP ER O F TH E CL O UD S . T most wonder ul aeroplane f ’ was that ever navigated the air , and yet it invented in Verne s magical ﬁr s t hi s Th e of brain long before the airman set propeller whirling . story - this world Wide voyage is one continuous thrill .

A T N G . A n arti ﬁc1a1 l FLO I ISLAND island , four and a half mi es long - M A . and three broad , is made by an merican multi millionaire oved under w Th e ts o n power t travels to man parts of the world . marvellous i , i y adventures o f ts nh ab tants as descr bed b ules Verne a es an i i i i y J , m k extraordi narily exciti ng and humorous story .

E. W t F. ea herly T T H E H EAD B O Y O F WIL T ON S CHOOL. h e son of a sailor H e f has a bad time . is wrong ully accused of cheating , and his innocence s not proved unt l h s m ser es have led h m to run awa . A ter many i i i i i i ’ y f years coals of ﬁre are heaped upon the real culprit s head .

R E R G A le av m sud d enl PO T ED M I SS IN . bo g schoo ery does y l v ’ S ath e r s his best to support his Widowed mother and ister , and to clear his H e . good name . succeeds very ably , as the story tells S HARVEY SINCLAIR . Harvey inclair is rather a model young man , was . H e b u sm e ss but by no means a prig is as successful in as he at school , - A s ch i e ﬂ and is the means of bringing a wrong doer to Justice . the book y concerns b usm e ss l fe t would appeal to older boys . i , i

L et. FA IRY TA ES , 1/ n

’ Th e HANS ANDERSEN S FAIRY TALES . ever green tales of the T famous D anish writer . here is a tenderness and beauty about these i m m ed i at el O stories that Will endear them gres and giants do not appear , M Gi . but pathetic little ﬁgures like the Ti n old i e r and the Little atch rl

“ " 2 6 R U P E R T O F T H E D A I LY E! P R ESS R U P ER T LIB R A R Y

All written a nd illus tra ted by MA R Y TO UR TEL

PICTURES A ND VERSES ON EVERY PAGE

l —R ER T A N D TH E EN A N TE R N E SS N O . UP CH D P I C T ’ R UP E is carried o ii nto a d stant and . here the K ng s daughter RT i i l ’ i fi R has vanished ; and no one can nd her . upert s adventures there are described in the book . 2—R ER T A N D T H E N O . UP BLACK DWARF R E B D wh o i UP RT is captured by the lack warf , says that he W ll have to or R and stay in his dominion f ever . upert calls a Fairy to his and she helps him to escape . —R ER T A N D H I S P ET M N E N O . 3 UP O K Y

R E B . Th e UP RT had an exciting time With his pet monkey , eppo little mon ey was always gett n nto m sch e and scrapes . k i g i i i f,

4—R ER T A N D H I S R EN M O N O . UP F I D ARG T R UP E RT is carried off by a B alloon by the orders of the Queen of the B alloons wh o s an ry because some ch ldren have pr c ed B alloons th , i g i i k Wi a pm . —R ER T I N TH E O F M ST ER N o . 5 UP WOOD Y Y GR U ND O L F the Gnome has changed a young Prince into a person With B R ﬁnall . the head of a Wild oar . upert y succeeds in getting the Prince free

6 — R T ER O F R ER T A N D N o . FU H ADVENTURES UP H I S P ET M O N KEY E e B D B R UP RT miss d eppo so much that addy has him home again . eppo is as full of mischief and fun as ever .

—R E T H E T R EE N o . 7 UP R T A N D H ROBBERS E B T R He R UP RT Little ear fell into the hands of hree obbers . is dis covered by a kindly Wizard , and delivered from their power . — N O . 8 R ER T T H E N T A N D TH E UP , K IGH , LADY E R had nv ted h s fr e nd Edward Trun , th e Elep ant to s tay UP RT i i i i k h , i T s w th him . ogether they help to re cue a Lady in distress . " " R U P E R T e s m z e 1 / n ot . 9—R E R T A N D T H E C R S N o . UP I CU CLOWN R u e e n C C wh o r eets a rcus lown , carries h m o to a circus . T is m f i i ff h leads him to urther exciting adventures and escapes .

l —R ER T A N D T H E M G HA T N o . O UP A IC R UP E RT Little B ear one day discovered a Fairy Gnome wh o had charge i f i o f of a Hat which would do anything g ven the secret words command .

—R ER T A N T H E T N o . l l UP D LI T L E PR I N C E R UP ERT has many exciting adventures while helping a young Pri nce escape from the spell laid on him by an old witch .

l Z—R ER T A N D N G N O . UP KI PIPPI N I NG I I N A O K P PP , Lord of the pple rchards , falls into the hands of the G R King of the oblins , and a tiny man begs upert to help rescue him .

l —R ER T A N D T H E R E N o. 3 UP WILFUL P I N C SS TH E R Pr ncess ns sts on upert coming to pla W th her , and together i i i R y i the enter a orb dden room , they mount a oc ng Horse wh ch sudden y y h f i ki i l took ight . l —R ER ’ ST ER N o. 4 UP T S M Y IOUS FLI GH T R E fl firs t fli UP is given a ng mach ne , and on h s ght V sits the Land RT yi iOld G ’ i i of the Kinkajous . With the Wise oat s aid he is able to escape at last . ‘ —R R ’ I TR E N o . l S UP E I N OUBL AGAIN Wm LE R Old upert is out for a walk an Witch catches him , takes him H e to her home and locks him in an iron cage . is rescued by his friend .

l —R ER T A N D TH E E S IER N o . 6 UP WOOD N OLD R UP E RT is taken to Toyland one night by a Wooden Soldier that he He To E picked up in the street . travels by the y xpress , and has many e n exciting adventures route .

l 7—R ER T A N D TH E M A N O F TH E S EA N O . UP OLD R UP E RT is in the realm of the Old Man of the Sea and has many hair breadth escapes before he manages to get away .

B—R ER T A T M N o . l UP HAWTHORN FAR R E A All UP RT oes for a holiday with his friend lgy at Hawthorn Farm . children WI 1 love this jolly story of the romps they have .

o I —R ER T A N D TH E ST E N . 9 UP MAGIC WHI L MO R E adventures for R upert ! A nd never has he had such an exciting time as this ﬁne story of his Magic Whistle .

2 —R ER T ETS T EN N O . 0 UP G S OL O N E day R u pert met a travelling toy man wh o carried him far O h to a strange country . R upert had many many ad entures before e was , v h e Old G finally rescu d by the Wise oat . Th e R O M A N C E Se ri e s

’ “ ” r Sam pson Low s f am ous R om ance Se ies .

S unday Tim es .

EACH VOLUME HA S ON AN AVERAGE 90 I LLUSTRA TI ONS

t in E. G. i R D R NR . Cap a D ggle, H M ER N T E RO ANCE O F A M OD LI N ER . ith a Foreword by l T W E S . l arl Je licoe , of capa his book , which is splendidly il ustrated , is d e i n d S g e to give boys the l fe of a great l ner , from the t me t s planned ’ ' i i i i i in oﬂi ce w the draughtsman s , right through its construction , sho ing the ﬁ nall CO ID DI ISSIO II III wonders of its building , its launching and y g .

i W. W Capt a n R. hall TH E M O F R RO ANCE NAVIGATION. With a Foreword by ear A E R G. R . E . dmiral . . vans R ear - A dmi ral Evans in his foreword says Th e R omance of Navi gati on s of absorb ng nterest fro cover to cover bes des rom i sm g to i i i m , i p be a standard wor , com ng , as t does rom the pen o an art st n l tera , k i ” i f f i i i ture as well as in sea culture .

Harold Armit ag e 3 00 T IN S R T C A In f l l s H G A B IGH BOY N DO. this u ly i lu trated we book , have unfolded before the eyes of youth a very generous cho ce o a es w th nnumerab e other past mes and occupat ons . i f g m , i i l i i

Jean St ewart

1 T I T R A Th e 3 0 H N GS A BR I GH GI L C N DO . editor of this work well pro wd es outdoor and indoor pastimes for girls and accompanies Fo r them through all the seasons . the spring and summer vacations we have garden ng Sw mm ng boat ng golf hoc ey tenn s . , , , i i , i i i k , Gerald Beavi s T H E F T H E h ROMANCE O HEAVENS . In t is volume an attempt has been made to deal th the romant c S de to expla n some of t h e Wi i i , i n d mysteries and to foster an i terest in the celestial bo ies .

“ " 1. 3 T H ! R O M A N C E S E R I ES 8 1 net.

Maior C. C. Turner T H E M OLD FLYI N G D AYS . an boo s about the air se em to have y k ’ been forced u nwﬂ li ngly nto e m s te nce b the r author s sense of duty or i ’ y i i i . Ma T respons b l t or urner s boo , on the other hand , is a spontaneous i y ” k e d . Th e M story that deman writing orning Post .

A. G. Linney EE S O F TH E R T P P HOW PO O F LON DON . With good illustra t ons (nearl all from photographs he has h mself ta en often n odd i y i k , i ), , l places apt quotations fe icitous expression , and much—technical know ledge , so good a boo as th s on a great sub ect deserves as I feel sure t k i j " i —a Th e O Will get warm welcome from all . bserver .

Charles Dix on

. Th e T i l PARACHUTING book makes exciting reading . his book W l be of nterest for the record t g ves of remar able acmd en ts . More exc t ng i ﬁlm " M i i " k i i than any . orning Post .

T H E N EST F T H E B Th e on ue st CO QU O ATLANTIC Y AIR . c q of the North A tlantic by air in the past ten years has been one o f the ﬂ i n most exciting adventures in the history of y g. Famous airmen of n many ationalities have ventured to span that mighty ocean .

Mabel Kit t y Gibbard I ES F O R R S R d HOBB GI L . egard has been paid to the nee of the b u sm e ss school girl or the junior in , both usually blessed With very little S we pocket money . ome hobbies are so expensive that the girl have in 011 i ll ﬁ nd i mind is frightened , but here she W several hobbies wh ch can e n o ed be thoroughly J y on a minimum outlay. ’ B B ES S R T S A N D M F O R IR S . C HO I , PO PASTI ES G L ycling all rambl ng , hare and bounds da s n the woodlands , are dealt th . i , y i Wi r Photog aphy and drawing are shown to be the most excellent hobbies .

i n G. G bbard Jackso

TH E K O F TH E S I . Th e author de al s with the cl ppers and thBeOgrOeat da s of sa tHhePco ng o steam and the de elopmei nt of y il mi f , v l i warsh ps and merchant sh ps , great and sma , down to the com ng of i i l " the motor ship and the electr c ship . Cannot fa l to interest a boy . M " i i orning Post .

T f ew b o s wh o can B R I T I S H L O C O M O T I V E S . here are y resist the appeal of machinery in mass as represented by the railway engine . A wealth of nformat on regard ng ron monsters from earl n neteenth i i i i " y i " a ﬁ ne . Th e S . century days onwards , is cont ined in this book cotsman I t u TH E R O M ANCE O F T H E S UBM ARINE. is a pict resquely wr tten and eenl nterest ng account of the h story of the submarine . i h S k y ”i i i T e cotsman . " T H E R O M A N C E S E R I ES 8 1 not .

i n G . G bbard Jackso ! ' T H E W R D S E E S A N D I S I S . In this volume tOhe LauthorAhasReOnPdeLaAvoNured to give AsomRe Hof Pthe remarkable w o f e ach evements of the a rmen of the wor d , ith part cu ars th machi nes i i l i l ” —“ Co E ne . upon which those achievements were made . rk xami r

Th e - s s c r HOBB I ES F O R BOYS . thirty seven chapter in thi book ove bo wh o n hnd i a tremendous amount of ground , and the y can ot someth ng a worth while in these pages Will be a r rity .

TR IUM PH S A N D WON DER S O F M ODER N ENG IN EER IN G. B e d th e ridges , tunnels , ships , motor cars and aeroplanes , have all exc e ed u t Wildest dreams of their inventors , and their development is f lly deal i i u hs W th in this book . which is also profusely ll strated With photograp o f of all the wonders engineering . R f t B I T I SH RAILWAYS . It is the romantic side o our railways tha a Th e r es has been given p rticular attention here . setbacks and Victo i , a the mistakes , and f ilures to appreciate what lay before them , the constant ﬂ o ts — i r e r to more successful workings all these are the th ngs which matte . ! f w TH E ROM ANCE O F E PLORA T ION . There can be e more lorati on lls romantic subjects than ex , and in this volume the author te the stor of the great exp ore rs and the mi racles o d sco ery that t ey y d f i v h have achieve .

A ST IM ES I ES A N D S R TS F O R S . Th e e P , HOBB PO BOY pres nt age is largely one f or outdoor sports and recreations and in this volume T f or this important fact has not been overlooked . here are hobbies every purse and f or every boy .

T T Th e ﬁ ce FROM PO S BOY O A IR MAIL. story of the Post O n i is not so well k own as that of our ra lways , shipping , motors and aircraft . d e s r Possibly it is less exciting , yet it is one of great velopment from ve y s small beginning .

Frank C. Bowen

S I WE SEE . T i l H PS his book is intended to show the un—fa ing interest and very frequent romance in every type of ship that ﬂo a ts from record brea ng l ner to barge , from m ght battlesh p to submar ne ro the ki i i y i i , f m graceful racing yacht to the uncouth dredger .

R i n F. e d Corso T T E T H E ATLANTIC FERR Y I N TH E W N T I E H CEN T UR Y. T i - i h s boo comes at an opportune oment , for th the record brea ng i k m " W k G E rn maiden voyage of the erman liner uropa , a new era of co tition u I t u s u tlanti c has beg n on the A tlantic . sets before a pict re of the - passenger services as they are to day .

- Rear Adm iral Si r S. Eardley Wilm ot

U ad d i tional ch a O U R NAVY F O R A T H O SAND YEARS . With p C . D . ters on the Navy in the Great War by Ca ptain A . ewar T l i B i N l is is a most attracti e y wr tten h story o the r tish a y , te ng, h v ’ i f v li B th e . A ll B i a s as it does , the story of ritain s triumphs on sea r tish b ttle are described and the book is an epic of courage and adventure . Th e SP LEN D ID Se ri e s

2 6

EACH VO LUME H A S 16 PAGES O F ILLUSTR ATIONS

TH E S EN B K O F O M T E h i n PL DID OO L CO O IVES . very t g a b o y Wl ll e He h wants to know about locomotives be found h re . is told ow to n e R recog z the ar ous t pes , all about a lway organ zat on and someth ng i v i y i i i , i of B i R of the port , much of the present and a little the future of rit sh ail l n ways in a fashion that revea s the splendid achievement of our railwayme .

TH E SPLEN D I D BOOK O F STEAM SHIPS . From boyhood to old age the sea and ships have a tremendous f ascm ati on f or the sterner sex . In this book the writer has endeavoured to give something of the history u th e of the ship , With partic lar stress on wonderful advance which has e b en made during the past century .

TH E E F Th e SPL N DID B OOK O AEROPLANES . lure of the air w o s one wh ch grows upon the man or boy h beco es nterested . A nd ei vents haive proved that women feel the appeal ofmairi travel quite as acutely . I n this volume the author has endeavoured to give some of the remark able achievements of the airmen of the world , With some particulars of the machines upon which those achievements were made .

T H E E K F EN N EER N G E S PL N DID B OO O GI I . very branch of — i s eng neer ng br dges tunnels , ra lwa s , m nes , power stat ons , motor car , i— i i , i y i etc . has been dealt i th and the result s a boo wh ch ll thr far more than an adventuWre story and which Wiill bear kreadiing tWimi e andilltime I t . again . is a glorious book for boys TH E SPLEN D I D BOOK O F B OY S ’ I N DO O R GAM ES A N D B E T are i E l HOB I S . here so many ra ny days in an ng ish y—ear that every ﬁnd s . T boy himself , sometimes , at a loss for something to do hat means m ischief With this book the rainy days Will be turned into the happiest ones such a feast of jolly things are there here . TH E SPLEN DID BOOK O F G IR L S ’ I N DOOR GAMES A N D ’ H l i T HOB B I ES . ere is a rea g rl s book here is not a dull page in it ﬁrs t . E from to last very conceivable taste has been catered for , and the l a result is a book which cannot fail to p e se , and to provide many happy i s hours for ts lucky owner .