Characterization of Sugar from Arenga Pinnata and Saccharum Officinarum Sugars

International Food Research Journal 23(4): 1642-1652 (2016) Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my Characterization of Sugar from Arenga pinnata and Saccharum officinarum sugars 1Choong, C.C., 1Anzian, A., 1Che Wan Sapawi, C.W.N.S. and *1, 2Meor Hussin, A.S. 1Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. 2Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia. Article history Abstract Received: 12 June 2015 The study was carried out to characterize the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities Received in revised form: and the volatile compounds of sugars from Arenga pinnata and Saccharum officinarum. 22 December 2015 Refined cane sugar exhibited the highest L* value, whereas jaggery powder showed the lowest Accepted: 29 December 2015 L* value (p<0.05). The solubility ranged from 99.18% to 99.57%. The proximate composition and chemicals properties were significantly (p<0.05) varied among different sugar samples. Keywords The highest moisture content (4.11%), crude fat (0.11%), crude fiber (0.02%) and reducing sugar (9.31%) were found in aren sugar. Highest amount of ash content (1.19%), crude protein Aren sugar (0.28%), titratable acidity (0.50%) and vitamin C (6.62 mg/100 g) were found in jaggery Jaggery powder powder. As control, refined cane sugar contain significant amount of carbohydrate (99.95%), Arenga pinnata total soluble solid (90.00 °Brix) and water activity (0.55 aw). The pH values of all samples Saccharum officinarum ranged from 4.14 to 6.65. The maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity and TPC were Characterization found in jaggery powder with values 4170 μg of GAE/g and 46.98% respectively. The volatile compounds detected were 5-hydroxymethylfurfural,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- 4H-pyran-4-one, aminoacethydrazine, hydroxyacetic acid, hydrazine, acetic acid, [S-(R*, R*)]-2, 3-butanediol, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 6-acetyl-á-d- mannose. The quality data from this characterization can be used to indicate the standard of A. pinnata and S. officinarum sugars. © All Rights Reserved Introduction and value much higher than refined sugar, thus making it as a healthier alternative sweetener (Unde et al., Sugar is a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes 2011). from sugar cane, sugar palm and sugar beet. There are Refined cane sugar was preferred than aren sugar various types of sugar categorized by their use and their and jaggery powder in daily use due to its purity characteristics. Aren sugar is a type of sugar made by (Nayaka et al., 2009). It imparts sweetness to food boiling the sweet sap harvested from the stalk of male and beverage without unwanted taste (Wojtezak et al., inflorescent of Arenga pinnata. The nira sap of the 2012). However, refined cane sugar has little nutritional inflorescence from the sugar palm trees was used to value and the concern of increasing consumption of make traditional sugar blocks which called aren sugar refined cane sugar on health impact has been increased or locally known as gula kabong/enau (Ishak et al., (Cheeseman, 2004). 2013). Aren sugar is believed to be more nutritious than Naknean and Meenune (2011) revealed that there sugar extracted from sugarcane. It contains minerals was an increase in antioxidant activity of concentrated and vitamins that are not found in the refined cane sugar palm sugar syrup that freshly heated on a wood fire stove (Ishak et al., 2013). which was produced in Songkhla Province, Thailand Jaggery powder is form from raw sugarcane juice, is highly correlated with the amount of increases in a tropical grass from a group of Saccharum species Maillard reaction products, caramelization products which stores sucrose in its stem. It is produced from and phenolic content. old or traditional systems of sugar production method Although studies on some characteristics and in which evaporation takes place in an open pan and antioxidant activity of certain sugars have been syrup produced is thick enough to solidify on cooling. mentioned but no information on characteristics and This traditional sugar is operated less intensive on a antioxidant activity of Aren sugar produced in Malaysia semi-industrialized scale and not fully commercialized has been systematically reported. Thus this research cultivation and processing (Johari, 1994). Jaggery aimed to characterize the physiochemical properties, powder contains all the food substances in sugarcane antioxidant activities and the volatile compounds of *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Tel: +60-3-8946- 8347; Fax: +60-3-8942-3552 1643 Choong et al./IFRJ 23(4): 1642-1652 sugars from A. pinnata and S. officinarum. Determination of vitamin C and reducing sugar Materials and Methods content The vitamin C and reducing sugar content was Sample collection and preparation measured according to AOAC method (2012). Aren sugar was traditional foodstuff and obtained at local market in Melaka, Malaysia. Refined cane Analysis of proximate content sugar and jaggery powder were purchased from The moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat and local supermarket (Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia) with crude fibre were determined according to AOAC the same sugar manufacturer. Sugar samples were (2012). The carbohydrate content of samples was vacuum packed in aluminium bag (500 g/bag) and measured using ‘by difference’ method according kept at -20ᵒC until used within 1 week. Refined cane to AOAC method (2012). Samples were analysed in sugar will be acted as a control sample. triplicate. Determination of color % of Carbohydrate = 100% – (% moisture + % ash + The color measurement of the samples was % protein + % fat + % fiber) carried out using a colorimeter (Ultrascan Pro, Hunter Lab, USA). The rates of lightness (L*), redness (a*) Sample preparation and extraction and yellowness (b*) of sugar samples were measured. Samples were extracted using modification (Naknean et al., 2010). method adopted by Azlim et al. (2010). About 20 g of sample (refined cane sugar, aren sugar and Determination of solubility jaggery powder) and 400 mL of methanol solvent Solubility of sample was determined by was added into the beaker. The mixture was stirred modification of Naknean et al., (2010). About 1 g of with magnetic stirrer for 1 hour at room temperature. sample (refined cane sugar, aren sugar and jaggery The mixture was filtered (Whatman No. 4) through powder) and 100 ml of distilled water were transferred Buchner funnel. The solvent in the extract were into a beaker. The mixture was centrifuged at 3500 rpm removed under reduced pressure at 40°C using rotary for 20 min at 24°C by using centrifugal (Centrifuge evaporator (Laborota 4000 Efficient Eco, Heidolph. S800, KUBOTA, Japan). The solution was filtered Germany). through pre-weighed filter paper (Whatman, No. 1) using a Buchner funnel and immediately dried in Determination of DPPH radicals scavenging activity oven at 105°C for at least 7 hours. The percentage of The free radical-scavenging activity of samples solubility value was calculated by weight difference. on DPPH radical was carried out according to the procedure described by Azlim et al. (2010) with Determination of pH, titratable acidity (TA) and total slight modification. DPPH solution was prepared soluble solid (TSS) by dissolving 0.0024 g DPPH powder into 100 ml The pH, TA and TSS were determined according methanol. About 0.01 g of refined cane sugar, aren to AOAC method (1990). The pH value was measured sugar and jaggery powder were added to 10ml of by pH meter (3505 pH Meter, Jenway, UK). The methanol to give concentration of 1 mg/ml. Then, 2 instrument was calibrated using standard buffer ml of sample aliquot was added into 2 ml of DPPH solutions at pH 4 and 7. The titratable acidity was in methanol. The mixture was mixed with vortex and measured by dissolved 10 g of sample with 100 mL allowed to stand at room temperature in the dark for of distilled water. The homogenate was titrated with 30 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting solution 0.1 M NaOH. The volume of base required to make was measured at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer the pH of the homogenate to pH 8.1 (end-point) was (Thermo Spectronic GENESYS 20 Visible measured. The result was calculated as a percentage Spectrophotometer, Thermo Scientific, USA). The of lactic acid.The total soluble solid (°Brix) were negative control was prepared in the same manner measured using a hand Refractometer (Atago N1 by replacing sample to methanol. Trolox solution Brix 0~32%, Japan). was used to establish a standard curve. DPPH radical scavenging activity was expressed as mg Trolox Determination of water activity equivalent (Trolox)/g dried sample. The scavenging The water activity of sample was measured at room capacity of sample was calculated by the following temperature using a water activity meter (Aqualab equation: Water Activity Meter, Decagon, Washington, USA). Choong et al./IFRJ 23(4): 1642-1652 1644 Scavenging activity (%) = Ablank – Asample X 100 x i.d., 0.25μm film thickness). Flow rate of helium Ablank carrier gas was 1.0 mL/min. The injector temperature was 240ºC. The oven temperature was programmed Determination of total phenol content (TPC) from 60ºC to 240ºC at 6ºC/min with initial and final The total phenol content of sample was hold times of 5 min and 10 min respectively using determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method with slightly splitless injection mode. Volatile compounds were modification from Azlimet al. (2010). Fiolin reagent identified with a quadropole mass selective detector. was prepared by dissolving 10 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu Mass spectral ionization was set at 180ºC. The mass into 90 ml distilled water. About 0.01 g of refined spectrometer was operated in the electron ionization cane sugar, aren sugar and jaggery powder was mode at a voltage of 70 eV.

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