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Research Article Sustainable Nipa Palm (Nypa Fruticans Wurmb.) Product Utilization in Thailand

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Research Article Sustainable Nipa Palm (Nypa Fruticans Wurmb.) Product Utilization in Thailand Hindawi Scientifica Volume 2020, Article ID 3856203, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3856203 Research Article Sustainable Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) Product Utilization in Thailand Onanong Cheablam and Boontaree Chanklap School of Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si ammarat 80160, ailand Correspondence should be addressed to Onanong Cheablam; [email protected] and Boontaree Chanklap; [email protected] Received 28 January 2020; Revised 30 August 2020; Accepted 9 September 2020; Published 25 September 2020 Academic Editor: Osman Kucuk Copyright © 2020 Onanong Cheablam and Boontaree Chanklap. +is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nipa palms, a plant species in mangrove forest, are valuable and beneficial for the local community’s economy as well as the conservation in the southern region of +ailand. +is study aimed to investigate the use of nipa palms in Khanap Nak and focused on the type of products made from nipa palms and the yield of this plant through focus group discussion and interview with the farmers maintaining nipa palm forest. +e results suggested that nipa palms in Khanap Nak can yield for 5–100 years. Apart from the benefits to the community in terms of sustainability, as it prevents erosion, it provides sources for the production of food (molasses, granulated sugar, syrup, and vinegar from sap) and raw materials (roofing material and cigarette paper from leaves and stem), which can generate income to community members. It was found that most of the communities earn 90–130 USD/day from palm sugar production. +e quantity of nipa palm products varies in each season, resulting in different prices. In this regard, they can produce high quantity of products made from sap from January to March. However, the production of different types of sugar requires local knowledge and wisdom to ensure good quality. Nipa palm production is the sustainable way to utilize mangrove forest resources, leading to effective conservation and good life quality. Regarding problems and difficulties in farming, it was found that natural disaster is a major threat, such as drought, excessive amount of salt or freshwater in certain periods, and insect pests. 1. Introduction chemical components, such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose [8, 9]. +ailand is located in the tropics, which has a diversity of Sustainable utilization of nipa palms can make envi- mangrove forest [1]. Various species of plants in mangrove ronmental, social, and economical impacts [10]. +e sap is forest can be potentially processed in many different ways to used to produce many products for consumption, such as support the local livelihood, such as food, fuel, medicine, and fresh juice, syrup, alcohol, molasses, and traditional vinegar, construction materials [2, 3]. Considered one of the oldest which can be sold to generate income to the community, living palms [4], the nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) is the resulting in very promising economic potential. In addition, only species able to adapt to mangrove forest. +is trunkless many local communities inherit traditional techniques for palm dominates wetlands commonly flooded by brackish generations to utilize nipa palms that remain a part of the water [5–7]. +is mangrove palm is harvested to produce community’s livelihood [1]. Currently, a few government various products depending on tradition and lifestyle, in- agencies support and promote the development of aban- cluding sugar syrup from its floral and fruit stalk exudate; doned shrimp farms for nipa palm cultivation and the thatching materials, cigarette paper, and construction materials utilization of vacant spaces to increase the abundance of from its leaves; as well as food and dessert from its fruits [3]. mangrove forest. Consumable products from nipa palms in Located in Pak Phanang Basin, Khanap Nak is the largest Pak Phanang Basin are obtained through traditional ex- source of nipa palms in +ailand [1]. Nipa palms’ sap locally traction techniques, and some resource development produced in the Pak Phanang Basin is rich in nutrition and strategies have been implemented in this area. 2 Scientifica 100°14′0″E 100°15′0″E 100°16′0″E 100°17′0″E N Centuries ago, coastal communities in Pak Phanang ″ 0 Basin have traditionally been utilizing nipa palms, but the ′ empirical evidence of production and consumption of the 8°15 processed products from nipa palms is still limited. Simi- N larly, the value of nipa palms on environmental, social, and N ″ ″ 0 0 ′ economical aspects is the contribution to sustainable utili- ′ 8°14 zation of forest products. In connection with this, the 8°14 present study aimed to identify a variety of nipa palms’ sap N products utilized by local communities in Pak Phanang N ″ ″ 0 0 ′ Basin. It was expected to contribute to the literature re- ′ 8°13 garding the role of nipa palms in these communities, income 8°13 generation, and its environmental value. N N ″ ″ 0 0 ′ 2. Study Site ′ 8°12 8°12 +is research was conducted in Khanap Nak, located in Pak Phanang Basin, Nakhon Si +ammarat, +ailand, which is N N ″ ″ 0 the largest source of nipa palms in +ailand [1, 9]. +e area of 0 ′ ′ ° ° ° Highway 8°11 study is located at 8 10′8″N to 8 14′30″N and 100 13′48″E to Secondary road 8°11 100°17′46″E (Figure 1). Topographically, the site is a swampy Khanap Nak boundary area with a moderate tidal influence [1, 11]. Land use Nipa palm N N ″ Sea, water & canals ″ 0 0 ′ ′ Other 8°10 3. Materials and Methods 8°10 Data were obtained from two sources: primary and sec- 100°14′0″E 100°15′0″E 100°16′0″E 100°17′0″E ondary. +e primary data were collected from January to Figure 1: Khanap Nak, Nakhon Si +ammarat, +ailand. October 2019, while the secondary data were gathered or collected from various sources, such as documents issued by the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, journal (4) Survey and Direct Observations of Nipa Palm Forest articles, official records, and project reports. +e values, and Farms in Khanap Nak. +e productivity of each lifestyles, and importance attached to nipa palms as well as farm of people was surveyed to determine the yields. its role in income generation were investigated. +e process involved the following methods: +is study specified the sustainability criteria to assess the opportunities of nipa palm product utilization from (1) Key Informant Interview. +e selected key infor- environmental, social, and economical sustainability aspects mants for this research were related to nipa palms, (Figure 2). +e obtained data were analyzed by a qualitative including the community representatives who were descriptive analysis focusing on both measuring the volume directly and indirectly involved in the production and income and interpreting the types and process of nipa and distribution of nipa palm products. +ey were palm products. All results were illustrated using charts, selected through snowball sampling based on the pictures, and tables. characteristic suitability of the subjects and the re- quirements to obtain complete, accurate, and con- sistent data. +ere were a total of 12 informants 4. Results and Discussion participating. 4.1.SustainableUtilizationofNipaPalm. Khanap Nak has an (2) Brainstorming and Focus Group Discussion. +is area of approximately 38.8 square kilometers with 10 villages allowed people with nipa palm plantation to par- and a total population of 5,295 people. +e community is a ticipate in providing data regarding values, products, coastal community with a large amount of nipa palms. and lifestyles related to nipa palms. +erefore, the community’s lifestyle is linked with nipa (3) Interview with 100 Households (of 389) of Nipa Palm palms and people rely on making nipa palm products for Producers from 10 Villages. +e sample size of this primary and supplementary income. According to the study is more than 25% of the population for the findings of this study, the community is a home to 389 small population [12]. +e structured interview fo- households relying on nipa palms for living. A survey in- cused on the categories, types, volume, and pre- dicated the palm forest area of 5.76 square kilometers in this paredness of the community to produce nipa palm community. +e results from the farmer interview revealed products. +e respondents for the study were sam- the age of palm trees in this area is from 5 to 100 years. In pled by using a simple purposive sampling technique addition, it was found from the interview and observation to select the well knowledgeable and experienced that nipa palms are crucial for the community in envi- people with nipa palm–related occupation who were ronmental, social, and economical aspects as presented in willing to provide the nipa palm information. Figure 3. Scientifica 3 Sustainability criteria Environment Social Economy Criteria Secondary data: Interviews with nipa Interviews with key department of marine and palm producers made up informants coastal resources of 100 households On-site survey Brainstorming and focus group discussions Materials and methods and Materials Variety of nipa palm’s sap production Nipa palm value on environment Role of nipa palm in local community Content analysis Content Income generation of nipa palm production Sustainable nipa palm utilization Figure 2: Methodological framework. Environmental dimension Soil stabilization and riverbank erosion prevention Sustainable utilization of nipa palm Social dimension Economic Community way of dimension life/utilization of Income generation nipa palm Figure 3: Sustainable utilization of nipa palms. As pointed out earlier, nipa palms are a valuable resource community lifestyles and natural resources [3, 14]. +e value in coastal areas of +ailand. Local communities rely on this and importance of nipa palms are discussed in detail in the plant for both environmental and economic benefits [1].
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