DOCSLIB.ORG

Discovery of a Diverse Clade of Gregarine Apicomplexans (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) from Pacific Eunicid and Onuphid Polychae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology ISSN 1066-5234 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Discovery of a Diverse Clade of Gregarine Apicomplexans (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) from Pacific Eunicid and Onuphid Polychaetes, Including Descriptions of Paralecudina n. gen., Trichotokara japonica n. sp., and T. eunicae n. sp. Sonja Rueckerta,b, Kevin C. Wakemanc & Brian S. Leanderc a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom b Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan c Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #3529–6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Keywords ABSTRACT Eugregarines; parasite; phylogeny; taxonomy. Marine gregarines are poorly understood apicomplexan parasites with large trophozoites that inhabit the body cavities of marine invertebrates. Two novel Correspondence species of gregarines were discovered in polychaete hosts collected in Canada S. Rueckert, School of Life, Sport and Social and Japan. The trophozoites of Trichotokara japonica n. sp. were oval to Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, rhomboidal shaped, and covered with longitudinal epicytic folds with a density Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh of six to eight folds/micron. The nucleus was situated in the middle of the cell, EH11 4BN, United Kingdom and the mucron was elongated and covered with hair-like projections; antler- Telephone number: +44 131 455 2490; like projections also extended from the anterior tip of the mucron. The distinc- FAX number: +44 131 455 2291; tively large trophozoites of Trichotokara eunicae n. sp. lacked an elongated e-mail: [email protected] mucron and had a tadpole-like cell shape consisting of a bulbous anterior region and a tapered tail-like posterior region. The cell surface was covered Received: 15 June 2012; revised 13 August with longitudinal epicytic folds with a density of three to five folds/micron. 2012; accepted September 25, 2012. Small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences of both species were very divergent and formed a strongly supported clade with the recently described species Tricho- doi:10.1111/jeu.12015 tokara nothriae and an environmental sequence (AB275074). This phylogenetic context combined with the morphological features of T. eunicae n. sp. required us to amend the description for Trichotokara. The sister clade to the Trichoto- kara clade consisted of environmental sequences and Lecudina polymorpha, which also possesses densely packed epicyctic folds (3–5 folds/micron) and a prominently elongated mucron. This improved morphological and molecular phylogenetic context justified the establishment of Paralecudina (ex. Lecudina) polymorpha n. gen. et comb. GREGARINES are unicellular parasites of terrestrial, fresh- either septate or aseptate depending on whether or not water, and marine invertebrates that infect the digestive the cell is partitioned into two visible compartments (pro- tract, coelomic spaces, and reproductive vesicles of their tomerite and deutomerite). The anterior end of the troph- hosts. The vast majority of described gregarine species ozoites is modified for attachment to host tissues and is belong to so-called “eugregarines” (Grasse 1953; Leander considered an epimerite in septate species and a mucron 2008; Perkins et al. 2002), which possess an extracellular in aspetate species. Mucrons and epimerites can range feeding stage, the trophozoite, that are conspicuously dif- from being streamlined and inconspicuous to prominent ferent in morphology and motility from the infective sporo- and elongated, sometimes bearing multiple hair-like exten- zoite stage. Most eugregarines possess dense arrays of sions. longitudinal epicytic folds facilitating surface mediated The haploid life histories of eugregarines apparently lack nutrition (Leander 2008). Because of the large number of an asexual proliferation phase called “merogony”, folds, the cells are relatively stiff and move using an actin/ whereby the trophozoites are able to divide into many myosin-based gliding mechanism (Heintzelman 2004; genetically identical individuals (Levine 1977). In general, Leander 2008). The trophozoites of eugregarines are also eugregarines have (monoxenous) life cycles involving only © 2012 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2012 International Society of Protistologists Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2013, 60, 121–136 121 Diversity of Marine Gregarine Apicomplexans Rueckert et al. one host species. The relatively large trophozoites within the research vessel R/V Tsukuba based at the Shimoda a host pair up in a process called “syzygy” and become Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, gamonts. A cyst forms around the pair of gamonts, form- Shizuoka, Japan. Onuphid tubeworms Nothria cf. otsuchi- ing a gametocyst, and each gamont divides into numerous ensis (Imajima, 1986) were collected from these samples. gametes (Levine 1977). The pair-wise fusion of gametes The polychaete Eunice valens (Chamberlin, 1919) was col- derived from each gamont forms a zygote that is then sur- lected at a depth of 7–10 m while SCUBA diving at Ogden rounded by an oocyst wall. Within the oocyst, meiosis Point (48°24′48″N, 123°23′37″W), in August 2010, in Victo- occurs to yield four (or more, with subsequent rounds of ria, British Columbia, Canada. The intestines of the host ani- mitosis) spindle-shaped sporozoites (Kuriyama et al. 2005). mals were dissected with fine-tipped forceps under a low Hundreds of oocysts accumulate within each gametocyst, magnification stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61, Olympus and are usually released via host faeces or via host death Corp. Tokyo, Japan/Leica MZ6, Wetzlar, Germany) to and remain in the environment until a new host ingests extract the trophozoites of Trichotokara japonica n. sp. and them. Once ingested, the sporozoites hatch from the Trichotokara eunicae n. sp. Gut contents containing tropho- oocysts and penetrate the host cells. The sporozoites zoites were examined using an inverted compound micro- enlarge to become trophozoites that emerge from the cell scope (Olympus CKX31, Olympus Corp./Zeiss Axiovert 200, and start feeding. Carl-Zeiss, Goettingen, Germany, or Leica DM IL, Wetzlar, Lecudina Mingazzini, 1899 (Levine, 1988) and the Lecu- Germany), and individual trophozoites were isolated by dinidae Kamm, 1922 (26 genera) are essentially “catch-all” micromanipulation. Before being prepared for microscopy taxa for marine eugregarines that infect mainly polychae- and DNA extraction, individual trophozoites were washed tes (Rueckert and Leander 2010). Emerging molecular three times in filtered and autoclaved seawater. phylogenetic data combined with ultrastructural data, how- ever, have improved our understanding of lecudinid inter- Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy relationships (Leander 2008; Leander et al. 2003b; Rueckert and Leander 2009, 2010; Simdyanov 2009). For instance, Differential interference contrast (DIC) light micrographs of Difficilina (Rueckert et al. 2010; Simdyanov 2009) and Tri- the trophozoites of T. japonica n. sp. were taken using a chotokara (Rueckert and Leander 2010) are recently estab- system microscope (Olympus BX50, Olympus Corp.) con- lished genera within the Lecudinidae that more accurately nected to a digital camera (Olympus DP70, Olympus characterize the diversity of marine eugregarines. The Corp.). The DIC light micrographs of the trophozoites of combination of molecular phylogenetic data, comparative T. eunicae n. sp. were taken with a compound microscope morphology, host affinity, and biogeography suggest that (Zeiss Axioplan 2, Carl-Zeiss) connected to a colour digital many more genera are warranted and that some known camera (Leica DC500). Individual trophozoites of T. japon- species of Lecudina need to be re-evaluated within the ica n. sp. (n = 55) and T. eunicae n. sp. (n = 60) were pre- context of available data (compare Levine 1977, 1979; Per- pared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the kins et al. 2002; Landers and Leander 2005; Rueckert and OsO4 vapour protocol described previously (Rueckert and Leander 2008, 2009; Simdyanov 2009). The generation of Leander 2008, 2009). Isolated cells were deposited molecular phylogenetic data from characterized gregarine directly into the threaded hole of a Swinnex filter holder, species has also played a huge role in the interpretation of containing a 5 lm polycarbonate membrane filter environmental sequences generated from PCR surveys of (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA), that was submerged in organismal diversity in specific habitats (e.g. Rueckert 10 ml of seawater within a small canister (2 cm diameter et al. 2011). and 3.5 cm tall). A piece of Whatman filter paper was In this vein, we discovered two novel species of marine mounted on the inside base of a beaker (4 cm diameter eugregarines in eunicid and onuphid polychaetes and char- and 5 cm tall) that was slightly larger than the canister. acterized their trophozoites with light microscopy (LM), The Whatman filter paper was saturated with 4% OsO4 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and small subunit and the beaker was turned over the canister. The para- (SSU) rDNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetic analyses sites were fixed by OsO4 vapours for 30 min. Ten drops of the new sequences enabled us to (1) determine the of 4% OsO4 were added directly
Recommended publications
  • ABSTRACT Gregarine Parasitism in Dragonfly Populations of Central

    ABSTRACT Gregarine Parasitism in Dragonfly Populations of Central

    ABSTRACT Gregarine Parasitism in Dragonfly Populations of Central Texas with an Assessment of Fitness Costs in Erythemis simplicicollis Jason L. Locklin, Ph.D. Mentor: Darrell S. Vodopich, Ph.D. Dragonfly parasites are widespread and frequently include gregarines (Phylum Apicomplexa) in the gut of the host. Gregarines are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that infect arthropods worldwide. More than 1,600 gregarine species have been described, but only a small percentage of invertebrates have been surveyed for these apicomplexan parasites. Some consider gregarines rather harmless, but recent studies suggest otherwise. Odonate-gregarine studies have more commonly involved damselflies, and some have considered gregarines to rarely infect dragonflies. In this study, dragonfly populations were surveyed for gregarines and an assessment of fitness costs was made in a common and widespread host species, Erythemis simplicicollis. Adult dragonfly populations were surveyed weekly at two reservoirs in close proximity to one another and at a flow-through wetland system. Gregarine prevalences and intensities were compared within host populations between genders, among locations, among wing loads, and through time. Host fitness parameters measured included wing load, egg size, clutch size, and total egg count. Of the 37 dragonfly species surveyed, 14 species (38%) hosted gregarines. Thirteen of those species were previously unreported as hosts. Gregarine prevalences ranged from 2% – 52%. Intensities ranged from 1 – 201. Parasites were aggregated among their hosts. Gregarines were found only in individuals exceeding a minimum wing load, indicating that gregarines are likely not transferred from the naiad to adult during emergence. Prevalence and intensity exhibited strong seasonality during both years at one of the reservoirs, but no seasonal trend was detected at the wetland.
  • An Intestinal Gregarine of Nothria Conchylega (Polychaeta, Onuphidae)

    An Intestinal Gregarine of Nothria Conchylega (Polychaeta, Onuphidae)

    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104 (2010) 172–179 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Description of Trichotokara nothriae n. gen. et sp. (Apicomplexa, Lecudinidae) – An intestinal gregarine of Nothria conchylega (Polychaeta, Onuphidae) Sonja Rueckert *, Brian S. Leander Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, #3529 – 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 article info abstract Article history: The trophozoites of a novel gregarine apicomplexan, Trichotokara nothriae n. gen. et sp., were isolated and Received 12 November 2009 characterized from the intestines of the onuphid tubeworm Nothria conchylega (Polychaeta), collected at Accepted 11 March 2010 20 m depth from the North-eastern Pacific Coast. The trophozoites were 50–155 lm long with a mid-cell Available online 23 March 2010 indentation that formed two prominent bulges (anterior bulge, 14–48 lm wide; posterior bulge, 15– 55 lm wide). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that approximately 400 densely packed, Keywords: longitudinal epicytic folds (5 folds/lm) inscribe the surface of the trophozoites, and a prominently elon- Alveolata gated mucron (14–60 lm long and 6–12 lm wide) was covered with hair-like projections (mean length, Apicomplexa 1.97 m; mean width, 0.2 m at the base). Although a septum occurred at the junction between the cell Lecudinidae l l Lecudina proper and the mucron in most trophozoites, light microscopy (LM) demonstrated that the cell proper Parasite extended into the core of the mucron as a thin prolongation.
  • Supplementary Material Parameter Unit Average ± Std NO3 + NO2 Nm

    Supplementary Material Parameter Unit Average ± Std NO3 + NO2 Nm

    Supplementary Material Table S1. Chemical and biological properties of the NRS water used in the experiment (before amendments). Parameter Unit Average ± std NO3 + NO2 nM 140 ± 13 PO4 nM 8 ± 1 DOC μM 74 ± 1 Fe nM 8.5 ± 1.8 Zn nM 8.7 ± 2.1 Cu nM 1.4 ± 0.9 Bacterial abundance Cells × 104/mL 350 ± 15 Bacterial production μg C L−1 h−1 1.41 ± 0.08 Primary production μg C L−1 h−1 0.60 ± 0.01 β-Gl nM L−1 h−1 1.42 ± 0.07 APA nM L−1 h−1 5.58 ± 0.17 AMA nM L−1·h−1 2.60 ± 0.09 Chl-a μg/L 0.28 ± 0.01 Prochlorococcus cells × 104/mL 1.49 ± 02 Synechococcus cells × 104/mL 5.14 ± 1.04 pico-eukaryot cells × 103/mL 1.58 × 0.1 Table S2. Nutrients and trace metals concentrations added from the aerosols to each mesocosm. Variable Unit Average ± std NO3 + NO2 nM 48 ± 2 PO4 nM 2.4 ± 1 DOC μM 165 ± 2 Fe nM 2.6 ± 1.5 Zn nM 6.7 ± 2.5 Cu nM 0.6 ± 0.2 Atmosphere 2019, 10, 358; doi:10.3390/atmos10070358 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere Atmosphere 2019, 10, 358 2 of 6 Table S3. ANOVA test results between control, ‘UV-treated’ and ‘live-dust’ treatments at 20 h or 44 h, with significantly different values shown in bold. ANOVA df Sum Sq Mean Sq F Value p-value Chl-a 20 H 2, 6 0.03, 0.02 0.02, 0 4.52 0.0634 44 H 2, 6 0.02, 0 0.01, 0 23.13 0.002 Synechococcus Abundance 20 H 2, 7 8.23 × 107, 4.11 × 107 4.11 × 107, 4.51 × 107 0.91 0.4509 44 H 2, 7 5.31 × 108, 6.97 × 107 2.65 × 108, 1.16 × 107 22.84 0.0016 Prochlorococcus Abundance 20 H 2, 8 4.22 × 107, 2.11 × 107 2.11 × 107, 2.71 × 106 7.77 0.0216 44 H 2, 8 9.02 × 107, 1.47 × 107 4.51 × 107, 2.45 × 106 18.38 0.0028 Pico-eukaryote
  • Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter Randomised Control Trial 2746 Randomised

    Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter Randomised Control Trial 2746 Randomised

    Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter randomised control trial 2746 randomised 947 control 910 MNP without zinc 889 MNP with zinc 223 lost to follow up 219 lost to follow up 183 lost to follow up 34 refused 29 refused 37 refused 16 died 12 died 9 died 3 excluded 4 excluded 1 excluded 671 in follow-up 646 in follow-up 659 in follow-up at 24mo of age at 24mo of age at 24mo of age Selection for Microbiome sequencing 516 paired samples unavailable 469 paired samples unavailable 497 paired samples unavailable 69 antibiotic use 63 antibiotic use 67 antibiotic use 31 outside of WLZ criteria 37 outside of WLZ criteria 34 outside of WLZ criteria 6 diarrhea last 7 days 2 diarrhea last 7 days 7 diarrhea last 7 days 39 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 10 WLZ < -2 at 24mo 58 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 17 WLZ < -2 at 24mo 48 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 8 WLZ < -2 at 24mo available for selection available for selection available for selection available for selection available for selection1 available for selection1 14 selected 10 selected 15 selected 14 selected 20 selected1 7 selected1 1 Two subjects (one in the reference WLZ group and one undernourished) had, at 12 months, no diarrhea within 1 day of stool collection but reported diarrhea within 7 days prior. Length, cm kg Weight, Supplementary Figure 2. Length (left) and weight (right) z-scores of children recruited into clinical trial NCT00705445 during the first 24 months of life. Median and quantile values are shown, with medians for participants profiled in current study indicated by red (undernourished) and black (reference WLZ) lines.
  • Why the –Omic Future of Apicomplexa Should Include Gregarines Julie Boisard, Isabelle Florent

    Why the –Omic Future of Apicomplexa Should Include Gregarines Julie Boisard, Isabelle Florent

    Why the –omic future of Apicomplexa should include Gregarines Julie Boisard, Isabelle Florent To cite this version: Julie Boisard, Isabelle Florent. Why the –omic future of Apicomplexa should include Gregarines. Biology of the Cell, Wiley, 2020, 10.1111/boc.202000006. hal-02553206 HAL Id: hal-02553206 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02553206 Submitted on 24 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Article title: Why the –omic future of Apicomplexa should include Gregarines. Names of authors: Julie BOISARD1,2 and Isabelle FLORENT1 Authors affiliations: 1. Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Département Adaptations du Vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. 2. Structure et instabilité des génomes (STRING UMR 7196 CNRS / INSERM U1154), Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. Short Title: Gregarines –omics for Apicomplexa studies
  • The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes

    The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes

    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231610049 The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes Article in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · September 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 961 2,825 25 authors, including: Sina M Adl Alastair Simpson University of Saskatchewan Dalhousie University 118 PUBLICATIONS 8,522 CITATIONS 264 PUBLICATIONS 10,739 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Christopher E Lane David Bass University of Rhode Island Natural History Museum, London 82 PUBLICATIONS 6,233 CITATIONS 464 PUBLICATIONS 7,765 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biodiversity and ecology of soil taste amoeba View project Predator control of diversity View project All content following this page was uploaded by Smirnov Alexey on 25 October 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 59(5), 2012 pp. 429–493 © 2012 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2012 International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes SINA M. ADL,a,b ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,b CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,c JULIUS LUKESˇ,d DAVID BASS,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f MATTHEW W. BROWN,g FABIEN BURKI,h MICAH DUNTHORN,i VLADIMIR HAMPL,j AARON HEISS,b MONA HOPPENRATH,k ENRIQUE LARA,l LINE LE GALL,m DENIS H. LYNN,n,1 HILARY MCMANUS,o EDWARD A. D.
  • Assessing the Efficiency of Molecular Markers for the Species Identification of Gregarines Isolated from the Mealworm and Super Worm Midgut

    Assessing the Efficiency of Molecular Markers for the Species Identification of Gregarines Isolated from the Mealworm and Super Worm Midgut

    Microorganisms 2018, 6, 119 1 of 20 Article Assessing the Efficiency of Molecular Markers for the Species Identification of Gregarines Isolated from the Mealworm and Super Worm Midgut Chiara Nocciolini 1, Claudio Cucini 2, Chiara Leo 2, Valeria Francardi 3, Elena Dreassi 4 and Antonio Carapelli 2,* 1 Polo d’Innovazione di Genomica Genetica e Biologia, 53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (C.L.) 3 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e analisi dell’economia agraria – Centro di Difesa e Certificazione CREA-DC) Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Firenze, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0577-234-410 Received: 28 September 2018; Accepted: 23 November 2018; Published: 27 November 2018 Abstract: Protozoa, of the taxon Gregarinasina, are a heterogeneous group of Apicomplexa that includes ~1600 species. They are parasites of a large variety of both marine and terrestrial invertebrates, mainly annelids, arthropods and mollusks. Unlike coccidians and heamosporidians, gregarines have not proven to have a negative effect on human welfare; thus, they have been poorly investigated. This study focuses on the molecular identification and phylogeny of the gregarine species found in the midgut of two insect species that are considered as an alternative source of animal proteins for the human diet: the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, and the super-worm Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).
  • A Brief Taxonomy of the Genus Prorocentrum in the Coastal Areas Along Sanya Bay, Hainan Island

    A Brief Taxonomy of the Genus Prorocentrum in the Coastal Areas Along Sanya Bay, Hainan Island

    R ESEARCH ARTICLE ScienceAsia 44 (2018): 241-246 doi:10.2306 /scienceasia1513-1874.2018.44.241 A brief taxonomy of the genus Prorocentrum in the coastal areas along Sanya Bay, Hainan Island a,b, c a d Anqi Yin ∗, Xinghua Wang ,Yajian Zhang , Hongwu Li a College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan 572022 China b School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533 Japan c School of Ocean Science and Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan 572022 China d State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Haikou, Hainan 570228 China ∗Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 7 May 2018 Accepted 14 Aug 2018 ABSTRACT: This is the first report of the genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg occurring in the coastal areas along Sanya Bay, Hainan Island. Samples were collected from five coastal stations in 2017, and a brief taxonomy of Prorocentrum species was carried out using an inverted microscope. Five species (P.hoffmannianum, P.lima, P.micans, P.rhathymum, P.sigmoides) were identified, including three toxic species and two red tide-forming species. In particular, P. hoffmannianum and P. lima were both confirmed as the producers of okadaic acid and responsible for diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning events. This may suggest the potential threats of harmful algal blooms in the coastal areas along Sanya Bay that could cause diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning events. KEYWORDS: dinoflagellates, planktonic, benthic, toxic, red tide-forming INTRODUCTION land, is located in a tropical climate region, where shellfish industries, fish farming, and tourism have Dinoflagellates are an important part of the pelagic rapidly developed in the coastal areas during the ecosystem 1, make a large component of primary last decade.
  • Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus Finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh Heidi.Yeh@Uconn.Edu

    Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus Finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh [email protected]

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenCommons at University of Connecticut University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 7-16-2018 Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh [email protected] Recommended Citation Yeh, Heidi, "Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean" (2018). Master's Theses. 1257. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1257 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh B.A., Barnard College, Columbia University, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science At the University of Connecticut 2018 Copyright by Heidi Yeh 2018 ii APPROVAL PAGE Masters of Science Thesis Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Presented by Heidi Yeh, B.A. Major Advisor________________________________________________________________ Ann Bucklin Associate Advisor_______________________________________________________________ Senjie Lin Associate Advisor_______________________________________________________________ George McManus University of Connecticut 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have provided support and encouragement over the course of this research project. I would like to thank my advisor, Ann Bucklin.
  • The Classification of Lower Organisms

    The Classification of Lower Organisms

    The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6.
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Ultrastructure of Selenidium Serpulae

    Molecular Phylogeny and Ultrastructure of Selenidium Serpulae

    MolecularBlackwell Publishing Ltd phylogeny and ultrastructure of Selenidium serpulae (Apicomplexa, Archigregarinia) from the calcareous tubeworm Serpula vermicularis (Annelida, Polychaeta, Sabellida) BRIAN S. LEANDER Accepted: 23 November 2006 Leander, B. S. (2007). Molecular phylogeny and ultrastructure of Selenidium serpulae (Apicom- doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00272.x plexa, Archigregarinia) from the calcareous tubeworm Serpula vermicularis (Annelida, Polychaeta, Sabellida). — Zoologica Scripta, 36, 213–227. Archigregarines are dynamic single-celled parasites that inhabit the intestinal systems of marine invertebrates, especially suspension feeding and deposit feeding polychaetes. Certain archigregarines in the genus Selenidium have retained several plesiomorphic characters, and improved knowledge of these species is expected to shed considerable light onto the earliest stages in apicomplexan evolution. Although archigregarines are related to some of the most notorious parasites known (e.g., Cryptosporidium and Plasmodium), current knowledge of the group is meagre. In an attempt to improve our understanding of archigregarine diversity and evolution, I have characterised the general ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic position of Selenidium serpulae (Lankester) Caullery and Mesnil. The parasites were isolated from the intestines of the calcareous tubeworm Serpula vermicularis (Polychaeta) collected in the east- ern Pacific Ocean. The trophozoites (extracellular feeding stages) were spindle-shaped and capable of slow and continuous bending, and coiling, especially when dislodged from the host epithelium. The trophozoite surface was composed of 19–23 longitudinal folds, prominent transverse folds and a robust, trilayered pellicle subtended by a single row of microtubules, each surrounded by an electron transparent sheath. Putative mitochondria were observed, but they were inconspicuous and apparently highly reduced, a condition that is indicative of ana- erobic metabolism.
  • Molecular Characterization of Gregarines from Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Description of Psychodiella N. G. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinida)

    Molecular Characterization of Gregarines from Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Description of Psychodiella N. G. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinida)

    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 56(6), 2009 pp. 583–588 r 2009 The Author(s) Journal compilation r 2009 by the International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00438.x Molecular Characterization of Gregarines from Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Description of Psychodiella n. g. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinida) JAN VOTY´ PKA,a,b LUCIE LANTOVA´ ,a KASHINATH GHOSH,c HENK BRAIGd and PETR VOLFa aDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague CZ 128 44, Czech Republic, and bBiology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, CZ 370 05, Czech Republic, and cDepartment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910-7500 USA, and dSchool of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, LL57 2UW United Kingdom ABSTRACT. Sand fly and mosquito gregarines have been lumped for a long time in the single genus Ascogregarina and on the basis of their morphological characters and the lack of merogony been placed into the eugregarine family Lecudinidae. Phylogenetic analyses performed in this study clearly demonstrated paraphyly of the current genus Ascogregarina and revealed disparate phylogenetic positions of gregarines parasitizing mosquitoes and gregarines retrieved from sand flies. Therefore, we reclassified the genus Ascogregarina and created a new genus Psychodiella to accommodate gregarines from sand flies. The genus Psychodiella is distinguished from all other related gregarine genera by the characteristic localization of oocysts in accessory glands of female hosts, distinctive nucleotide sequences of the small subunit rDNA, and host specificity to flies belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae. The genus comprises three described species: the type species for the new genus—Psychodiella chagasi (Adler and Mayrink 1961) n.