DOCSLIB.ORG

New Perspectives on Antiwar Dissent in the American Civil War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Perspectives on Antiwar Dissent in the American Civil War University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2020 Houses Divided: New Perspectives on Antiwar Dissent in the American Civil War Mark Ciccone University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ciccone, Mark, "Houses Divided: New Perspectives on Antiwar Dissent in the American Civil War" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 2481. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2481 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HOUSES DIVIDED: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON ANTIWAR DISSENT IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by Mark Ciccone A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2020 ABSTRACT HOUSES DIVIDED: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON ANTIWAR DISSENT IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by Mark Ciccone The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2020 Under the Supervision of Professor Lex Renda Since the conclusion of the American Civil War, antiwar dissent in the Union and the Confederacy has predominantly been viewed through the lens of political treason alone, with limited exploration of other factors—judicial, social, economic, personal—which motivated its expression. Both explicitly and implicitly, the individuals and movements that advocated peaceful negotiations to end the conflict, or protested what they viewed as illegitimate or unjust war policies enacted by Washington, D.C. or Richmond, or demonstrated their opposition through riots, flight or armed rebellion have been cast as traitors, conspirators and otherwise denigrated or discounted by Northern triumphalist-tinged narratives, and the “Lost Cause” school of history. Furthermore, acts of dissent in both North and South which are not traditionally viewed as antiwar, or as having any noteworthy impact upon either region’s war effort or domestic policy, have also been marginalized, adding to the monolithic perception of Civil War dissent as ineffectual, limited to certain parties and societal elements, and being motivated by political ideologies alone. In order to comprehend better the scope and nature of antiwar dissent in the American Civil War, and its true effect on the military and legislative efforts of the Union and Confederacy, it is necessary to extend the definition of dissent to new events, personalities and ii factions including those previously examined as isolated elements in broader Civil War histories, or as targets of analytically limited case studies. This extension must also include actions and rhetoric not intended as antiwar dissent, yet had similar indirect effects, and which provoked similar repression or reforms from the Lincoln and Davis administrations aimed towards nullifying perceived threats to their war efforts or domestic popular strength. This dissertation makes such an extension, concentrated in the judicial, political and grassroots areas of Civil War studies. Through this new analysis, the varied forms and wider prevalence of antiwar dissent, explicit and implicit, becomes clear, as does its influence on Northern and Southern war policies and on modern debates concerning personal liberties, the legality of dissent in wartime, and the powers of the state in war and peace. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................3 Thesis .......................................................................................................................3 Literature Review.....................................................................................................5 Loyalist, Opponent, Zealot: Marcus Pomeroy ...................................................................35 Constitutional Traitor: Clement Vallandigham .................................................................56 Leader & Dissenter: Alexander Stephens ..........................................................................90 Radicals & Conservatives: Appalachian Unionism .........................................................130 Dissenting Opinions: Judicial Opposition to Union War Policy .....................................172 Supreme State Court: Richmond M. Pearson ..................................................................204 Union Grassroots Antiwar Resistance .............................................................................224 Patriots & Traitors: “Dark Lanterns Societies” ...................................................224 Fight & Flight ......................................................................................................239 Confederate Grassroots Antiwar Resistance ....................................................................251 Not In Our County: The “Republic of Winston” .................................................251 Aliens Within: Texas German Unionists .............................................................256 Freedom Through Flight: “Contrabands” ............................................................259 “Bread or Blood”: Confederate Bread Riots of 1863 ..........................................264 Rebels for Peace: The Red Strings .......................................................................272 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................276 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................295 Curriculum Vitae .............................................................................................................307 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without help from numerous people and opportunities over the previous four years. Special thanks must go to my advisor, Dr. Lex Renda at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and to committee members Dr. Aims McGuinness of the University of California-Santa Cruz, Dr. Margo Anderson, Distinguished Professor Emerita of History, UW-Milwaukee, and Dr. Robert Smith of Marquette University, for their invaluable insights and advice that helped guide this dissertation to its final form, and for their patience and flexibility in adapting to the long-distance aspects of the dissertation defense due to the COVID- 19 pandemic. I am also immensely grateful to Drs. Joe Austin and Joe Rodriguez for their guidance throughout the doctoral process, to Anita Cathey, Barbara Letterman, and Ashia Gripentrog of the History Department staff for their vital assistance with the administrative aspects of this process, and to the History Department and UW-Milwaukee Graduate School as a whole for its generous academic and financial support through the graduate teaching assistantships, the Ellen Healy Award for Graduate Studies and the Frederick I. Olson Award that enabled me to pursue my research. Additional thanks are due to the following institutions for their aid in unearthing and researching crucial source materials, both hard copy and digital: the UW-Milwaukee Golda Meir Library, the Wisconsin Historical Society, the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library of Duke University, North Carolina, the Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library of the University of Georgia Libraries, and the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. I would also like to acknowledge those scholars and historians who have been vital influences in both my dissertation research and what has come to be a passion for Civil War history and academia in general: Eric Foner, James McPherson, William A Blair, v Victoria Bynum, Stephanie Camp, Mark Neely, Stephanie McCurry, Robert Sandow, Jesus F. de la Teja, Robert Tracy McKenzie, and Frank L. Klement. Lastly, I want to extend deepest possible thanks to my father, Anthony A. Ciccone, my mother, Susan B. Knox, and my fellow Graduate History students, Masters and Ph.D. Thank you, Dad, for all your editing and argument advice throughout this dissertation, and for the many hours we spent together rereading, debating and shaping it into its final form. Thank you, Mom, for your critical emotional and mental support that sustained me through this work and helped me soar high enough to reach its summit. And thank you, fellow Grads, for being much-needed moral support—even when it was just commiseration and idle chats—over the past four years. This work would not have come so far without help from all of you, and I will be forever grateful. vi Introduction From the start of the American Civil War with the firing on Fort Sumter, a wide range of individuals, groups and regions in both the Union and the Confederacy opposed the conflict. Prewar conceptions of civil rights and federal and state powers, socioeconomic relations and personal concerns for freedom, safety and survival in wartime conditions all shaped the aims and rhetoric of this dissent. Faced with what they viewed as unjust, unconstitutional, or immoral
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Ideas and Movements That Created the Modern World
    harri+b.cov 27/5/03 4:15 pm Page 1 UNDERSTANDINGPOLITICS Understanding RITTEN with the A2 component of the GCE WGovernment and Politics A level in mind, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the political ideas and movements that created the modern world. Underpinned by the work of major thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, Marx, Mill, Weber and others, the first half of the book looks at core political concepts including the British and European political issues state and sovereignty, the nation, democracy, representation and legitimacy, freedom, equality and rights, obligation and citizenship. The role of ideology in modern politics and society is also discussed. The second half of the book addresses established ideologies such as Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism and Nationalism, before moving on to more recent movements such as Environmentalism and Ecologism, Fascism, and Feminism. The subject is covered in a clear, accessible style, including Understanding a number of student-friendly features, such as chapter summaries, key points to consider, definitions and tips for further sources of information. There is a definite need for a text of this kind. It will be invaluable for students of Government and Politics on introductory courses, whether they be A level candidates or undergraduates. political ideas KEVIN HARRISON IS A LECTURER IN POLITICS AND HISTORY AT MANCHESTER COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY. HE IS ALSO AN ASSOCIATE McNAUGHTON LECTURER IN SOCIAL SCIENCES WITH THE OPEN UNIVERSITY. HE HAS WRITTEN ARTICLES ON POLITICS AND HISTORY AND IS JOINT AUTHOR, WITH TONY BOYD, OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION: EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION? and TONY BOYD WAS FORMERLY HEAD OF GENERAL STUDIES AT XAVERIAN VI FORM COLLEGE, MANCHESTER, WHERE HE TAUGHT POLITICS AND HISTORY.
    [Show full text]
  • Arkansas Historical Quarterly Index N
    Arkansas Historical Quarterly Index 1942-2000 picture of, facing 29:200 N and proposed Calif. expedition (1845), 6:9 public sch. incorporated at (1838), 12:103 NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement records of, moved to Tex., 2:160 of Colored People river traffic at, 1:350, 353, 6:25n, 227n NAB. See National Association of Broadcasters and RRs, 7:104, 111, 135 Nabors, Mary Holmes Thompson (Mrs. Richard T. town plan of, noted, 13:393 Nabors), Union Co., 12:251 Mark Twain and, 29:198–202, 207 Nabors, Richard T., Union Co., 12:251 wagon train leaves from (1846), 6:9 Nackatosh Bluff, Clark Co., 48:163 wharf at (1850), 1:350 Nacogdoches, Tex., 19:109, 37:170 Napoleon (now Batesville), Independence Co., 5:283, Nacogdoches (steamboat), 5:332, 20:247 11:15 Nader, Ralph, 54:204 Napoleon (Civil War–era cannon), picture of, facing Nady, 51:75 22:40 Naeve, Milo M., book by, noted, 57:498 Napoleon and Little Rock Railroad Company, 7:111, Nagus, R. F. (CSA), 35:88 135 Nahlen, Rev. Paul, Subiaco, 14:402 Napoleon Planter (1859), 11:212 Nail, Alec, Benton Co., 16:405 Napoleon Sentinel (1855), 11:212 Nail, Jonathan, Benton Co., 15:356 Narkinsky, Sam, Little Rock, 15:335 Nail, Noel O., Sevier Co., 12:66 Narrad, Jeramiah (CSA), 5:409 Naked Truth of the Rebellion, 1861–1865, by Joseph D. Narrative and Critical History of America, 51:305–6 Nelson, revd., 23:370–71 Narrative Bibliography of the African-American Nall, Don, Batesville, 46:98, 48:212 Frontier: Blacks in the Rocky Mountain Nameless Towns, by Thad Sitton and James H.
    [Show full text]
  • "I Can't Breathe": Toward a Pneumatology of Singing and Missional Musicking for Racial Justice in Jacksonville, Florida
    Southern Methodist University SMU Scholar Doctor of Pastoral Music Projects and Theses Perkins Thesis and Dissertations 5-28-2021 "I Can't Breathe": Toward a Pneumatology of Singing and Missional Musicking for Racial Justice in Jacksonville, Florida Thomas Shapard [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/theology_music_etds Part of the Christianity Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Community-Based Learning Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, Missions and World Christianity Commons, Music Performance Commons, Other Music Commons, Practical Theology Commons, and the Social Justice Commons Recommended Citation Shapard, Thomas, ""I Can't Breathe": Toward a Pneumatology of Singing and Missional Musicking for Racial Justice in Jacksonville, Florida" (2021). Doctor of Pastoral Music Projects and Theses. 4. https://scholar.smu.edu/theology_music_etds/4 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Perkins Thesis and Dissertations at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Pastoral Music Projects and Theses by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. "1 CAN'T BREATHE": TOWARD A PNEUMATOLOGY OF SINGING AND MISSiONAL MUsICKING FOR RACIAL JUSTICE IN JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA Thesis Approved with Honors by C.mara Run C. Michael Hawn University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Church Music Director. Doctor of Pastoral Music Program Marcell Steuernagel Assistant Professor of Church Music Director of Master of Sacred Music Program UlyssesV Owens Jr. Community Advisor Artistic Director Don't Miss A Beat. Inc. “I CAN’T BREATHE”: TOWARD A PNEUMATOLOGY OF SINGING AND MISSIONAL MUSICKING FOR RACIAL JUSTICE IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of Perkins School of Theology Southern Methodist University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Pastoral Music by Thomas M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Other Side of the Monument: Memory, Preservation, and the Battles of Franklin and Nashville
    THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MONUMENT: MEMORY, PRESERVATION, AND THE BATTLES OF FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE by JOE R. BAILEY B.S., Austin Peay State University, 2006 M.A., Austin Peay State University, 2008 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2015 Abstract The thriving areas of development around the cities of Franklin and Nashville in Tennessee bear little evidence of the large battles that took place there during November and December, 1864. Pointing to modern development to explain the failed preservation of those battlefields, however, radically oversimplifies how those battlefields became relatively obscure. Instead, the major factor contributing to the lack of preservation of the Franklin and Nashville battlefields was a fractured collective memory of the two events; there was no unified narrative of the battles. For an extended period after the war, there was little effort to remember the Tennessee Campaign. Local citizens and veterans of the battles simply wanted to forget the horrific battles that haunted their memories. Furthermore, the United States government was not interested in saving the battlefields at Franklin and Nashville. Federal authorities, including the War Department and Congress, had grown tired of funding battlefields as national parks and could not be convinced that the two battlefields were worthy of preservation. Moreover, Southerners and Northerners remembered Franklin and Nashville in different ways, and historians mainly stressed Eastern Theater battles, failing to assign much significance to Franklin and Nashville. Throughout the 20th century, infrastructure development encroached on the battlefields and they continued to fade from public memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Military Command System: Technological and Social Influences
    University of North Georgia Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository Honors Theses Honors Program Spring 4-13-2021 Development of a Military Command System: Technological and Social Influences Holden James Armstrong [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/honors_theses Part of the American Politics Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Leadership Studies Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Armstrong, Holden James, "Development of a Military Command System: Technological and Social Influences" (2021). Honors Theses. 65. https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/honors_theses/65 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. Development of a Military Command System: Technological and Social Influences A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Georgia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts in Strategic and Security Studies With Honors Holden Armstrong Spring 2021 Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to thank Dr. Johnathan Beall for patiently working with me over these last two years on this project. I am sure that at times it was trying for you as well. Without Dr. Beall’s patient guidance, I would never have been able to turn my original fledgling research topic of an archetypical general into a defendable thesis on a concert research question. My interest in this field was sparked during Dr. Beall’s courses, practically his History of Military Thought in the Spring of 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • President Lincoln and the Altoona Governors' Conference, September
    Volume 7 Article 7 2017 “Altoona was his, and fairly won”: President Lincoln and the Altoona Governors’ Conference, September 1862 Kees D. Thompson Princeton University Class of 2013 Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/gcjcwe Part of the Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Thompson, Kees D. (2017) "“Altoona was his, and fairly won”: President Lincoln and the Altoona Governors’ Conference, September 1862," The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era: Vol. 7 , Article 7. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/gcjcwe/vol7/iss1/7 This open access article is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Altoona was his, and fairly won”: President Lincoln and the Altoona Governors’ Conference, September 1862 Abstract This article explores the long-forgotten Altoona Conference of 1862, when nearly a dozen Union governors met at the Civil War's darkest hour to discuss war strategy and, ultimately, reaffirm their support for the Union cause. This article examines and questions the conventional view of the conference as a challenge to President Lincoln's efficacy as the nation's leader. Rather, the article suggests that Lincoln may have actually welcomed the conference and had his own designs for how it might bolster his political objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bingham Family from the Old
    THE FILSON CLUB HISTORY QUARTERLY VOL. 61 JANUARY 1987 NO. 1 THE BINGHAM FAMILY: FROM THE OLD SOUTH TO THE NEW SOUTH AND BEYOND WILLIAM E. ELLIS After reading Gone With the Wind in early 1937, Robert Worth Bingham, American Ambassador to Great Britain and son of a Confederate veteran, reacted effusively to Margaret Mitchell's classic novel. He exclaimed : I do not thank you for "Gone With the Wind" -- I bless you .... I know every phase of it all; the poverty and the pride, the gentility, the gracious manners, the romance, the preservation of dignity and high and generous humanity in rags and semi-starvation. 1 If Mitchell's epic synthesized the popular 1930s interpretation of the Civil War and Reconstruction, to Bingham it meant much more. He believed the book exonerated the history of his father's generation and vindicated his own behavior. Here was no rabid racist of the Tom Watson variety. In his public life Bingham epitomized the best of the southern ethos of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He fought against political cor- ruption in the Progressive Era as a young lawyer, mayor, and judge in Louisville, Kentucky. After purchasing the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1918, he continued his crusade against Ken- tucky's Gothic political system until his death in late 1937. More- over, he led the effort to develop a nationwide system of farmer cooperatives in the early twenties3 Bingham never transcended his southern background of the WILLIAM E. ELLIS, PH.D., teaches history at Eastern Kentucky Univer- sity. He wishes to express his gratitude to Eastern Kentucky University and to the National Endowment for the Humanities for travel and research funds used in the preparation of this article.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KU KLUX KLAN: a Study of the American Mind
    THE KU KLUX KLAN: A Study of the American Mind BY JOHN MOFFATT MECKLIN, Fh.D. PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE AUTHOR OF “AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL ETHICS,” “DEMOCRACY AND RACE FRICTION” Humanas actiones Deque ridere, Deque flere, nec detestari, sed intelligere. Spinoza. NEW YORK HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY 1924 » COPYRIGHT, 1924, BY KAP.COUST, BRACE AND COMPANY, INC. PRINTED IM THE U. 3. A BY THE QUINN & BODEN COMPANY RAHWAY. N. J 1 '* 1924 V ©C1A778414 To PRESIDENT HOPKINS and the DARTMOUTH ALUMNI WHOSE FRIENDLY AID DID MUCH TO MAKE THIS STUDY POSSIBLE a ••• * •-’ CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I The Rise of the Invisible Empire . 3 II The Rise of the Invisible Empire (Con¬ tinued) .31 III The Spiadow of the Past .... 53 IV Concerning Klan Psychology ... 95 V The Klan and Nativism.127 VI The Klan and Anti-Catholicism . 157- VII Secrecy and Citizenship .... 207 Index.241 THE KU KLTJX KLAN CHAPTER I THE RISE OF THE INVISIBLE EMPIRE In 1873 the Ku Klnx Klan, outside the South, was a synonym for the most sinister and dangerous forces in American life. In the North it was as¬ sociated with clandestine murder and masked re¬ bellion. Who then would have dared to prophesy that within less than half a century this secret, oath-bound order would be revived and spread to every section of the country? Such, however, is the fact. I The modern Klan was organized by Wil¬ liam J. Simmons in 1915, enjoyed a precarious existence for several years, suddenly assumed proportions of national importance in 1920, sur¬ vived the attack of the powerful New York World and a searching investigation by a committee of Congress, and to-day boasts of a following that is numbered in hundreds of thousands, perhaps mil¬ lions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Knoxville's Past
    Th e Future of Knoxville’s Past Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission October 2006 Adopted by the Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission on October 19, 2006 and by the Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission on November 9, 2006 Prepared by the Knoxville-Knox County Metropolitan Planning Commission Knoxville Historic Zoning Commissioners J. Nicholas Arning, Chairman Scott Busby Herbert Donaldson L. Duane Grieve, FAIA William Hoehl J. Finbarr Saunders, Jr. Melynda Moore Whetsel Lila Wilson MPC staff involved in the preparation of this report included: Mark Donaldson, Executive Director Buz Johnson, Deputy Director Sarah Powell, Graphic Designer Jo Ella Washburn, Graphic Designer Charlotte West, Administrative Assistant Th e report was researched and written by Ann Bennett, Senior Planner. Historic photographs used in this document are property of the McClung Historical Collection of the Knox County Public Library System and are used by MPC with much gratitude. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . .5 History of Settlement . 5 Archtectural Form and Development . 9 Th e Properties . 15 Residential Historic Districts . .15 Individual Residences . 18 Commercial Historic Districts . .20 Individual Buildings . 21 Schools . 23 Churches . .24 Sites, Structures, and Signs . 24 Property List . 27 Recommenedations . 29 October 2006 Th e Future Of Knoxville’s Past INTRODUCTION that joined it. Development and redevelopment of riverfront In late 1982, funded in part by a grant from the Tennessee sites have erased much of this earlier development, although Historical Commission, MPC conducted a comprehensive there are identifi ed archeological deposits that lend themselves four-year survey of historic sites in Knoxville and Knox to further study located on the University of Tennessee County.
    [Show full text]
  • Famous Cases of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
    In Re: Booth 3 Wis. 1 (1854) What has become known as the Booth case is actually a series of decisions from the Wisconsin Supreme Court beginning in 1854 and one from the U.S. Supreme Court, Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 514 (1859), leading to a final published decision by the Wisconsin Supreme Court in Ableman v. Booth, 11 Wis. 501 (1859). These decisions reflect Wisconsin’s attempted nullification of the federal fugitive slave law, the expansion of the state’s rights movement and Wisconsin’s defiance of federal judicial authority. The Wisconsin Supreme Court in Booth unanimously declared the Fugitive Slave Act (which required northern states to return runaway slaves to their masters) unconstitutional. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned that decision but the Wisconsin Supreme Court refused to file the U.S. Court’s mandate upholding the fugitive slave law. That mandate has never been filed. When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, slavery existed in this country. Article IV, Section 2 provided as follows: No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Based on this provision, Congress in 1793 passed a law that permitted the owner of any runaway slave to arrest him, take him before a judge of either the federal or state courts and prove by oral testimony or by affidavit that the person arrested owed service to the claimant under the laws of the state from which he had escaped; if the judge found the evidence to be sufficient, the slave owner could bring the fugitive back to the state from which he had escaped.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9325494 “War at every man’s door” : The struggle for East Tennessee, 1860—1869. (Volumes I and n) Fisher, Noel Charles, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Riots, Public Perception and Government Response in the Civil
    Law and Lawlessness: Government Response to Riots in Southern Cities during the Civil War Erik Lorenz HIST-497: Research Methods in History October 29, 2020 1 Introduction “There are lamp posts and rope enough to cure this worse than treason—and the remedy will be supplied by an outraged people.”1 This ominous observation was made in a poster which some disgruntled citizen posted in a public place in Mobile, Alabama before May 9th, 1863. The sentiment described could have been articulated by upset citizens in many urban centers during the Civil War. In the wartime South, cities were often the scene of violent crowd passions. From outrage over food prices to violent political passions, moments of lawlessness swept through cities, raising questions over the role government played in leading to those riots and how they dealt with such moments of lawlessness. Historians of riots in southern cities during the Civil War have focused on bread riots in particular and their characteristics, causes and gendered elements. Andrew Smith’s Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War predictably argues that hunger was the deciding factor in the Civil War.2 Smith covers Northern and Southern agricultural production before the war, the impact of the Confederate cotton embargo, the reasons the Confederacy failed to grow more food over the course of the war, and touches on the Confederate government response to food scarcity. In his chapter on the Confederate bread riots, Smith gives a broad overview of their characteristics, causes and gendered elements. He recounts the events of various riots while largely focusing on the Richmond riot.
    [Show full text]