Zabaleta, Nicanor Zaballos, Rodrigo de. Zabel, Albert Heinrich Zabern, Conrad von. Zacara da Teramo, Antonio [Antonius Berardi Andree de Teramo; Zacar, Zacara, Zaccara, Zacharie] Zaccardi [Zachardus], Florido Zaccaria, Cesare de. Zaccaria, Nicola (Angelo) Zacchino [Zacchini, Zacchinus, Cachino], Giulio Zacconi, Lodovico [Giulio Cesare] Zach, Jan Zachardus, Florido. Zacharia [Zaccaria, Zachariis], Cesare de Zachariä [Zachariae], (Just) [Justus] Friedrich Wilhelm Zacharias, Christian Zacharie, Nicolaus Zachau, Friedrich Wilhelm. Zachau [Zachäus], Peter Zacher, Gerd Zacher [Zächer, Zaecher], Johann Michael Zachow [Zachau], Friedrich Wilhelm Zadar Zadeja, Çesk [Françesk] Zadek, Hilde Zaderatsky, Vsevolod Petrovich Zaderatsky, Vsevolod Vsevolodovich Zador, Eugene [Zádor, Jenő] Zadora, Michael [Michał] [Amadis, Pietro] Zaecher, Johann Michael. Zafred, Mario Zagiba, Franz Zagorsky [Zagorschi], Vasily Georgiyevich Zagreb Zagwijn, Henri Zāhir, Ahmad Zählzeit Zahn, Johannes Zahortsev, Volodymyr Mykolayovych Zaidel-Rudolph, Jeanne ZAIKS Zaimont, Judith Lang Zaimov, Velislav Zajal Zajc, Ivan [Zaytz, Giovanni von] Zajick, Dolora Žák, Benedikt. Zak, Yakov (Izrailevich) Zakaryan, Suren (Karoi) Zakharov, Rostislav Vladimirovich Zakharov, Vladimir Grigor'yevich Zalazar, Antonio de. Zallamella [Zalamella], Pandolfo Zallman, Arlene Zalyotnew, Aleh Barïsavich Zalzal [Mansūr Zalzal al-Dārib] Zamacois (Soler), Joaquín Zamácola, Juan Antonio (Iza) [Don Preciso] Zamara, Antonio Zambello, Francesca Zambia, Republic of. Zambomba Zamboni, Giovanni Zamboni, Giuseppe. Zamboni, Luigi Zamboni, Maria Zámečník, Evžen Zaminer, Frieder Zammāra. Zampieri, Mara Zampogna Zamponi [Zamboni, Samponi], Giuseppe [Gioseffo] Zanata [Zanatta, Zannatta], Domenico Zancanaro, Giorgio Zanchi, Liberale Zänckl, Narcissus. Zander, Johan David Zandonai, Riccardo Zandt, Marie van. Zanella, (Castore) Amilcare Zanelli (Morales), Renato Zanési, Christian Zanetti. Zanetti, Francesco. Zanetti [Zannetti], Gasparo Zanetti, Gerolamo Zanettini, Antonio. Zanetto [Joannetto] da Montichiaro (Micheli) [de Michaelis] Zang, Johann Heinrich Zange, Nikolaus. Zängel [Zanggel, Zenngel, Zänckl], Narcissus Zanger, Johann Zangius [Zange], Nikolaus Zani, Andrea Zanibon. Zani de Ferranti, Marco Aurelio Zaninus [Çaninus] de Peraga de Padua Zannatta, Domenico. Zannetti [Zanetti]. Zannetti [Zanetti], Francesco Zannetti, Gasparo. Zannettini, Antonio. Zannoni [Zanoni], Angelo Maria Zanobi, Luigi. Zanotti, Camillo [Ioannotus, Camillus; Cannatij, Camillus; Canotij, Camillus] Zanotti, Giovanni (Calisto Andrea) Zaparth, Jean. Zapf, Helmut Zaphelius [Zapfelius, Zapfl], Matthias [Matthäus] Zappa, Francesco Zappa, Frank [Francis] (Vincent) Zappasorgo, Giovanni Zaqef. Zār. Zara Zaramella. Zarathustran [Zoroastrian] music. Zardt, Georg. Zarębski, Juliusz Zaremba. Zaremba, Eléna Zarewutius [Zarevutius, Zerewucius, Zarevutzius], Zachariáš [Zacharias] Zargen Zariņš, Margers [Margeris] Zarlino, Gioseffo [Gioseffe] Zarotto, Antonio Zarqa. Zart Zarth [Czard, Czarth, Szarth, Tzarth, Zardt], Georg Zarzuela Zarzycki, Aleksander Zasa, Paolo Zaslaw, Neal Zäsur Zatta, Antonio Zátvrzský, Miloš. Zauberoper Zavaglioli, Simone Zavarský, Ernest Zavateri, Lorenzo Gaetano Zavrtal [Zavertal, Zavrthal, Zaverthal; orig. Sawerthal]. Zawose, Hukwe Ubi Zaytz, Giovanni von. Zazhyt'ko, Serhy Zazzerino. Zbinden, Julien-François Zbruyeva, Yevgeniya (Ivanovna) Zeami [Motokiyo, Kanze Saburō] Zeani [Zehan], Virginia Żebrowski, Marcin Józef Zecchi, Adone Zech. Zechlin, Ruth Zechner, Johann Georg Zeckwer, Camille Zedda, Alberto Zednik, Heinz Zeffirelli, Franco [Corsi, Gian Franco] Zehan, Virginia. Zehavi, Oded Zehetmair, Thomas Zehm, Friedrich Zeiler, Gallus Zeira, Mordecai Zeisl, Eric [Erich] Zeisler [née Blumenfeld], Fannie Zeitlin, Zvi Zeitoper Zekert, Josef. Zelenka, István Zelenka, Jan (Lukáš Ignatius) Dismas Zelenscius, Mikołaj. Żeleński, Władysław Zeljenka, Ilja Zell [Zelle], Christian Zellbell, Ferdinand (i) Zellbell, Ferdinand (ii) [den yngre] Zelle, Christian. Zeller, Carl (Johann Adam) Zelman, Alberto Zeltenpferd Zelter, Carl Friedrich Zemlinsky [Zemlinszky], Alexander (von) Zemp, Hugo Zemtsovsky, Izaly Iosifovich Zemzaris, Imants Zenaro, Giulio Zenatello, Giovanni Zenck, Hermann Zenck, Martin Zender, Hans Zeneműkiadó Vállalat. Zenngel, Narcissus. Zeno, Apostolo Zeno, George. Zenobi [Zanobi], Luigi [Cavaliere Luigi del Cornetto] Zenti, Girolamo [Zentis, Hieronymus de] Zerafa, Benigno [Beninju, Beninn] Zerbst. Zerewucius, Zachariáš. Žerotín. Zervos, Yorgos [George] Zesen, Philipp von Zesso, Giovanni Battista Zeugheer, Jakob [Herrmann, Jakob Zeugheer] Zeuner, Charles (Heinrich Christoph) Zeuner, Karl Traugott Zeuner, Martin Zeutschner, Tobias Zeyfas [N. Golodnova; Zh. Kozina; N. Mikhaylova], Natal'ya Mikhaylovna Zeydman, Boris Isaakovich Žganec, Vinko Zgureanu, Teodor Zha Fuxi Zhang Jianting Zhang Ziqian Zhao Songting Zhao Yuzhai Zhelobinsky, Valery Viktorovich Zheng. Zhiganov, Nazib Gayanovich Zhilin, Aleksey Dmitriyevich Zhilyayev, Nikolay Sergeyevich Zhitomirsky, Aleksandr Matveyevich Zhitomirsky, Daniil' Vladimirovich Zhivotov, Aleksey Semyonovich Zhol-khang, bSod-nams Dar-rgyas Zhong. Zhou Long Zhou Xinfang Zhubanova, Gaziza Akhmetovna Zhu Jian'er [Zhu Rongshi] Zhu Jingqing. Zhukov, Sergey Viktorovich Zhukovsky, Herman Leont'yovych Zhukovsky, Vasily Andreyevich Zhu Qinfu Zhu Quan Zhu Rongshi. Zhu Zaiyu Zhyvny, Wojciech. Ziak, Benedikt. Ziani, Marc’Antonio Ziani, Pietro Andrea Zich, Otakar Zichy, Count Géza Žídek, Ivo Židek, Paulus. Ziegfeld, Florenz, jr Ziegler. Ziegler, Caspar Ziegler [née Romanus], Christiane Mariane von Ziegler, Christian Gottlieb Ziegler, Johann Gotthilf Ziegler [Zügler], Joseph Paul Ziehharmonika Ziehn, Bernhard Ziehrer, C(arl) M(ichael) Zielche [Zielcke], Hans Heinrich [Hinrich] Zieleński [Zelenscius], Mikołaj Zielińska, Lidia Zieliński, Jarosław Zieritz, Grete von Zierler, Steffan. Ziernicki, Ignacy Ziesak, Ruth Zieyeva, Malika Ziffrin, Marilyn J(ane) Zigeunertanz Ziino, Agostino Ziino, Ottavio Zikr. Zilberstein, Lilya Zilcher, Hermann (Karl Josef) Zildjian. Ziliani, Alessandro Zillig, Winfried (Petrus Ignatius) Ziloti [Siloti], Aleksandr Il'yich Zimbabwe Zimbala Zimbalist, Efrem (Alexandrovich) Zimbel (i) Zimbel (ii) Zimbelstern Zimerman, Krystian Zimmer, Ján Zimmerman, Franklin B(ershir) Zimmermann, Agnes (Marie Jacobina) Zimmermann, (Johann) Anton Zimmermann, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Frank Peter Zimmermann, Heinz Werner Zimmermann, Julius Heinrich Zimmermann [Zimmerman], Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmermann, Tabea Zimmermann, Udo Zimmermann, Walter Zinck [Zink], Bendix [Benedict] Friedrich Zinck [Zink], Hardenack [Hartnack, Harnack] Otto Conrad Zincke, Hans Friedrich August. Zinck-Pass Zindelin, Philipp Zineroni, Agostino Zingarelli, Niccolò Antonio Zingarese, alla Zingel, Hans J(oachim) Zingoni [Singoni, Zingone], Giovanni Battista Zink (i) Zink (ii) Zink, Benedict. Zink, Harnack Otto Conrad. Zinman, David (Joel) Zinsstag, Gérard Zinzendorf (und Pottendorf), (Johann) Karl (Christian Heinrich) von Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von Zipoli, Domenico Ziporyn, Evan Zipp, Friedrich Zirler, Stephan [Cirlerus, Stephanus; Zyrlerus, Stephanus; Zierler, Steffan] Zirra, Alexandru Ziryāb [Abū ’l-Hasan ‘Alī ibn Nāfi‘] Zister Zítek, Vilém Zither. Zither harp. Zitôle Zitter Ziv, Mikhail Pavlovich Živković, Milenko Živković, Mirjana Živný, Vojtěch [Ziwny, Wojciech; Żiwny]. Zmeskall, Nikolaus (Paul), Edler von Domanovecz Zminský, Emanuel Znamennïy. Zobl, Wilhelm Zoeller, Carli [Karl] [Marteau, Léon] Zografski, Tomislav Zohrabian, Ashot Patvakani Zoilo, Annibale Zoilo, Cesare Zöller, Karlheinz Zollikofer von Altenklingen, Caspar Zöllner, Carl Friedrich Zöllner, Heinrich Zolotaryov, Vasily Andreyevich Zoltai, Dénes Zoltán, Aladár Zonca [Zonka, Zonga], Giovanni Battista Zonca [Zonka, Zonga], Giuseppe [Joseph] Zonta. Zopff, Hermann Zoppa, alla Zoppis, Francesco Zoraqi, Nikolla Zoras, Leonidas Zorin, Dementy Alekseyevich Zorita [Çorita], Nicasio Zorn, John Zoroastrian [Zarathustran] music. Zorzi, Juan Carlos Zorzor, Stefan Zosimus [Zosimos] of Panopolis Zottmayr, Georg Zouhar, Zdeněk Zouk. Zsasskovszky. Zsolt [Zsakovecz], Nándor Zubeldia, Emiliana de [Bydwealth, Emily] Zubiaurre (y Urionabarrenechea), Valentín María de Zubyts'ky, Volodymyr (Danilovych) Zuccalmaglio, Anton Wilhelm Florentin von Zuccari, Carlo Zucchini [Zucchino, Zuchino], Gregorio Zuckerkandl, Viktor Zuckermann [Tsukkerman], Viktor Abramovich Zuckermann, Wolfgang Joachim Zuffolo [chiufolo, ciufolo] Zug (i) Zug (ii) Zügler, Joseph Paul. Zugposaune Zugtrompete Zuidam, Robert Zukerman, Pinchas Zukofsky, Paul Zulaica y Arregui, José Gonzalo. Zulu music. Zulzul. Zumaqué, Francisco Zumaya [Sumaya], Manuel de Zumpe, Herman Zumpe, Johannes [Johann Christoph] Zumsteeg, Emilie Zumsteeg [Zum Steeg], Johann Rudolf Zunge (i) Zunge (ii) Zupan [Suppan], Jakob Županović, Lovro Zur, Menachem Zürich. Zur Mühlen, Raimund von Zurnā. Zusammenklang Zusammenschlag Zuylen, Belle van. Zvonař, Josef Leopold Zwaap, Alexander. Zwart, Jan Zweers, Bernard Zweig, Stefan Zweiller, Andreas Zweiunddreissigstel-Note Zwelinck, Jan Pieterszoon. Zwerchpfeiff Zweter, Reinmar von. Zwetler [Zwettler], Theodor [Johann Nepomuk Felix] Zwick, Johannes Zwickau. Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe Zwingli, Ulrich [Huldreich] Zwiny, Wojciech. Zwischendominante Zwischenspiel Zwolle, Henri Arnaut de [Heinrich Arnold von]. Zwysen, Sebastian. Zwyssig, Alberik (Johann Josef Maria) Zydeco. Zykan, Otto M. Żyliński, Faustyn Zylis-Gara, Teresa Zyrlerus, Stephanus. Żywny, Wojciech [Adalbert] [Živný, Vojtěch; Zhyvny, Ziwny, Żiwny, Zwiny]

Zabaleta, Nicanor (b San Sebastian, 7 Jan 1907; d San Juan, , 31 March 1993). Basque harpist. He was the most important harpist of the 20th century, and no one player did more to promote the harp as a solo instrument. After studying in with Vincenta Tormo de Calvo and Luisa Menarguez he studied privately with Marcel Tournier in , where he made his European début in 1926. Thus began a solo career which spanned 66 years, during which he gave some 3000 concerts and played with some 300 different orchestras. He made his New York début on 5 July 1934, and gave his final concert in on 16 June 1992. He consistently presented a large and wide-ranging repertory, and the solo works he introduced have become an accepted part of the modern harp repertory. His playing was characterized by an impeccable clarity and brilliance of sonority, technical poise, flawless control, economy of movement and a meticulous damping technique, further enhanced by a mechanical damping device, operated by an 8th pedal which he had fixed to his harps (Obermayer-Horngacher). Although his technique was ideally suited to his preferred 18th-century and neo-classical repertory, he was an enthusiastic advocate of the music of the arch-Romantic English harpist-composer Elias Parish Alvars (1808–49), two of whose concertos he recorded. As far as possible he programmed only original works, and this led to his researches into earlier music and his many commissions to contemporary composers. Zabaleta was the dedicatee of some 25 concertos, and, apart from these, he also gave first performances of the concertos of Ginastera and Montsalvatge, and a concerto for harp and electronics by Josef Tal. It was at his request that Joaquín Rodrigo arranged the Concierto de Aranjuez for the harp. Zabaleta recorded much of his large repertory, his recordings winning major prizes in France, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands. In 1982 he was awarded Spain's National Music Prize, and in 1988 he was elected to the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Still performing and giving masterclasses at the age of 84, he was president of honour at the first World Harp Festival held at Cardiff in June 1991. WRITINGS El arpa en España de los siglos XVI al XVIII: antecedentes historicos (Madrid, 1988) BIBLIOGRAPHY J. Weidensaul: ‘Nicanor Zabaleta’, American Harp Journal, vii/4 (1980), 3– 7 Obituary, The Times (7 April 1993) W.M. Govea: Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Harpists: a Bio-critical Sourcebook (Westport, CT, 1995), 309–18 ANN GRIFFITHS Zaballos, Rodrigo de. See Ceballos, Rodrigo de. Zabel, Albert Heinrich (b Berlin, 22 Feb 1834; d St Petersburg, 16 Feb 1910). Russian harpist and composer of German birth. Through a scholarship obtained for him by Meyerbeer, he completed his education at the Berlin Institut für die Ausbildung von Organisten und Musiklehren, where he studied the harp under Ludwig Grimm. From 1845 to 1849 he played with Josef Gung’l's band in Germany, Russia, England and the USA. Returning to , he was solo harpist with the Berlin Opera until 1851, and in 1855 he moved to St Petersburg to become solo harpist with the Imperial Ballet, a post which he retained for life. When Anton Rubinstein founded the St Petersburg Conservatory in 1862, Zabel was engaged as harp teacher; he was subsequently named professor in 1879 and honorary distinguished professor in 1904. Among his pupils were his daughter I. Zabel-Raschat, K. Walter-Kühne, D. Andrev, N. Amosov, I. Polomarenko and I. Pomansanski. He published a pamphlet Ein Wort an die Herren Komponisten über die praktische Verwendung der Harfe im Orchester (Leipzig, 1894), a Grosse Methode (Leipzig, 1900), a Harp Concerto in C minor op.35 (Leipzig, 1904–5) and about 40 solos and transcriptions whose brilliance assured their success. BIBLIOGRAPHY PazdírekH M.G. Scimeca: L'arpa nella storia (Bari, 1938), 174–5 A.N. Schirinzi: L'arpa: storia di un antico strumento (Milan, 1961), 148–9 ALICE LAWSON ABER-COUNT Zabern, Conrad von. See Conrad von Zabern.