Nicanor Zabaleta: Intérprete Y Docente

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Nicanor Zabaleta: Intérprete Y Docente Nicanor Zabaleta: Intérprete y Docente TFM- Máster Universitario en Desarrollo de las Capacidades Musicales Dalia María Márquez Escobedo Director: Dr. Marcos Andrés Vierge “Nicanor Zabaleta no era un erudito, era un sabio. El erudito suele despreciar a los hombres por lo mucho que ignoran. El sabio ama a los seres humanos por lo mucho que le han enseñado” Narciso Yepes A Dios, a mi familia, amigos y a México AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios por la vida, salud y la oportunidad que me ha dado para vivir y estudiar en Pamplona, España durante este ciclo de octubre 2012 a septiembre 2013. A mis padres por su amor incondicional siempre y por su gran apoyo en cada momento de mi estancia aquí. A mis hermanos porque igualmente han estado presente en muchos momentos a pesar de la distancia. A la Universidad Pública de Navarra por abrirme las puertas a sus enseñanzas y a todos los profesores de quienes pude de aprender. Al Dr. Marcos Anrdés Vierge por su apoyo y guía en la realización de la presente investigación. Al maestro José Enrique Guzmán por siempre apoyarme, enseñarme y guiarme en el maravilloso mundo del arpa, aun a través de la distancia. A los arpistas: Ángel Padilla, Elisa Torres, Ieuan Jones, José Enrique Guzmán, Julie Smith y Mercedes Gómez, por su valiosa ayuda y el tiempo dedicado a la contestación de todos los correos durante el proceso de entrevista y especialmente a la arpista Zoraida Ávila por recibirme en Madrid y llevarme a conocer a doña Graciela viuda de Zabaleta, así como proporcionarme la ayuda y su valiosa información acerca del maestro Zabaleta. Al archivo vasco de música Eresbil, por haberme brindado las facilidades en la búsqueda de información. A la Facultad de Música de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, en México por el gran apoyo y la ayuda que me ha brindado. A mi amiga Antonia por ayudarme, y enseñarme a dar el formato a este trabajo y ser como una hermana para mí y hacerme sentir cerca de México. Y a todos los amigos que de una u otra manera me han brindado muestras de apoyo durante mi estancia aquí. RESUMEN Durante la historia de la música y más concretamente de la interpretación, ha habido grandes instrumentistas que han dejado huellas imborrables debido a su gran trabajo en la búsqueda de la perfección en la técnica de sus instrumentos. Nicanor Zabaleta forma una parte de esa ahora historia de la música, pero sobre todo del arpa, al haber ampliado esos los límites a los que estaba confinada. El presente trabajo de investigación, consiste en la descripción del proceso de búsqueda para llegar a la comprensión de aquellas aportaciones que dejó en el arpa y las repercusiones en el trabajo realizado por Nicanor Zabaleta. Sobre todo se ha puesto énfasis en el estudio de su labor pedagógica y su impacto en el campo del arpa. Con una línea de investigación ecléctica, llevada a cabo con metodología variada, es como se ha trabajado en la búsqueda de la información. Trabajo en archivo, realización de entrevistas, investigación bibliográfica, búsqueda en bases de datos por medio de la web, entre otras, son las herramientas que se han utilizado para llevar a cabo esta tarea. Se ha concluido que esas aportaciones, incluyendo las pedagógicas que poco eco habían logrado, siguen estando presentes en los arpistas de las nuevas generaciones. Palabras clave: arpa, historia, música, interpretación, investigación, ecléctica, Zabaleta. ÍNDICE NICANOR ZABALETA, INTÉRPRETE Y DOCENTE ................................................................................. 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN, OBJETIVOS Y JUSTIFICACIÓN ........................................................................ 11 1.1 Introducción al tema ......................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Objetivos generales ........................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Metodología ...................................................................................................................... 13 2. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN .......................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Nicanor Zabaleta: vida y obra ........................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Nacimiento y Primer Contacto Musical ..................................................................... 18 2.2 Años de estudio en el arpa ................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Primeros años: de San Sebastián a Madrid ............................................................... 19 2.2.2 ¿Arpista o contador? ................................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Finalmente a París ..................................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Estudios con Marcel Tournier ................................................................................... 20 2.2.5 Debut en París ........................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Buscando un camino ......................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Su regreso a España .................................................................................................. 22 2.3.2 Intentos por permanecer en su patria ...................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Zabaleta en los Estados Unidos: debut norteamericano .......................................... 24 2.4 Zabaleta y Latino américa: 18 años de gira ....................................................................... 25 2.5 De retorno al hogar, su gira por Europa y más allá (1952 a 1990) .................................... 27 2.5.1 Fase de investigación y arreglista .............................................................................. 28 2.5.2 Trabajos finales. ........................................................................................................ 29 2.5.3 El adiós definitivo: Retiro de Nicanor Zabaleta y muerte. ........................................ 31 3. APORTACIONES AL ARPA POR NICANOR ZABALETA ................................................................. 33 3.1 El estilo interpretativo de Zabaleta ................................................................................... 33 3.2 Música del pasado, transcripciones y arreglos. ................................................................ 37 3.3 Ampliación del repertorio arpístico con las obras que le fueron dedicadas..................... 39 3.4 El legado sonoro del repertorio del arpa por Nicanor Zabaleta ....................................... 43 3.5 El octavo pedal al arpa ...................................................................................................... 47 4. LA LABOR PEDAGÓGICA DE NICANOR ZABALETA Y ANÁLISIS DE ENTREVISTAS. ...................... 49 4.1 Análisis de las entrevistas.................................................................................................. 52 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................................. 79 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................................................... 83 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................................. 85 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1 Obras dedicadas a Nicanor Zabaleta a lo largo de su vida. .................................................. 41 Tabla 2 Discografía de Nicanor Zabaleta* ......................................................................................... 44 Tabla 3 Entrevistas a arpistas Grupo 1 (A G1) ................................................................................... 58 Tabla 4 Entrevistas arpistas grupo 2 (A G2) ...................................................................................... 58 Tabla 5 Nombres, fechas y vía de entrevistas ................................................................................... 85 ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES Ilustración 1 Zabaleta en sus primeros años de estudio del arpa. .................................................... 19 Ilustración 2 Marcel Tourrnier (1879-1951) Profesor de Nicanor Zabaleta en París ........................ 21 Ilustración 3 El Dúo Yepes - Zabaleta en La Scala de Milán. ............................................................. 31 Ilustración 4 Alpohnse Hasselmans ................................................................................................... 35 Ilustración 5 Las arpistas españolas Teresa Roaldés, Vicenta Tormo de Calvo y Luisa Menárguez . 37 Ilustración 6 Preludio para arpa del compositor venezolano Moisés Moleiro, el original en proceso de edición en su país de origen. Una de las obras heredadas por la familia Zabaleta a la arpista venezolana Zoraida Ávila. ................................................................................................................. 40 Ilustración 7: A la izquierda, imagen del arpa modelo Zabaleta fabricado por la firma alemana Horngacher, llamada anteriormente Obermayer. A la derecha, Ejemplo de una base de arpa con mecanismo de 8 pedales. .................................................................................................................. 48
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