DOCSLIB.ORG

8.21 the Physics of Energy Fall 2009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
8.21 the Physics of Energy Fall 2009 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation 8.21 Lecture 2 Units and the Scales of Energy Use September 11, 2009 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 1 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • The basics: SI units • The principal players:gy ener , power, force, pressure • The many forms of energy • A tour of the energy landscape: From the macroworld to our world • CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units, energy connection • Perspectives on energy issues --- common sense and conversion factors 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 2 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation SI ≡ International System MKSA = MeterKilogram, , Second,mpereA Unit s Not cgs“English” or units! Electromagnetic units Deriud v n e its ⇒ Char⇒ geCoulombs EnerJ gy oul es ⇒ Current ⇒ Amperes Po werW a tts ⇒ Electrostatic potentialV⇒ olts Pr e ssuP a r s e cals ⇒ Resistance ⇒ Ohms Fo rNe c e wto n s T h erma l un i ts More about these next... TemperatureK⇒ elvinK) ( 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 3 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • The principal players:gy ener , power, force, pressure 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 4 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation F or ce, Ener gy , P o wer and Pr essur e [ X ] means “TheW units e can of X” get the units of an y physical ⇔ ⇔ Basics: m kilograms, l metersquantity by using a definition or t ⇔ seconds, andQ ⇔ coulombsphysical la w that relates it to wesomething already kno w ... F or e xample: [l/ speed= t meters/second ] = Ne wton’• s secondF= orce la mass× w acceleration [ forc e[mass][acceleration] ] = ml= 2 /= kilogram t meter/second2kg= m/s2 1k gm2Ne=1 / s wton The force of gra vity on you: 2 graF vit==8mg y 0k9.8=× g 784 m/s Ne wtons • 1 × Kinetic enerEner gy= gy2 mass velocity-squared [ ener g y ] =elocity [mass][v2]=ml2/t2 = kilogram meter2/second2 = kg-m2/s2 1k gm2/s2 =1Joule= 1 Nwton-meter e Y our kinetic ener gy w alking at 3 miles per hour: = 1 2 1 3 miles × 1609 meters × 1 hours 2 Ekinetic 2 mv = 802 kg hour mile 3600 second= 7 2 Joules 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 5 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Po•= werPo ener wer gy perdE unit /dt time [ p o wer ] =gy][time [ener−1]= ml2/t2 (1/t) = kilogram meter2/second3 = kg-m2/s3 1k gm2/s3 =1W= att 1Joule/second Po wer youstairs e x ert at 0.5 climbing meters per second ΔE = mgΔh=8kg 0× .5 m × 9.8 m/s=2 390Joules climP bing=ΔE/Δ=7t Joules 8 /1 second=W 390 atts • Pressure=Pressure force perdF unit /dA area [ pressur[force][area e ] = −1]=ml2 /t 1/l2 = kilogram/meter second2 =kg− m1s−2 = 11k P ascal gm−1s−2 = 1 N e2 wton/meter Y ou, standing on the ground: F orce Ne784 wtons 784 grap vit= y = = =∼ 34P, 000 ascals Area ∼ 36 in2 0.023 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 6 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • The many forms of energy 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 7 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation F orms of Ener gy A long time• to disco v e r eneration. gy conserv Ener• disappears? gy No! Changing form... kinetic to potential to chemical toEinstein’thermal to s rest... ener gy In• f actation itconserv is of, a ener single gynumber characterizing a system or e v en each part of a system,through thattime can and be traced as it flothat wschanges, and mak esimportant ener gy in so physics. All these dif ferent• Units: forms must ha v e the× same units of mass length/2 time 2 ) Re vie w a little• 8.01 & 8.02 and see what’ s t o come 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 8 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation 1 2 × 2 KINETIC ENERGY 2 mv mass [speed] l 2 l2 [mass] × [speed]2 = m × = m t t2 Ener gyestf in mani mn o tio ORKW A NDTENTIAL PO ENERGY Fd force × distance ml l2 [force] × [distance]= × l = m t2 t2 orceWh acts ef n o a n a n objectistand cod e voes e it r a thatwo can r k ski h o net w i cupor ener as be s t gy ored pot entas i a l e ner g y 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 9 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation × f= orce × ORKW BRESSURE Y P PV pressurev olume areav olume m l2 [pressurev] × [ olume]= × l3 = m lt2 t2 1 ≡ 1 THERMAL ENERGY NR2 T 2 nkBT T ener gyThermal per de gree oftemperature freedomAl. ternatve atly, i † • n —• N number of moles —numbermolecules of • k 1.381 × 10−23 −1 —• theR gas constantR =8.31447 Joules B — Boltzmann’s Constant JK mole K • T • T — temperaturein K elvins — temperaturein K elvins Joules l2 NR[ ]= T moles × × K = m † mole K t2 Note thatmole thedeparts from MKS units:gram Itmolecular is a in eticK enll erf th a g eyes o mlecul o mak es s i t weight,molecular the weight of a appearanceas heat compound e xpressed in grams. 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 10 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation ) THERMAL ENERGY NR≡ TnkBT Con v enient,colloquialunit of enerthe gy: BTU 1 BTU = ener gy to heat 1 pound of ◦ ◦ OH2 fromto 60 61F ) ELECTRICAL ENERGY Q × V Q + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ • Q — CHARGE V • V — ELECTROST A TICTENTIAL PO – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – El ectrostat i cEl⇒ potent ectr i c iF afi⇒ l e orce ld and the force does w ork on a char ge that is mo v e d . Ho w t o measureelectrostaticpotential in SI Units? potentialWhatCoulomb do you haof v char e to ge mo v ethrough one to get (or lose) 1 Joule of ener gy: 1 Joule 1 Joule/sec W1 att V1 olt= = = 1 Coulomb 1 Coulomb/sec 1 Ampere 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 11 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation W O F O R M S O FT E NER G Y T HA T MAMILIAR A Y... NO T B E A S F U AQ NTUMENERGY E = hν h =6.626 × 10−34 Js is Planck’• h s constant is the• ν frequenc y o f light. Ener• gyquantumone of of(photon). light [ener gy]h] ×[frequenc = [ y] 2 1 ml =[h] × t2 t ] =[h [ener×[time] gy] Js = SRI NE S E TEIS’ T N E N: E = mc R2 G Y Ein sati tein vl ’ ity sth r esh atd o m w a e lf ss is itseormf a f o ener gy with the s peed of light as the c. on v e rs ion f actor .. E = mc2 ml2 ]=[E mc2]= [ t2 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 12 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • rT anslations and scales: units and energy subcultures 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 13 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation There’ sthat n oquantity is other described in moreUnits of Energy and Power dif ferent units than ener gy .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 Contents 1. Viscous Flows 2 1.1. the Velocity Gradient Tensor 2 1.2. Viscous Stress Tensor 3 1.3. Na
    AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 Contents 1. Viscous flows 2 1.1. The velocity gradient tensor 2 1.2. Viscous stress tensor 3 1.3. Navier Stokes equation { diffusion 5 1.4. Viscosity to order of magnitude 6 1.5. Example using the viscous stress tensor: The force on a moving plate 6 1.6. Example using the Navier Stokes equation { Poiseuille flow or Flow in a capillary 7 1.7. Viscous Energy Dissipation 8 2. The Accretion disk 10 2.1. Accretion to order of magnitude 14 2.2. Hydrostatic equilibrium for an accretion disk 15 2.3. Shakura and Sunyaev's α-disk 17 2.4. Reynolds Number 17 2.5. Circumstellar disk heated by stellar radiation 18 2.6. Viscous Energy Dissipation 20 2.7. Accretion Luminosity 21 3. Vorticity and Rotation 24 3.1. Helmholtz Equation 25 3.2. Rate of Change of a vector element that is moving with the fluid 26 3.3. Kelvin Circulation Theorem 28 3.4. Vortex lines and vortex tubes 30 3.5. Vortex stretching and angular momentum 32 3.6. Bernoulli's constant in a wake 33 3.7. Diffusion of vorticity 34 3.8. Potential Flow and d'Alembert's paradox 34 3.9. Burger's vortex 36 4. Rotating Flows 38 4.1. Coriolis Force 38 4.2. Rossby and Ekman numbers 39 4.3. Geostrophic flows and the Taylor Proudman theorem 39 4.4. Two dimensional flows on the surface of a planet 41 1 2 AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 4.5. Thermal winds? 42 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education
    Energy Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education A Framework for Energy Education for Learners of All Ages About This Guide Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and Intended use of this document as a guide includes, Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education but is not limited to, formal and informal energy presents energy concepts that, if understood and education, standards development, curriculum applied, will help individuals and communities design, assessment development, make informed energy decisions. and educator trainings. Energy is an inherently interdisciplinary topic. Development of this guide began at a workshop Concepts fundamental to understanding energy sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) arise in nearly all, if not all, academic disciplines. and the American Association for the Advancement This guide is intended to be used across of Science (AAAS) in the fall of 2010. Multiple disciplines. Both an integrated and systems-based federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, approach to understanding energy are strongly and numerous individuals contributed to the encouraged. development through an extensive review and comment process. Discussion and information Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and gathered at AAAS, WestEd, and DOE-sponsored Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education Energy Literacy workshops in the spring of 2011 identifies seven Essential Principles and a set of contributed substantially to the refinement of Fundamental Concepts to support each principle. the guide. This guide does not seek to identify all areas of energy understanding, but rather to focus on those To download this guide and related documents, that are essential for all citizens. The Fundamental visit www.globalchange.gov. Concepts have been drawn, in part, from existing education standards and benchmarks.
    [Show full text]
  • Toolkit 1: Energy Units and Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis
    Energy & Society Energy Units and Fundamentals Toolkit 1: Energy Units and Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis 1 Energy & Society Energy Units and Fundamentals Table of Contents 1. Key Concepts: Force, Work, Energy & Power 3 2. Orders of Magnitude & Scientific Notation 6 2.1. Orders of Magnitude 6 2.2. Scientific Notation 7 2.3. Rules for Calculations 7 2.3.1. Multiplication 8 2.3.2. Division 8 2.3.3. Exponentiation 8 2.3.4. Square Root 8 2.3.5. Addition & Subtraction 9 3. Linear versus Exponential Growth 10 3.1. Linear Growth 10 3.2. Exponential Growth 11 4. Uncertainty & Significant Figures 14 4.1. Uncertainty 14 4.2. Significant Figures 15 4.3. Exact Numbers 15 4.4. Identifying Significant Figures 16 4.5. Rules for Calculations 17 4.5.1. Addition & Subtraction 17 4.5.2. Multiplication, Division & Exponentiation 18 5. Unit Analysis 19 5.1. Commonly Used Energy & Non-energy Units 20 5.2. Form & Function 21 6. Sample Problems 22 6.1. Scientific Notation 22 6.2. Linear & Exponential Growth 22 6.3. Significant Figures 23 6.4. Unit Conversions 23 7. Answers to Sample Problems 24 7.1. Scientific Notation 24 7.2. Linear & Exponential Growth 24 7.3. Significant Figures 24 7.4. Unit Conversions 26 8. References 27 2 Energy & Society Energy Units and Fundamentals 1. KEY CONCEPTS: FORCE, WORK, ENERGY & POWER Among the most important fundamentals to be mastered when studying energy pertain to the differences and inter-relationships among four concepts: force, work, energy, and power. Each of these terms has a technical meaning in addition to popular or colloquial meanings.
    [Show full text]
  • Musings on the Planck Length Universe
    Musings on the Planck Length Universe -How does matter, or how does a change move through space on the micro- level? The answer depends on how the structure of space and matter are defined at a certain order of magnitude and what are their properties at that level. We will assume that, on the micro-level, the limits of space are discrete, consisting of the smallest units possible. Therefore, in order to define the structure of space on this level it would be necessary to introduce a notion of an “elementary spatial unit” (ESU), the smallest part of space, some kind of spatial “atom”. This would be the smallest and indivisible finite part (cell) of space, defined only by size and position (neighborhoods). It doesn’t have any content, but it could be filled with some property like “matter” or “vacuum”. There are two possibilities in which a property can to move through space (change its position). One would be that an ESU itself, containing a certain property, moves between other ESU carrying its content like a fish moving through the water or a ball through the air. Another possibility would be that the positions of all the ESU don’t change while their content is moving. This would be like an old billboard covered with light bulbs, or a screen with pixels. The positions of the bulbs or pixels are fixed, and only their content (light) changes position from one bulb to the other. Here the spatial structure (the structure of positions) is fixed and it is only the property (the content) that changes positions, thus moving through space.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Easy Roads to the Planck Scale
    Six easy roads to the Planck scale Ronald J. Adler∗ Hansen Laboratory for Experimental Physics Gravity Probe B Mission, Stanford University, Stanford California 94309 Abstract We give six arguments that the Planck scale should be viewed as a fundamental minimum or boundary for the classical concept of spacetime, beyond which quantum effects cannot be neglected and the basic nature of spacetime must be reconsidered. The arguments are elementary, heuristic, and plausible, and as much as possible rely on only general principles of quantum theory and gravity theory. The paper is primarily pedagogical, and its main goal is to give physics students, non-specialists, engineers etc. an awareness and appreciation of the Planck scale and the role it should play in present and future theories of quantum spacetime and quantum gravity. arXiv:1001.1205v1 [gr-qc] 8 Jan 2010 1 I. INTRODUCTION Max Planck first noted in 18991,2 the existence of a system of units based on the three fundamental constants, G = 6:67 × 10−11Nm2=kg2(or m3=kg s2) (1) c = 3:00 × 108m=s h = 6:60 × 10−34Js(or kg m2=s) These constants are dimensionally independent in the sense that no combination is dimen- sionless and a length, a time, and a mass, may be constructed from them. Specifically, using ~ ≡ h=2π = 1:05 × 10−34Js in preference to h, the Planck scale is r r G G l = ~ = 1:6 × 10−35m; T = ~ = 0:54 × 10−43; (2) P c3 P c5 r c M = ~ = 2:2 × 10−8kg P G 2 19 3 The energy associated with the Planck mass is EP = MP c = 1:2 × 10 GeV .
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Why Physics Is the Easiest Science  Effective Theories
    CHAPTER 3 WHY PHYSICS IS THE EASIEST SCIENCE EFFECTIVE THEORIES If we had to understand the whole physical universe at once in order to understand any part of it, we would have made little progress. Suppose that the properties of atoms depended on their history, or whether they were in stars or people or labs we might not understand them yet. In many areas of biology and ecology and other fields systems are influenced by many factors, and of course the behavior of people is dominated by our interactions with others. In these areas progress comes more slowly. The physical world, on the other hand, can be studied in segments that hardly affect one another, as we will emphasize in this chapter. If our goal is learning how things work, a segmented approach is very fruitful. That is one of several reasons why physics began earlier in history than other sciences, and has made considerable progress it really is the easiest science. (Other reasons in addition to the focus of this chapter include the relative ease with which experiments can change one quantity at a time, holding others fixed; the relative ease with which experiments can be repeated and improved when the implications are unclear; and the high likelihood that results are described by simple mathematics, allowing testable predictions to be deduced.) Once we understand each segment we can connect several of them and unify our understanding, a unification based on real understanding of how the parts of the world behave rather than on philosophical speculation. The history of physics could be written as a process of tackling the separate areas once the technology and available understanding allow them to be studied, followed by the continual unification of segments into a larger whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Gy Use Units and the Scales of Ener
    The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation 8.21 Lecture 2 Units and the Scales of Energy Use September 11, 2009 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 1 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • The basics: SI units • The principal players:gy ener , power, force, pressure • The many forms of energy • A tour of the energy landscape: From the macroworld to our world • CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units, energy connection • Perspectives on energy issues --- common sense and conversion factors 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 2 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation SI ≡ International System MKSA = MeterKilogram, , Second,mpereA Unit s Not cgs“English” or units! Electromagnetic units Deriud v n e its ⇒ Char⇒ geCoulombs EnerJ gy oul es ⇒ Current ⇒ Amperes Po werW a tts ⇒ Electrostatic potentialV⇒ olts Pr e ssuP a r s e cals ⇒ Resistance ⇒ Ohms Fo rNe c e wto n s T h erma l un i ts More about these next... TemperatureK⇒ elvinK) ( 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 3 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power,
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Energy, Heat, and Work
    3. Energy, Heat, and Work 3.1. Energy 3.2. Potential and Kinetic Energy 3.3. Internal Energy 3.4. Relatively Effects 3.5. Heat 3.6. Work 3.7. Notation and Sign Convention In these Lecture Notes we examine the basis of thermodynamics – fundamental definitions and equations for energy, heat, and work. 3-1. Energy. Two of man's earliest observations was that: 1)useful work could be accomplished by exerting a force through a distance and that the product of force and distance was proportional to the expended effort, and 2)heat could be ‘felt’ in when close or in contact with a warm body. There were many explanations for this second observation including that of invisible particles traveling through space1. It was not until the early beginnings of modern science and molecular theory that scientists discovered a true physical understanding of ‘heat flow’. It was later that a few notable individuals, including James Prescott Joule, discovered through experiment that work and heat were the same phenomenon and that this phenomenon was energy: Energy is the capacity, either latent or apparent, to exert a force through a distance. The presence of energy is indicated by the macroscopic characteristics of the physical or chemical structure of matter such as its pressure, density, or temperature - properties of matter. The concept of hot versus cold arose in the distant past as a consequence of man's sense of touch or feel. Observations show that, when a hot and a cold substance are placed together, the hot substance gets colder as the cold substance gets hotter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Planck Mass and the Chandrasekhar Limit
    The Planck mass and the Chandrasekhar limit ͒ David Garfinklea Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309 ͑Received 6 November 2008; accepted 10 March 2009͒ The Planck mass is often assumed to play a role only at the extremely high energy scales where quantum gravity becomes important. However, this mass plays a role in any physical system that involves gravity, quantum mechanics, and relativity. We examine the role of the Planck mass in determining the maximum mass of white dwarf stars. © 2009 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.3110884͔ I. INTRODUCTION ery part of the gas is in equilibrium and thus must have zero net force on it. In particular, consider a small disk of the gas The Planck mass, length, and time can be constructed with base area A and thickness dr at a distance r from the from the Newton gravitational constant G, the Planck con- center of the ball. Denote the mass of the disk by m , and the ប 1 d stant , and the speed of light c. In particular, the Planck mass of all the gas at radii smaller than r by M͑r͒. Newton mass, MP is given by showed that the disk would be gravitationally attracted by បc the gas at radii smaller than r, but unaffected by the gas at M = ͱ . ͑1͒ radii larger than r, and the force on the disk would be the P G same as if all the mass at radii smaller than r were concen- The Planck mass is very small on the human scale because trated at the center.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Thermodynamics the Topic for the Last Part of Our Physics Class
    Notes on Thermodynamics The topic for the last part of our physics class this quarter will be thermodynam- ics. Thermodynamics deals with energy transfer processes. The key idea is that materials have "internal energy". The internal energy is the energy that the atoms and molecules of the material possess. For example, in a gas and liquid the molecules are moving and have kinetic energy. The molecules can also rotate and vibrate, and these motions also contribute to the gases total internal energy. In a solid, the atoms can oscillate about their equilibrium position and also possess energy. The total internal energy is defined as: The total internal energy of a substance = the sum of the energies of the constituents of the substance. When two substances come in contact, internal energy from one substance can de- crease while the internal energy of the other increases. The first law of thermody- namics states that the energy lost by one substance is gained by the other. That is, that there exists a quantity called energy that is conserved. We will develop this idea and more over the next 4 weeks. We will be analyzing gases, liquids, and solids, so we need to determine which properties are necessary for an appropriate description of these materials. Although we will be making models about the constituents of these materials, what is usually measured are their macroscopic quantities or "large scale" properties of the sys- tems. We have already some of these when we studied fluids in the beginning of the course: Volume (V ): The volume that the material occupies.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Performance Score Report
    ENERGY PERFORMANCE SCORE Address: Reference Number: 010000122 Huntsville, AL 35810 Current Energy Use Energy Cost Carbon Energy Score: 43,000 kWhe/yr $2,434 Carbon Score: 10.7 tons/yr Electric: 19,400 kWh/yr $1,648 Electric: 6.4 tons/yr Natural Gas: 800 therms/yr $787 Natural Gas: 4.3 tons/yr Energy Score Carbon Score *See Recommended Upgrades *See Recommended Upgrades †With energy from renewable sources This score measures the estimated total energy use This score measures the total carbon emissions based on (electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil) of this home the annual amounts, types, and sources of fuels used in for one year. The lower the score, the less energy required this home. The lower the score, the less carbon is released for normal use. Actual consumption and costs may vary. into the atmosphere to power this home. Measured in kilowatt hours per year (kWhe/yr). Measured in metric tons per year (tons/yr). Bedrooms: 5+ Audit Date: 02/09/2012 Year Built: 2002 Auditor: Synergy Air Flow and Ventilation Witt, Todd SIMPLE EPS Version 2.0 v20111011 Visit www.energy-performance-score.com to maximize energy savings Page 1 of 16 Energy Performance Score What is the Energy Performance Score? A Third-Party Certified Score The Energy Performance Score calculation is based on a home energy assessment. Anyone may use the EPS assessment methodology for evaluating energy performance and upgrades of a home, but only a certified EPS analyst has been trained and qualified to conduct an EPS. A third-party certified EPS can only be issued by a certified EPS analyst who does not have any material interest in the energy work that will be, or has been, performed on the home.
    [Show full text]
  • Orders of Magnitude (Length) - Wikipedia
    03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Orders of magnitude (length) The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths. Contents Overview Detailed list Subatomic Atomic to cellular Cellular to human scale Human to astronomical scale Astronomical less than 10 yoctometres 10 yoctometres 100 yoctometres 1 zeptometre 10 zeptometres 100 zeptometres 1 attometre 10 attometres 100 attometres 1 femtometre 10 femtometres 100 femtometres 1 picometre 10 picometres 100 picometres 1 nanometre 10 nanometres 100 nanometres 1 micrometre 10 micrometres 100 micrometres 1 millimetre 1 centimetre 1 decimetre Conversions Wavelengths Human-defined scales and structures Nature Astronomical 1 metre Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 1/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 decametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 hectometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 kilometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 10 kilometres Conversions Sports Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 kilometres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 1 megametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Geographical Astronomical 10 megametres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 megametres 1 gigametre
    [Show full text]