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03/08/2018 Orders of () - Wikipedia

Orders of magnitude (length)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different .

Contents

Overview Detailed list Subatomic Atomic to cellular Cellular to human scale Human to astronomical scale Astronomical less than 10 yoctometres 10 yoctometres 100 yoctometres 1 zeptometre 10 zeptometres 100 zeptometres 1 attometre 10 attometres 100 attometres 1 10 100 femtometres 1 10 100 picometres 1 10 100 nanometres 1 10 100 micrometres 1 1 1 Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Nature Astronomical 1 Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 1/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 10 Conversions Sports Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 kilometres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 1 megametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Geographical Astronomical 10 megametres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 megametres 1 gigametre Objects of in different order of 10 gigametres magnitude. 100 gigametres 1 terametre 10 terametres 100 terametres 1 petametre https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 2/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10 petametres 100 petametres 1 exametre 10 exametres 100 exametres 1 zettametre 10 zettametres 100 zettametres 1 yottametre 10 yottametres 100 yottametres Notes See also References External links

Overview

Range (m) Section Unit Example items ≥ <

−35 – 10 ℓP Quantum foam (This is a fixed quantity, not a range.)

Subatomic – 10−18 am Electron, quark, string

10−15 10−12 fm , , Atomic and −12 −9 pm of gamma rays and X-rays, cellular 10 10 10−9 10−6 nm DNA helix, virus, wavelength of optical spectrum

10−6 10−3 μm Bacterium, droplet, human hair's diameter[note 1]

10−3 1 mm Mosquito, golf ball, domestic cat, violin, viola, football Human scale Cello, piano, human, automobile, sperm whale, football field, Eiffel 100 103 m Tower , length of Panama Canal and Trans-Siberian Railway, 103 106 km larger

106 109 Mm The , , one -

109 1012 Gm , one light-, Earth's

1012 1015 Tm of outer ,

Astronomical 1015 1018 Pm A light-, the distance to

1018 1021 Em Galactic arm

1021 1024 Zm , distance to Andromeda

1024 Ym Huge-LQG, - Great Wall, visible

Detailed list

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 3/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6 × 10−35 meters and meters.

Subatomic

Factor Value Item (m) Planck length; typical scale of hypothetical loop quantum or of a hypothetical string 1 Planck and of branes; according to string theory lengths 10−35 0.0000000000162 ym (1.62 × 10−35 m) length smaller than this do not make any physical sense.[1] Quantum foam is thought to exist at this level.

1 Effective radius of 1 MeV 10−24 yoctometre 2 ym (2 × 10−24 ) neutrinos[2] (ym) Preons, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string 1 theory. −21 zeptometre 10 Effective cross section radius of high () 7 zm (7 × 10−21 metres) neutrinos[3] De Broglie wavelength of at the Large 310 zm (3.10 × 10−19 metres) Hadron Collider (4 TeV as of 2012) Upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons

1 Sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational 10−18 attometre waves[4] (am) Upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings"[1]

10−17 10 am Range of the weak

10−16 100 am 850 am Approximate proton radius[5]

Atomic to cellular

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Factor Item Multiple Value (m)

1.5 fm Size of an 11 MeV proton[6] 1 femtometre −15 2.81794 fm [7] 10 (fm) Classical electron radius 1.75 to 15 fm Diameter range of the atomic nucleus[1][8] 0.75 to Longest wavelength of gamma rays 0.8225 pm 1 picometre 10−12 1 pm Distance between atomic nuclei in a (pm) 2.4 pm Compton wavelength of electron 5 pm Wavelength of shortest X-rays 25 pm Radius of

10−11 10 pm 31 pm Radius of atom 53 pm 100 pm 1 Ångström (also covalent radius of sulfur atom[9]) (0.1 nm) 154 pm Length of a typical covalent bond (C–C). (0.154 nm) 10−10 100 pm 280 pm Average size of the water molecule, actual lengths may vary. (0.28 nm) 500 pm Width of protein α helix (0.50 nm)

1 nm Diameter of a carbon nanotube[10]

2 nm Diameter of the DNA helix[11] 1 nanometre Smallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness (as of 10−9 2.5 nm (nm) January 2007)

3.4 nm Length of a DNA turn (10 bp)[12] 6–10 nm Thickness of cell membrane 10 nm Thickness of cell wall in -negative As of 2016, the 10 nanometre was the smallest semiconductor device 10 nm [13] 10−8 10 nm fabrication node 40 nm Extreme wavelength

50 nm Flying height of the head of a hard disk.[14]

121.6 nm Wavelength of the Lyman-alpha [15]

10−7 100 nm 120 nm Typical diameter of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[16]

400–700 nm Approximate wavelength range of visible light[17]

Cellular to human scale

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Factor Item Multiple Value (m)

1–4 μm Typical length of a bacterium[18] 1 micrometre (μm) 10−6 (also called one micron) 4 μm Typical diameter of spider silk[19] 7 μm Typical size of a blood cell[20] 10 μm Typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet Width of transistors in the Intel 4004, the world's first 10 μm commercial microprocessor 10−5 10 μm 12 μm Width of acrylic fiber 17- Width range of human hair[21] 181 μm Size of a single pixel on a 17- monitor with a resolution of 340 μm 1024×768

10−4 100 μm 560 μm Thickness of the central of a human cornea[22] Maximum diameter of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest 750 μm bacterium ever discovered (as of 2010)

1.5 mm Length of an average flea[23] 1/10th inch; distance between pins in DIP (dual-inline-package) 10−3 1 millimetre (mm) 2.54 mm electronic components 5.70 mm Diameter of the projectile in 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition 2 cm Approximate width of an adult human finger 5.4 cm x Dimensions of a credit card, according to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID- 10−2 1 centimetre (cm) 8.6 cm 1 7.3– Diameter of a baseball, according to Major Baseball 7.5 cm guidelines[24] 1.2 dm = Diameter of a Compact Disk 12 cm

6.6 dm = Length of the longest pine cones, produced by the sugar 10−1 1 decimetre (dm) 66 cm pine[25] 9 dm = Average length of a rapier, a fencing sword[26] 90 cm

Human to astronomical scale

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Factor Item Multiple Value (m)

Since 1983, defined as length of the path travelled by light in 1 m during a interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. See of the (exactly) metre for previous definitions. 1 1 metre 2.72 m Height of Robert Wadlow, tallest known human being.[27] 8.38 m Length of a London bus (AEC Routemaster).

33 m Length of the longest known blue whale.[28] 1 101 decametre 52 m Height of the Niagara Falls.[29] () 93.47 m Height of the Statue of Liberty. 105 m Length of a typical football field. 137 m Height (present and original) of the Great Pyramid of Giza. 1 (147 m) 102 hectometre (hm) 300 m Height of the , one of the famous monuments of . Height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall 979 m ()

2.3 km Axial length of the Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world[30] 3 1 kilometre 10 (km) 3.1 km Narrowest width of the Strait of Messina, separating Italy and Sicily. 8.848 km Height of Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth. Depth of the in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known 10.9 km on Earth's surface. 4 10 km Circumference of the Large Hadron Collider, as of May 2010 the largest and 10 27 km highest energy particle accelerator. 42.195 km Length of a . The distance the IAU considers to be the limit to space, called the Karman 100 km line. Length of the Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red 163 km 105 100 km Sea. 491 km Length of the Pyrenees, the mountain range separating Spain and .

974.6 km Greatest diameter of the dwarf .[31]

Astronomical

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Factor Multiple Value Item (m)

2,390 km = 2.39 Diameter of , formerly the smallest planet Mm category[note 2] in the Solar System 3,480 km= 3.48 Diameter of the Moon Mm 5,200 km = 5.2 Typical distance covered by the winner of the 24 of Le Mans Mm automobile endurance race 1,000 km = 1 6,400 km = 6.4 106 Length of the Great Wall of megametre Mm (Mm) 6,600 km = 6.6 Approximate length of the two longest rivers, the and the Mm Amazon 7,821 km = 7.821 Length of the Trans-Canada Highway Mm 9,288 km = 9.288 Length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, longest in the world Mm 12,756 km Equatorial diameter of Earth 107 10,000 km 40,075 km Length of Earth's 142,984 km Diameter of 299,792 km = Distance traveled by light in one second 108 100,000 km 299 Mm 384,000 km = Moon's orbital distance from Earth 384 Mm 1,390,000 km = 1 million Diameter of the Sun km = 1 1.39 Gm 109 gigametre 4,800,000 km = Greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (3 million by a 1966 (Gm) 4.8 Gm Volvo P-1800S, still driving) 10 million 1010 18 million km Approximately one light-minute km 150 million km = 100 million 1 (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun 1011 150 Gm km ~ 900 Gm Optical diameter of (~600 × Sun)

9 1.4 × 10 km = Orbital distance of from Sun 1.4 Tm

9 1.96 × 10 km = Estimated optical diameter of VY Canis Majoris (1420 × Sun) 1.96 Tm

9 1 billion km 2.3 × 10 km = Estimated optical diameter of NML Cygni (1650 × Sun) 2.3 Tm 12 = 1 10 terametre 2.37 × 109 km = Median point of the optical diameter of UY Scuti, as of 2016 the (Tm) 2.37 Tm largest known

9 5.9 × 10 km = Orbital distance of Pluto from Sun 5.9 Tm

~ 7.5 × 109 km = Outer boundary of the , inner boundary of the 7.5 Tm (~ 50 AU)

1013 10 Tm Diameter of the Solar System as a whole[1]

16.25 × 109 km = Distance of the from Sun (as of Feb 2009), 16.25 Tm the farthest man-made object so far[32]

62.03 × 109 km = Estimated radius of the of the supermassive in NGC 4889, the largest known black hole to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 8/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 62.03 Tm

1.8 × 1011 km = Size of the around the star [33] 180 Tm 1014 100 Tm 2 × 1011 km = Total length of DNA molecules in all cells of an adult human body 200 Tm [34]

12 ~ 7.5 × 10 km = Supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU) 1 7.5 Pm 1015 petametre 9.46 × 1012 km = (Pm) Distance traveled by light in one year; at its current , Voyager 9.46 Pm 1 would need 17,500 to travel this distance = 1 light year 3.2616 light-years (3.0857 × 1013 km 1 = 30.857 Pm) 1016 10 Pm 4.22 light-years = Distance to nearest star (Proxima Centauri) 39.9 Pm 4.37 light-years = As of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet 41.3 Pm ( Bc) 20.4 light-years = As of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar 193 Pm planet with potential to support life as we know it ( d) 17 10 100 Pm 65 light-years = Approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high- 6.15 × 1017 m = TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer 615 Pm space

1 exametre 200 light-years = Distance to nearby solar twin (HIP 56948), a star with properties 1018 (Em) 1.9 Em virtually identical to our Sun [35] 1,000 light-years Average thickness of Milky Way Galaxy[36] (1000 to 3000 ly by 1019 10 Em = 9.46 Em or 9.46 21 cm observations[37]) × 1015 km 12,000 light-years 100 Em = 113.5 Em or Thickness of Milky Way Galaxy's gaseous disk[38] 17 1020 1.135 × 10 km 100,000 light- 950 Em Diameter of galactic disk of Milky Way Galaxy[1] years 50 kiloparsecs Distance to SN 1987A, the most recent 52 kiloparsecs = 21 Distance to the (a orbiting the 1.62 × 10 m = Milky Way) 1 1.62 Zm 1021 zettametre (Zm) 54 kiloparsecs = Distance to the (another dwarf galaxy 1.66 Zm orbiting the Milky Way) 200 kiloparsecs = Diameter of the low disc halo of the giant spiral 6.15 Zm galaxy Malin 1 13.25 Zm = 1.4 Radius of the diffuse stellar halo of IC 1101, one of the largest million light years known = 600 kiloparsecs 24 Zm = 2.5 million light-years Distance to 1022 10 Zm = 770 kiloparsecs 3.26 million light- years 1 megaparsec =30.8 Zm = 1 megaparsec 50 Zm (1.6 Mpc) Diameter of of galaxies

1023 100 Zm 300–600 Zm = Distance to cluster of galaxies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 9/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10–20 megaparsecs 200 million light- years Diameter of the Local and the largest voids and = 1.9 Ym = 61 filaments. megaparsecs 300 million light- years End of Greatness = 2.8 Ym = 100 1 megaparsecs 24 10 yottametre 550 million light- (Ym) years ~170 Diameter of the Horologium Supercluster[39] megaparsecs ~5 Ym 1 billion light- years Diameter of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the = 9.46 Ym =306 supercluster complex where we live. megaparsecs 1.37 billion light years Length of the , a giant wall of galaxies (galactic = 1.3 × 1025 m = filament).[40] 13 Ym 3.26 billion light 1025 10 Ym years 1 gigaparsec =30.8 Ym = 1 gigaparsec 4 billion light years Length of the Huge-LQG, a group of 73 =37.84 Ym

1 × 1010 light- Estimated light travel distance to certain quasars. Length of the years Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall, a colossal wall of galaxies, = 9.5 × 1025 m = the largest and the most massive structure in the observable 95 Ym universe as of 2014. 13.42 billion light years Estimated light travel distance to UDFj-39546284, the most distant 1026 100 Ym =1.27 × 1026 m = object ever observed 127 Ym

9.2 × 1010 light years Approximate diameter (comoving distance) of the visible universe[1] = 8.7 × 1026 m = 870 Ym 130 billion light Lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a years 3-sphere, according to one estimate using the WMAP data at 95% 1027 1000 Ym = 1.2 × 1027 m = confidence.[41] It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 1200 Ym particle horizon-sized in the universe.

megaparsecs According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a of space identical to our observable [note 3] Ym = m universe with conditions identical to our own.[42][43] = Ym

Mpc Maximum size of universe after cosmological , implied by = m [44] [note 3] Ym one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal = Ym

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 10/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia less than 10 yoctometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths shorter than 10−23 m (10 ym).

1.6 × 10−11 yoctometres (1.6 × 10−35 metres) – the Planck length (Measures of distance shorter than this are considered nonsensical and do not make any physical sense, according to current theories of ). 1 ym – 1 yoctometre, the smallest named subdivision of the metre in the SI of length, one septillionth of a metre. 1 ym – length of a neutrino. 2 ym – the effective cross-section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos as measured by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines

10 yoctometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−23 metres and 10−22 metres (10 ym and 100 ym).

100 yoctometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−22 m and 10−21 m (100 ym and 1 zm).

100 ym – length of a top quark, one of the smallest known quarks

1 zeptometre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−21 m and 10−20 m (1 zm and 10 zm).

2 zm – length of a preon, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory. 2 zm – radius of effective cross section for a 20 GeV neutrino scattering off a nucleon 7 zm – radius of effective cross section for a 250 GeV neutrino scattering off a nucleon

10 zeptometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−20 m and 10−19 m (10 zm and 100 zm).

15 zm – length of a high energy neutrino 30 zm – length of a bottom quark

100 zeptometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−19 m and 10−18 m (100 zm and 1 am).

177 zm – de Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (7 TeV as of 2010)

1 attometre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−18 m and 10−17 m (1 am and 10 am).

1 am – sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves 1 am – upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 11/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 1 am – upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings" 1 am – length of an electron 1 am – length of an up quark 1 am – length of a down quark

10 attometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−17 m and 10−16 m (10 am and 100 am).

10 am – range of the weak force

100 attometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−16 m and 10−15 m (100 am and 1 fm).

100 am – all lengths shorter than this distance are not conformed in terms of size 850 am – approximate proton radius

1 femtometre

The femtometre (symbol fm) is a in the , equal to 10−15 metres. In , this unit is more commonly called a fermi, also with abbreviation "fm". To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−15 metres and 10−14 metres (1 femtometre (fm) and 10 fm).

1 fm – length of a proton 1 fm – length of a neutron 1.5 fm – diameter of the scattering cross section of an 11 MeV proton with a target proton 2.81794 fm – classical electron radius 7 fm – the radius of the effective scattering cross section for a gold nucleus scattering a 6 MeV alpha particle over 140 degrees

10 femtometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−14 m and 10−13 m (10 fm and 100 fm).

1.75 to 15 fm – Diameter range of the atomic nucleus

100 femtometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−13 m and 10−12 m (100 fm and 1 pm).

1 picometre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−12 and 10−11 m (1 pm and 10 pm).

1 pm – distance between atomic nuclei in a white dwarf 2.4 pm – The Compton wavelength of the electron. 5 pm – shorter X-ray wavelengths (approx.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 12/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10 picometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−11 and 10−10 m (10 pm and 100 pm).

25 pm – radius of a helium atom 50 pm – radius of a hydrogen atom 50 pm – radius of an atom 50 pm – bohr radius ~50 pm – best resolution of a high-resolution transmission electron 60 pm – radius of a carbon atom 93 pm – length of a dicarbon molecule

100 picometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−10 and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm).

100 pm – 1 Ångström 100 pm – covalent radius of sulfur atom 120 pm – van der Waals radius of a neutral hydrogen atom 120 pm – radius of a gold atom 126 pm – covalent radius of ruthenium atom 135 pm – covalent radius of technetium atom 150 pm – Length of a typical covalent bond (C–C) 153 pm – covalent radius of silver atom 155 pm – covalent radius of zirconium atom 175 pm – covalent radius of thulium atom 200 pm – highest resolution of a typical electron microscope 225 pm – covalent radius of atom 280 pm – Average size of the water molecule 298 pm – radius of a caesium atom, calculated to be the largest (except possibly francium) 340 pm – thickness of single layer 356.68 pm – width of diamond cell (unit cell) 403 pm – width of lithium fluoride cell 500 pm – Width of protein α helix 543 pm – silicon lattice spacing 560 pm – width of chloride cell 700 pm – width of glucose molecule 780 pm – mean width of quartz cell 820 pm – mean width of ice cell 900 pm – mean width of coesite cell

1 nanometre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−9 and 10−8 m (1 nm and 10 nm).

1 nm – length of a Buckyball 1 nm –10 Ångströms 1 nm – side of square with area of 1 nm2 1 nm – edge of cube with volume 1 nm3 1 nm – diameter of a carbon nanotube 1 nm – roughly the length of a sucrose molecule, calculated by 2.3 nm – length of a phospholipid 2.3 nm – Smallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness 3 nm – width of a DNA helix https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 13/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 3 nm – flying height of the head of a hard disk 3.4 nm – length of a DNA turn (10 bp) 3.8 nm – size of an albumin protein molecule 5 nm – size of the gate length of a 16 nm processor 6 nm – length of a phospholipid bilayer 6-10 nm – thickness of cell membrane 6.8 nm – width of a haemoglobin molecule 10 nm Thickness of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria

10 nanometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−8 and 10−7 m (10 nm and 100 nm).

10 nm – 100 angstrom 10 nm – side of square of area 10−16 m2 10 nm – edge of cube of area 6 * 10−16 m2 and volume 10−24 m3 10 nm – radius of circle of area 3.14 * 10−16 m2 10 nm – radius of sphere of area 12.56 * 10−16 m2 and volume 4.19 * 10−24 m3 10 nm – the average length of a nanowire 10 nm – lower size of tobacco smoke[45] 11 nm – the average half-pitch of a memory cell speculated to be manufactured in 2015. 13 nm – the length of the wavelength that is used for EUV lithography 14 nm – Length of a porcine circovirus 15 nm – Length of an antibody 16 nm – technology is projected to be reached by semiconductor companies in the 2013 timeframe 18 nm – diameter of tobacco mosaic virus[46] (Generally, viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm.) 20 nm – Length of a nanobe, could be one of the smallest forms of life 20 nm to 80 nm – thickness of cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria[47] 20 nm – thickness of bacterial flagellum 22 nm – the average half-pitch of a memory cell expected to be manufactured at around the 2011–2011 time frame. 22 nm – Smallest feature size of production microprocessors in September 2009[48] 30 nm – lower size of cooking oil smoke 32 nm – the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2009–2010 time frame. 40 nm – extreme ultraviolet wavelength 45 nm – the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2007–2008 time frame. 50 nm – upper size for airborne virus particles 50 nm – flying height of the head of a hard disk[49] 65 nm – the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2005–2006 time frame. 58 nm – height of a T7 bacteriophage 90 nm – Length of a HIV virus 90 nm – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (generally, viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm) 90 nm – the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2002–2003 time frame. 100 nm – Length of a Mesoporous silica.

100 nanometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−7 and 10−6 m (100 nm and 1 μm).

100 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a surgical mask[51] 100 nm – 90% of particles in wood smoke are smaller than this. 120 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a ULPA filter 120 nm – diameter of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [52] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 14/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 125 nm – standard depth of pits on compact discs (width: 500 nm, length: 850 nm to 3.5 μm) 180 nm – typical length of the rabies virus 200 nm – typical size of a Mycoplasma bacterium, among the smallest bacteria 300–400 nm – near ultraviolet wavelength 300 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter (N100 removes up to 99.97% at 0.3 micrometres, N95 removes up to 95% at 0.3 micrometres) 400–420 nm – wavelength of violet light (see color and ) 420–440 nm – wavelength of indigo light (see color and visible Comparison of sizes of spectrum) semiconductor manufacturing 440–500 nm – wavelength of blue light (see color and visible process nodes with some spectrum) microscopic objects and visible light 500–520 nm – wavelength of cyan light (see color and visible wavelengths. At this scale, the width spectrum) of a human hair is about 10 520–565 nm – wavelength of green light (see color and visible that of the image.[50] spectrum) 565–590 nm – wavelength of yellow light (see color and visible spectrum) 590–625 nm – wavelength of light (see color and visible spectrum) 625–700 nm – wavelength of red light (see color and visible spectrum) 700–1.4 μm – wavelength of near-

1 micrometre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists some items with lengths between 10−6 and 10−5 m (between 1 and 10 micrometres, or μm).

~0.7–300 μm – wavelength of infrared radiation 1 μm – the side of square of area 10−12 m2 1 μm – edge of cube of volume 10−18 m3 (1 fL) 1–10 μm – diameter of a typical bacterium 1 μm – length of a lysosome 1-2 μm – anthrax spore[53] 2 μm – length of an average E. coli bacteria 3–4 μm – size of a typical yeast cell[54] 5 μm – length of a typical human spermatozoon's head [55] 6 μm – thickness of the tape in a 120-minute (C120) compact cassette.[56] 7 μm – diameter of the nucleus of a typical eukaryotic cell about 7 μm – diameter of human red blood cells [57] 3–8 μm – width of strand of spider web silk[58] 5-10 μm – width of a chloroplast[59] 8-11 μm – size of a ground-level fog or mist droplet[60][note 4]

10 micrometres The silk for a spider's web is around 5–7μm wide. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−5 m and 10−4 m (10 μm and 100 μm).

10 μm – width of cotton fibre[61] 10 μm – transistor width of the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor 10 μm – mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell 5–20 μm – dust mite excreta[62] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 15/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10.6 μm – wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide 15 μm – width of silk fibre 17 μm – minimum width of a strand of human hair[21] 17.6 μm – one twip, a unit of length in typography 10 to 55 μm – width of wool fibre[61] 25.4 μm – 1/1000 inch, commonly referred to as 1 mil in the U.S. and 1 thou in the UK 30 μm – length of a human skin cell 50 μm – typical length of Euglena gracilis, a flagellate protist 50 μm – typical length of a human liver cell, an average-sized body cell Fog particles are around 10–50 μm long. 50 μm – length of a silt particle 60 μm – length of a sperm cell 70 to 180 μm – thickness of paper

100 micrometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−4 m and 10−3 m (100 μm and 1 mm). The Myriometre (equivalent to 100 ) is deprecated; the myrio-[63] is obsolete[64][65][66] and not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.

100 μm – 1/10 of a millimetre 100 μm – 0.00394 100 μm – smallest distance that can be seen with the naked eye 100 μm – average diameter of a strand of human hair[21] 100 μm – thickness of a coat of paint 100 μm – length of a dust particle 120 μm – the geometric mean of the Planck length and the diameter of A paramecium is around 300 μm the : √8.8 × 1026 m × 1.6 × 10−35 m long. 120 μm – diameter of a human ovum 170 μm – length of the largest sperm cell in nature, belonging to the Drosophila bifurca fruit fly[67][68] 181 μm – maximum width of a strand of human hair[21] 100–400 μm – length of Demodex mites living in human hair follicles 200 μm – typical length of Paramecium caudatum, a ciliate protist 250–300 μm – length of a dust mite[69] 340 μm – length of a single pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768 500 μm – typical length of Amoeba proteus, an amoeboid protist 500 μm – MEMS micro-engine 500 μm – average length of a grain of sand 500 μm – average length of a grain of salt 500 μm – average length of a grain of sugar 560 μm – thickness of the central area of a human cornea[22] 750 μm – diameter of a Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacteria known[70] 760 μm – thickness of an identification card

1 millimetre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−3 m and 10−2 m (1 mm and 1 cm).

1.0 mm – 1/1000 of a metre 1.0 mm – 0.03937 inches or 5/127 (exactly) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 16/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 1.0 mm – side of square of area 1 mm² 1.0 mm – diameter of a pinhead 1.5 mm – length of average flea[23] 2.54 mm – distance between pins on old DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components 5 mm – length of an average red 5 mm – diameter of an average grain of rice 5.56×45mm NATO – standard ammunition size 6 mm – approximate width of a pencil 7 mm – length of a amauensis, the smallest known [71] 7.1 mm – length of a sunflower seed 7.62×51mm NATO – common military ammunition size[72] 8 mm – width of old-format home movie film 8 mm – length of a progenetica, the smallest known fish[73]

1 centimetre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths −2 −1 between 10 m and 10 m (1 cm and 10 cm). An average red ant is about 5 mm long. 1 cm – 10 millimeters 1 cm – 0.39 inches 1 cm – edge of square of area 1 cm2 1 cm – edge of cube of volume 1 ml 1 cm – length of a coffee bean 1 cm – approximate width of average fingernail 1.2 cm – length of a bee 1.2 cm – diameter of a dice 1.5 cm – length of a very large mosquito 1.6 cm – length of a Jaragua Sphaero, a very small reptile An average human fingernail is 1.7 cm – length of a Thorius arboreus, the smallest Salamander[74] about 1 cm wide. 2 cm – approximate width of an adult human finger 2.54 cm – 1 inch 3.1 cm – 1 attoparsec (10−18 ) 3.4 cm – length of a quail egg[75] 3.5 cm – width of film commonly used in motion pictures and still photography 4.3 cm – minimum diameter of a golf ball[76] 5 cm – usual diameter of a chicken egg 5 cm – height of a Hummingbird, the smallest known bird 5.5 × 5.5 × 5.5 cm – dimensions of a 3x3x3 Rubik's Cube 6.1 cm – average height of an apple 7.3–7.5 cm – diameter of a baseball[24] 8.6 cm × 5.4 cm – dimensions of a standard credit card[77] 9 cm – length of a Speckled Padloper, the smallest known turtle

1 decimetre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 centimetres (10−1 metre and 1 metre).

Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 17/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10 centimetres (abbreviated to 10 cm) is equal to:

1 decimetre (dm), a term not in common use 100 3.9 inches a side of a square of area 0.01 m2 of a cube with a volume of 1 × 10−3 (one )

Wavelengths

10 cm = 1.0 dm – wavelength of the highest UHF radio , 3 GHz An adult human is about 28 12 cm = 1.2 dm – wavelength of the 2.45 GHz ISM radio band centimetres long. 21 cm = 2.1 dm – wavelength of the 1.4 GHz hydrogen emission line, a hyperfine transition of the hydrogen atom 100 cm = 10 dm – wavelength of the lowest UHF , 300 MHz

Human-defined scales and structures

10.16 cm = 1.016 dm – 1 hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches) 12 cm = 1.2 dm – diameter of a Compact Disc (CD) (= 120 mm) 15 cm = 1.5 dm – length of a Bic pen with cap on 22 cm = 2.2 dm – diameter of a typical Association football (soccer ball) 30 cm = 3 dm – typical school-use length (= 300 mm) 30.48 cm = 3.048 dm – 1 foot (measure) 60 cm = 6 dm – standard depth (front to back) of a domestic kitchen worktop in Europe (= 600 mm) 90 cm = 9 dm – average length of a rapier, a fencing sword[26] 91.44 cm = 9.144 dm – one (measure)

Nature

10 cm = 1 dm – diameter of the human cervix upon entering the second of labour 11 cm = 1.1 dm – diameter of an average potato 15 cm = 1.5 dm – approximate size of largest beetle species 19 cm = 1.9 dm – length of a banana 29 cm = 2.9 dm – length of average human foot 29.98 cm = 2.998 dm – distance light travels in one 31 cm = 3.1 dm – wingspan of largest butterfly species Ornithoptera alexandrae 46 cm = 4.6 dm – length of an average domestic cat 50 to 65 cm = 5–6.5 dm – a pizote's tail 66 cm = 6.6 dm – length of the longest pine cones (produced by the sugar pine[78])

Astronomical

84 cm = 8.4 dm – approximate diameter of 2008 TS26, a

1 metre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between one metre and ten metres. Light 1 travels 1 metre in ⁄299,792,458, or 3.3356409519815E-9 of a second.

Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 18/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 1 metre is:

10 100 centimetres 1,000 millimetres 39.37 inches 3.28 feet side of square with area 1 m2 edge of cube with surface area 6 m2 and volume 1 m3 radius of circle with area 3.14 m2 radius of sphere with surface area 12.56 m2 and volume 4.19 m3

Human-defined scales and structures

1 m – approximate height of the top part of a doorknob on a door 1 m – diameter of a very large beach ball 1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of Leonardo da Vinci drew the railways in the world = 4' 8½" Vitruvian Man within a square of 2.5 m – distance from the floor to the celling in an average residential side 1.83 metres and a circle about house[79] 1.2 metres in radius 2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane 2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87– 108 MHz 3.05 m – the length of an old Mini 8.38 m – the length of a London Bus (Routemaster)

Sports

2.44 m – height of an association football goal[80] 2.45 m – highest by a human being (Javier Sotomayor)[81] 3.05 m – (10 feet) height of the basket in basketball 8.95 m – longest by a human being (Mike Powell)[82]

Nature

1 m – height of Homo floresiensis (the "Hobbit") 1.15 m – a pizote (mammal) 1.37 m – average height of an Andamanese person 1.63 m – (5 feet 4 inches) (or 64 inches) - height of average US female human as of 2002 (source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)). 1.75 m – (5 feet 8 inches) - height of average US male human as of 2002 (source: US CDC as per female above) 2.5 m – height of a sunflower 2.72 m – (8 feet 11 inches) - tallest known human being (Robert Wadlow)[27] 3.63 m – the record wingspan for living birds (a wandering albatross) 5 m – length of an elephant 5.20 m – height of a giraffe[83] 5.5 m – height of a Baluchitherium, the largest land mammal ever lived 7 m – wingspan of Argentavis, the largest flying bird known 7.50 m – approximate length of the human gastrointestinal tract

Astronomical

3–6 m – approximate diameter of 2003 SQ222, a meteoroid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 19/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 4.1 m – diameter of 2008 TC3, a small asteroid that flew into the Earth's atmosphere on October 7, 2008.[84]

1 decametre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 metres and .

Conversions A blue whale has been measured as 10 metres (very rarely termed a decametre which is abbreviated as dam) is 33 metres long; this drawing equal to: compares its length to that of a human diver and a dolphin 10 metres 100 decimetres 1,000 centimetres 10,000 millimetres 32.8 feet side of square with area 100 m²

Human-defined scales and structures

10 metres – wavelength of the highest shortwave radio frequency, 30 MHz 23 metres – height of the obelisk of the Place de la Concorde, Paris, France. 25 metres – wavelength of the broadcast radio shortwave band at 12 MHz 29 metres – height of the lighthouse at Savudrija, Slovenia. 31 metres – wavelength of the broadcast radio shortwave band at 9.7 MHz 34 metres – height of the Split Point Lighthouse in Aireys Inlet, Victoria, Australia. 40 metres – average depth beneath the seabed of the Channel tunnel 49 metres – wavelength of the broadcast radio shortwave band at 6.1 MHz 50 meters – length of a road train 55 metres – height of the Leaning Tower of Pisa – height of Pyramid of Djoser 64 metres – wingspan of a Boeing 747-400 69 meters – wingspan of a Antonov An-124 Ruslan 70 metres – length of the Bayeux Tapestry 70 metres – width of a typical football field 77 meters – wingspan of a Boeing 747-8 88.40 metres – wingspan of the Antonov An-225 Mriya transport aircraft 93 meters – height of the Statue of Liberty 96 meters – height of Big Ben 100 metres – wavelength of the lowest shortwave radio frequency, 3 MHz

Sports

11 metres – approximate width of a doubles tennis court 15 metres – width of a standard FIBA basketball court 15.24 metres – width of an NBA basketball court (50 feet) 18.44 metres – distance between the front of the pitcher's rubber and the rear point of home plate on a baseball field (60 feet, 6 inches)[85] 20 metres – length of cricket pitch (22 )[86] 27.43 metres – distance between bases on a baseball field (90 feet) 28 metres – length of a standard FIBA basketball court 28.65 metres – length of an NBA basketball court (94 feet) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 20/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 49 metres – width of an American football field (53⅓ yards) 59.436 metres – width of a Canadian football field (65 yards) 70 metres – typical width of soccer field 91 metres – length of American football field (100 yards, measured between the goal lines) 105 metres – length of football pitch (UEFA Stadium Category 3 and 4)

Nature

10 metres – average length of human digestive tract 12 metres – length of a whale shark, largest living fish 12 metres – wingspan of a Quetzalcoatlus, a pterosaur 13 metres – length of a giant squid and colossal squid, the largest living invertebrates 15 metres – approximate distance the tropical circles of are moving towards the equator and the polar circles are moving towards the poles each year due to a natural, gradual decrease in the Earth's axial tilt 18 metres – height of a Sauroposeidon, the tallest known dinosaur 20 metres – length of a Leedsichthys, the largest known fish ever lived 21 metres – height of High Force waterfall in England 33 metres – length of a blue whale,[87] the largest on earth, living or extinct, in terms of 35 metres – length of a Supersaurus, the longest known dinosaur and longest vertebrate 40 metres – average depth beneath the seabed of the Channel tunnel 52 metres – height of Niagara Falls[29] 83.34 meters – height of a Western hemlock

Astronomical

30 metres – diameter of 1998 KY26, a rapidly spinning meteoroid 32 meters – approximate diameter of 2008 HJ, a small meteoroid

1 hectometre

To compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 100 metres and (1 kilometre).

Conversions 100 metres (sometimes termed a hectometre) is equal to:

328 feet one side of a 1 square a fifth of a modern , a Chinese unit of the approximate distance travelled by light in 300 The Great Pyramid of Giza is 138.8 metres high. Human-defined scales and structures

100 metres – wavelength of the highest mediumwave radio frequency, 3 MHz 100 metres – spacing of location marker posts on British motorways 138.8 metres – height of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Cheops) 139 metres – height of the world's tallest roller coaster, Kingda Ka[89] 187 metres– shortest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band, 1600 kHz 202 metres – length of the Széchenyi Bridge connecting Buda and Pest 318 meters – height of The New York Times Building 318.9 meters – height of the Chrysler Building https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 21/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 320.75 metres – height of the Eiffel Tower(including ) [90] 328 metres – height of 's Tower, the tallest free-standing structure in the 341 metres – height of the world's tallest bridge, the 390 metres – height of the Empire State Building 400– – approximate heights of the world's tallest skyscrapers of the past 80 years 458 metres – length of the Knock Nevis, the world's largest supertanker 553.33 meters – height of the CN Tower[91] 555 metres – longest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band, 540 kHz 630 metres – height of the KVLY-TV mast, second tallest structure in the world 646 metres – height of the radio mast, the world's tallest structure until its collapse in 1991 828 metres – height of , world's tallest structure on 17 January British driver location sign 2009[92] and location marker post on 1,000 metres – wavelength of the lowest mediumwave radio frequency, 300 the M27 in Hampshire. The kHz location marker posts are installed at 100-metre intervals[88] Sports

100 metres – the distance a very fast human being can run in about 10 100.584 metres – length of a Canadian football field between the goal lines (110 yards) 91.5 metres – 137 metres – length of a soccer field[80] 105 metres – length of a typical football field 109.73 metres – total length of an American football field (120 yards, including the end zones) 110 – the width of an Australian football field 135 – 185 metres the length of an Australian football field 137.16 metres – total length of a Canadian football field, including the end zones (150 yards)

Nature

115.5 metres – height of the world's tallest tree in 2007, the Hyperion sequoia[93] 310 metres – maximum depth of Lake Geneva 340 metres – distance sound travels in air at sea level in one second; see 979 metres – height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)

Astronomical

270 metres – length of 535 metres – length of ,[94] a small asteroid visited by a spacecraft

1 kilometre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 1 kilometre and 10 kilometres (103 and 104 metres).

Conversions 1 kilometre (unit symbol km) is equal to:

1,000 metres 0.621371 miles https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 22/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 1,093.61 yards 3,280.84 feet 39,370.1 inches 100,000 centimetres 1,000,000 millimetres Side of a square of area 1 km2. Radius of a circle of area π km2.

Mount Fuji is 3.776 kilometres Human-defined scales and structures (3,776 metres) high 1 km – wavelength of the highest long wave radio frequency, 300 kHz[95] 1.280 km – span of the Golden Gate Bridge (distance between towers)[96] 1.609 km – 1 1.852 km – 1 , equal to 1 arc minute of latitude at the surface of the Earth[97] 1.991 km – span of the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge[98] 2.309 km – axial length of the Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world[30] 3.991 km – length of the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, longest suspension bridge in the world as of December 2008[99] 5.072 km – height of Tanggula Mountain Pass, below highest peak in the Tanggula Mountains, highest railway pass in the world as of August 2005[100] 5.727 km – height of Cerro Aucanquilcha, highest road in the world, located in [101] 98 airports have paved runways from 4 km to 5.5 km in length. 8 km – length of Palm Jebel Ali, an artificial island built off the of Dubai 9.8 km – length of The World, an artificial archipelago that is also built off the coast of Dubai, whose islands resemble a world map

Geographical

1.637 km – deepest dive of Lake Baikal in Russia, the world's largest fresh water lake.[102] 2.228 km – height of Mount Kosciuszko, highest point in Australia[103] Most of Manhattan is from 3 to 4 km wide. 4.810 km – height of Mont Blanc, highest peak in the Alps 4.884 km – height of Carstensz Pyramid, highest peak in Oceania[104] 4.892 km – height of Mount Vinson, highest peak in Antarctica 5.610 km – height of Mount Damavand, highest peak in 5.642 km – height of , highest peak in Europe 5.895 km – height of , highest peak in 6.081 km – height of Mount Logan, highest peak in Canada 6.194 km – height of Denali, highest peak in North America 6.959 km – height of Aconcagua, highest peak in South America 7.5 km – depth of Cayman Trench, deepest point in the Caribbean Sea 8.848 km – height of Mount Everest, highest peak on Earth, on the border between Nepal and China

Astronomical

1 km – diameter of 1 km – very approximate size of the smallest known of Jupiter 1.4 km – diameter of Dactyl, the first confirmed asteroid moon 4.8 km – diameter of , an inner belt asteroid 5 km – diameter of , one of the smallest 5 km – length of PSR B1257+12 8 km – diameter of , one of Jupiter's moons 8 km – diameter of the Vela https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 23/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 8.6 km – diameter of , also known as Jupiter XVII 9.737 km – length of PSR B1919+21

10 kilometres

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 kilometres (104 to 105 metres). The myriametre[105] (sometimes also spelled myriameter, myriometre and myriometer) (10,000 metres) is a deprecated unit name; the decimal metric prefix myria-[63] (sometimes also written as myrio-[106][107][108]) is obsolete[64][65][66] and not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.

Conversions The Strait of Gibraltar is 13 kilometres wide 10 kilometres is equal to:

10,000 metres 6.2 miles 1 mil (the ), now standardized as 10 km:

1 mil, the unit of measure commonly used in and [109] used to be 11,295 m in Norway and 10,688 m in Sweden. farsang, unit of measure commonly used in Iran and .[110]

Sports

42.195 km – length of the marathon[111] Distance marker on the Rhine: 36 (XXXVI) myriametres from Basel. Note that the stated distance is 360 km; Human-defined scales and structures comma is the decimal mark in .

18 km – cruising altitude of Concorde 27 km – circumference of the Large Hadron Collider, as of May 2010 the largest and highest energy particle accelerator 34.668 km – highest manned balloon flight (Malcolm D. Ross and Victor E. Prather on 4 May 1961) [112] 38.422 km – length of the Second Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, US 39 km – undersea portion of the Channel tunnel 53.9 km – length of the Seikan Tunnel, as of October 2009, the longest rail tunnel in the world[113] 77 km – Rough total length of the Panama Canal[114]

Geographical

10 km – height of Mauna Kea in Hawaii, measured from its base on the ocean floor 11 km – deepest known point of the ocean, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench 11 km – average height of the troposphere 14 km – width of the Gibraltar strait 21 km – length of Manhattan 23 km – depth of the largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom, in 1931 at the Dogger Bank of the 34 km – narrowest width of the English Channel at the Strait of Dover 50 km – approximate height of the stratosphere 90 km – width of the Bering Strait https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 24/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Astronomical

10 km – diameter of the most massive neutron (3–5 solar ) 13 km – mean diameter of Deimos, the smaller moon of 20 km – diameter of the least massive neutron stars (1.44 solar masses) 20 km – diameter of , one of Jupiter's moons 20 km – diameter of Pan, one of Saturn's moons 22 km – diameter of Phobos, the larger moon of Mars 27 km – height of Olympus Mons above the Mars reference level,[115][116] the highest known mountain of the Solar System 43 km – diameter difference of Earth's equatorial bulge 66 km – diameter of Naiad, the innermost of 's moons

100 kilometres

A length of 100 kilometres (about 62 miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in on Earth and for some astronomical objects. It is the altitude at which the FAI defines to begin. To help compare orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometres (105 and 106 metres).

Conversions A distance of 100 kilometres is equal to about 62 miles (or 62.13711922 miles).

Human-defined scales and structures The Suez Canal is 163 100 km — the Karman line: the official boundary of kilometres long 105 km — distance from Giridih to Bokaro 109 km — length of High Speed 1 between London and the Channel Tunnel[117] 130 km — range of a Scud-A missile 163 km — length of the Suez Canal 164 km — length of the Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge 213 km — length of Paris Métro 217 km — length of the Grand Union Canal 223 km — length of the Madrid Metro 300 km — range of a Scud-B missile 386 km — altitude of the International Space Station 408 km — length of the London Underground (active track) 460 km — distance from London to Paris 470 km — distance from Dublin to London as the crow flies 600 km — range of a Scud-C missile 600 km — height above ground of the Hubble Space 804.67 km — (500 miles) distance of the Indy 500 automobile race

Geographical

111 km — distance covered by one of latitude on Earth's surface 180 km — distance between Mumbai and Nashik 203 km — length of Sognefjorden, the third largest fjord in the world 220 km — distance between Pune and Nashik 240 km — widest width of the English Channel 430 km — length of the Pyrenees 500 km — widest width of Sweden from east to west https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 25/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 550 km — distance from San Francisco to Los Angeles as the crow flies 560 km — distance of Bordeaux–Paris, formerly the longest one- professional cycling race[118] 590 km — length of land boundary between and Sweden 724 km — length of the Om River 871 km — distance from Sydney to Melbourne (along the Hume Highway) 897 km — length of the River Douro 900 km — distance from Berlin to Stockholm 956 km - distance from Washington, DC to Chicago, Illinois as the crow flies

Astronomical

100 km — the altitude at which the FAI defines spaceflight to begin 167 km — diameter of Amalthea, one of Jupiter's inner moons 200 km — width of Valles Marineris 220 km — diameter of Phoebe, the largest of Saturn's outer moons 300 km — the approximate distance travelled by light in one millisecond 340 km — diameter of Nereid, the third largest moon of Neptune 350 km — lower bound of Low Earth orbit 420 km — diameter of Proteus, the second largest moon of Neptune 468 km — diameter of the asteroid 472 km — diameter of Miranda, one of ' major moons 974.6 km — greatest diameter of 1 Ceres,[31] the largest solar system asteroid[note 2]

1 megametre

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 106 m (1 Mm or 1,000 km).

Conversions 1 megametre is equal to:

1 E+6 m (one million metres) approximately 621.37 miles Side of square with area 1,000,000 km2 Small planets, the Moon and dwarf planets in our solar system have Human-defined scales and structures diameters from one to ten million metres. Top row: Mars (left), 1.000 Mm – Length of 1 megameter (right); bottom row: Moon 2.100 Mm – Length of proposed gas pipeline from Iran to via (left), Pluto (center), and (right), to scale. 2.100 Mm – Distance from Casablanca to Rome 2.288 Mm – Length of the official Alaska Highway when it was built in the 1940s[119] 3.069 Mm – Length of Interstate 95 (from Houlton, Maine to Miami, Florida) 3.846 Mm – Length of U.S. Route 1 (from Fort Kent, Maine to Key West, Florida) 5.000 Mm – Width of the 5.007 Mm – Estimated length of Interstate 90 (Seattle, Washington to Boston, Massachusetts) 5.614 Mm – Length of the Australian Dingo Fence[120] 6.4 Mm – Length of the Great Wall of China 7.821 Mm – Length of the Trans-Canada Highway, the world's longest national highway (from Victoria, British Columbia to St. John's, Newfoundland) 8.836 Mm – Road distance between Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and Key West, Florida, the endpoints of the U.S. road network https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 26/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 8.852 Mm – Aggregate length of the Great Wall of China, including trenches, hills and rivers[121] 9.259 Mm – Length of the Trans-Siberian railway[122]

Sports

The Munda Biddi Trail in WA, Australia is over 1000 km long - the world's longest off-road cycle trail 1.200 Mm – the length of the Paris–Brest–Paris bicycling event Several endurance auto races are, or were, run for 1,000 km:

Bathurst 1000 1000 km Brands Hatch 1000 km 1000 km Donington 1000 km Nürburgring 1000 km Silverstone 1000 km Spa 1000 km Suzuka 1000 km Zeltweg

Geographical

1.010 Mm – Distance from San Diego to El Paso as the crow flies 2.000 Mm – Distance from Beijing to Hong Kong as the crow flies 2.800 Mm – Narrowest width of Atlantic Ocean (Brazil-West Africa) 2.850 Mm – Length of the Danube river 2.205 Mm – Length of Sweden's total land boundaries 2.515 Mm – Length of Norway's total land boundaries 3.690 Mm – Length of the Volga river, longest in Europe 4.350 Mm – Length of the Yellow River 4.800 Mm – Widest width of Atlantic Ocean (U.S.-Northern Africa) 5.100 Mm – Distance from Dublin to New York as the crow flies 6.270 Mm – Length of the Mississippi- system 6.380 Mm – Length of the Yangtze River 6.400 Mm – Length of the Amazon River 6.758 Mm – Length of the Nile system, longest on Earth 8.200 Mm – Distance from Dublin to San Francisco as the crow flies

Astronomical

1.000 Mm – Estimated shortest axis of triaxial dwarf planet Haumea 1.186 Mm – Diameter of Charon, the largest moon of Pluto 1.280 Mm – Diameter of the trans-Neptunian object 50000 Quaoar 1.436 Mm – Diameter of Iapetus, one of Saturn's major moons 1.578 Mm – Diameter of Titania, the largest of Uranus' moons 1.960 Mm – Estimated longest axis of Haumea 2.326 Mm – Diameter of the dwarf planet , the largest trans-Neptunian object found to date 2.374 Mm – Diameter of Pluto 2.707 Mm – Diameter of , largest moon of Neptune 3.122 Mm – Diameter of Europa, the smallest Galilean of Jupiter 3.476 Mm – Diameter of Earth's Moon 3.643 Mm – Diameter of , a moon of Jupiter 4.821 Mm – Diameter of Callisto, a moon of Jupiter 4.879 Mm – Diameter of Mercury https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 27/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 5.150 Mm – Diameter of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn 5.262 Mm – Diameter of Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system 6.366 Mm – Radius of Earth 6.792 Mm – Diameter of Mars

10 megametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 107 metres (10 megametres or 10,000 kilometres).

Conversions 10 megametres (10 Mm) is

6,215 miles. side of a square of area 100,000,000 square kilometres (km2) radius of a circle of area 314,159,265 km2 Planets from up to Uranus have diameters from ten to one Human-defined scales and structures hundred million metres. Top row: Uranus (left), Neptune (right); 11.085 Mm – Length of the Kiev-Vladivostok railway, a longer variant middle row: Earth (left), B of the Trans-Siberian railway[123] (center), and Venus (right), to scale. 13.300 Mm – Length of roads being rehabilitated and widened under the National Highway Development Project (launched in 1998) in India 39.000 Mm – Length of the SEA-ME-WE 3 optical submarine telecommunications cable, joining 39 points between Norden, Germany and Okinawa, 67.000 Mm – Total length of National Highways in India

Geographical

10 Mm – Approximate altitude of the outer boundary of the exosphere 10.001 Mm – Length of the arc from the North Pole to the Equator (the original definition of the metre was based on this length). 60.000 Mm – Total length of the mid-ocean ridges

Astronomical

12.000 Mm – Diameter of Sirius B, a white dwarf[124] 12.104 Mm – Diameter of Venus 12.742 Mm – Diameter of Earth

12.900 Mm – Minimum distance of the meteoroid 2004 FU162 from the center of Earth on 31 March 2004, closest on record 14.000 Mm – Smallest diameter of Jupiter's Great Red Spot 19.000 Mm – Separation between Pluto and Charon 34.770 Mm – Minimum distance of the asteroid 99942 Apophis on 13 April 2029 from the center of Earth 35.786 Mm – Altitude of geostationary orbit 40.005 Mm – Polar circumference of the Earth 40.077 Mm – Equatorial circumference of the Earth 49.528 Mm – Diameter of Neptune 51.118 Mm – Diameter of Uranus

100 megametres https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 28/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 108 metres (100 megametres or 100,000 kilometres or 62,150 miles).

102 Mm – Diameter of HD 149026 b, an unusually dense Jovian planet 111.191 Mm – 20,000 (nautical, British) leagues (see Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea) 115 Mm – Width of Saturn's Rings 120 Mm – Diameter of EBLM J0555-57Ab, the smallest known star 120 Mm – Diameter of Saturn 142 Mm – Diameter of Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar The Earth-Moon orbit, Saturn, OGLE-TR- system 122b, Jupiter, and other objects, to scale. 170 Mm – Diameter of TRAPPIST-1, a star recently discovered to Click on image for detailed view and links have 7 planets around it to other length scales. 174 Mm – Diameter of OGLE-TR-122b 180 Mm – Average distance covered during life 196 Mm – Diameter of Proxima Centauri, a typical 257 Mm – Diameter of TrES-4 272 Mm – Diameter of WASP-12b 299.792 Mm – One light second; the distance light travels in vacuum in one second (see ) 300 Mm – Diameter of WASP-79b 314 Mm – Diameter of CT Cha b 384.4 Mm (238,855 mi) – Average Earth-Moon distance[125] 671 Mm – Separation between Jupiter and Europa 428 Mm – Diameter of GQ Lupi b, one of the largest known planets 986 Mm – Diameter of HD 100546 b's surrounding disk.

1 gigametre

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 109 metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 billion metres).

1.2 Gm – Separation between Saturn and Titan 1.39 Gm – Diameter of Sun[126] 1.5 Gm – (proposed) Expected orbit from Earth of the James Webb Space Telescope 2.19 Gm – Closest approach of Lexell to Earth, happened on 1 July 1770; closest comet approach on record 3 Gm – Total length of "wiring" in the human brain.[127] 4.2 Gm – Diameter of B 5.0 Gm – Closest approach of Comet Halley to Earth, happened on 10 April 837 Upper part: Gamma Orionis, Algol B, the Sun (centre), 5.0 Gm – (proposed) Size of the arms of the underneath their darker mirror images giant triangle shaped Michelson interferometer of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (artist's interpretation), and other objects, to scale. (LISA) planned to start observations in or around 2015. 7.9 Gm – Diameter of Gamma Orionis 9.0 Gm – Estimated diameter of the event horizon of *, the in the center of the Milky Way galaxy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 29/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10 gigametres

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1010 metres (10 gigametres (Gm) or 10 million kilometres, or 0.07 Astronomical units).

15 Gm – Closest distance of Comet Hyakutake from Earth 18 Gm – One light-minute (see yellow sphere in right-hand diagram) 24 Gm – Radius of a heliostationary orbit 46 Gm – Perihelion distance of Mercury (yellow on the right) 55 Gm – 60,000-year perigee of Mars (last achieved on 27 August 2003) 55 Gm - Radius of , a blue (largest star on Rigel and (top left and right)[128] right) compared to smaller stars, the 58 Gm – Average passing distance between Earth and Mars at the Sun (very small dot in lower middle, they overtake each other in their orbits with orbit of Mercury as yellow 61 Gm[129][130] – Diameter of Aldebaran, an orange (large ellipse) and transparent sphere with star on right) radius of one light minute. 70 Gm – Aphelion distance of Mercury 76 Gm – Neso's apocentric distance; greatest distance of a natural satellite from its parent planet (Neptune)

100 gigametres

To help compare distances at different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 1011 metres (100 Gm or 100 million kilometres or 0.7 astronomical units).

109 Gm – 0.7 AU – Distance between Venus and the Sun 149.6 Gm (93.0 million mi) – 1.0 AU – Distance between the Earth and the Sun - the definition of the astronomical unit 180 Gm – 1.2 AU – Maximum diameter of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole in the center of Milky Way galaxy 228 Gm – 1.5 AU – Distance between Mars and the Sun 570 Gm – 3.8 AU – Length of the tail of Comet Hyakutake measured From largest to smallest: Jupiter's by Ulysses; the actual value could be much higher orbit, 591 Gm – 4.0 AU – Minimum distance between the Earth and Jupiter Betelgeuse, Mars' orbit, Earth's 780 Gm – 5.2 AU – Distance between Jupiter and the Sun orbit, star Doradus, and orbits of 947 Gm – 6.4 AU – Diameter of A Venus, Mercury. Inside ' 965 Gm – 6.4 AU – Maximum distance between the Earth and Jupiter depiction are the star Rigel and star Aldebaran. The faint yellow glow around the 1 terametre Sun represents one light minute. Click image to see more details and To help compare different distances, this section lists lengths starting at links to their scales. 1012 m (1 Tm or 1 billion km or 6.7 astronomical units).

1.079 Tm – 7.2 AU – One light- 1.4 Tm – 9.5 AU – Distance between Saturn and the Sun 1.98 Tm – 13.2 AU – Revised estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris. The newly improved measurement was 30% lower than the previous 2007 estimate.[131] 2.0 Tm – 13.4 AU – Diameter of one of the largest known stars, KY Cygni 2.4 Tm – 15.9 AU – Estimated diameter of UY Scuti, the largest known star as of 2013 8 things in the Terameter group 2.9 Tm – 19.4 AU – Distance between Uranus and the Sun https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 30/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 3.06 Tm – 20.5 AU – Previous estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris, as of 2006.[132] The size was revised in 2012 through improved measurement techniques. (see above)[131] 4.4 Tm – 29.4 AU – Perihelion distance of Pluto 4.5 Tm – 30.1 AU – Distance between Neptune and the Sun 4.5 Tm – 30.1 AU – Inner radius of the Kuiper belt 5.7 Tm – 38.1 AU – Perihelion distance of Eris 7.3 Tm – 48.8 AU – Aphelion distance of Pluto 7.5 Tm – 50.1 AU – Outer radius of the Kuiper Belt, inner boundary of the Oort Cloud Comparison of size of the Kuiper belt (large faint torus) with the star 10 terametres VY Canis Majoris (at its previous estimate, within Saturn's orbit), To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at Betelgeuse (inside Jupiter's orbit) 13 10 m (10 Tm or 10 billion km or 67 astronomical units). and R Doradus (small central red sphere) together with the orbits of 11.1 Tm – 74.2 AU – Distance that Voyager 1 began detecting returning particles from termination shock Neptune and Uranus, to scale. The yellow represent the orbits 11.4 Tm – 76.2 AU – Perihelion distance of of each planet and the dwarf planet 12.1 Tm – 70 to 90 AU – Distance to termination shock (Voyager 1 crossed at 94 AU) Pluto. 12.9 Tm – 86.3 AU – Distance to 90377 Sedna in March 2014 13.2 Tm – 88.6 AU – Distance to in March 2014 14.1 Tm – 94.3 AU – Estimated radius of the solar system 14.4 Tm – 96.4 AU – Distance to Eris in March 2014 (now near its aphelion) 15.1 Tm – 101 AU – Distance to heliosheath 16.5 Tm – 111 AU – Distance to as of March 2014 16.6 Tm - 111.2AU - Distance to as of May 2016 20.0 Tm - 135 AU - Distance to Voyager 1 as of May 2016 20.6 Tm – 138 AU - Distance to Voyager 1 as of late February 2017 21.1 Tm – 138 AU - Distance to Voyager 1 as of November 2017 25.9 Tm – 172 AU – One light-day Sedna's orbit (left) is longer than 55.7 Tm – 371 AU – Aphelion distance of the comet Hale-Bopp 100 Tm, but other lengths are between 10 and 100 Tm: Comet Hale-Bopp's orbit (lower, faint 100 terametres orange); one light-day (yellow spherical shell with yellow Vernal To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at point arrow as radius); the 14 10 m (100 Tm or 100 billion km or 670 astronomical units). 's termination shock (blue shell); and other arrows show 146 Tm – 975 AU – Aphelion distance of 90377 Sedna positions of Voyager 1 (red) and 172 Tm – 1150 AU – Schwarzschild diameter of H1821+643, one of Pioneer 10 (green). Click on image the most massive black holes known for larger view and links to other 181 Tm – 1210 AU – One light- scales. 653 Tm – 4367 AU – Aphelion distance of comet Hyakutake (current orbit)[133] 757 Tm – 5059 AU – radius of the Stingray [134] 777 Tm – 5180 AU – One light-

1 petametre

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1015 m (1 Pm or 1 trillion km or 6685 astronomical units (AU) or 0.11 light years).

1.0 Pm = 0.105702341 light years [135] 1.9 Pm ± .5 Pm = 12,000 AU = 0.2 light year radius of Cat's Eye Nebula's inner core[136] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 31/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 4.7 Pm = 30,000 AU = half light year diameter of Barnard 68[137] 7.5 Pm – 50,000 AU – Possible outer boundary of Oort cloud (other estimates are 75,000 to 125,000 or even 189,000 AU (1.18, 2, and 3 light years, respectively)) 7.7 Pm – 52,000 AU – Aphelion distance of the Great Daylight Comet of 1910 9.5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – One light year, the distance travelled by light in one year

10 petametres The largest yellow sphere indicates one light month distance from the To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at Sun. Click the image for larger view, 1016 m (10 Pm or 66,800 AU, 1.06 light years). more details and links to other scales. 15 Pm – 1.59 light years – Possible outer radius of Oort cloud 20 Pm – 2.11 light years – maximum extent of influence of the Sun's 30.9 Pm – 3.26 light years – 1 parsec 39.9 Pm – 4.22 light years – Distance to Proxima Centauri (nearest star to Sun) 81.3 Pm – 8.59 light years – Distance to Sirius

100 petametres

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1017 m (100 Pm or 11 light years) and 1018 m (106 light years). Largest circle with yellow arrow 110 Pm – 12 light years – Distance to indicates one light year from Sun; 230 Pm – 24 light years – Diameter of the Nebula[138][139] Cat's Eye Nebula on left and 240 Pm – 25 light years – Distance to Barnard 68 in middle are depicted in 260 Pm – 27 light years – Distance to Chara, a star approximately as front of Comet 1910 A1's orbit. Click bright as our Sun. Its faintness gives us an idea how our Sun would image for larger view, details and appear when viewed from even so close a distance as this. links to other scales. 350 Pm – 37 light years – Distance to 373.1 Pm – 39.44 light years - Distance to TRAPPIST-1, a star recently discovered to have 7 planets around it. 400 Pm – 42 light years – Distance to 620 Pm – 65 light years – Distance to Aldebaran 750 Pm - 79.36 light years - Distance to 900 Pm - 92.73 light years - Distance to Algol

1 exametre

This list includes distances between 1 and 10 exametres (1018 m). To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1018 m (1 Em Objects with size or 105.7 light years) and 1019 m (1057 light years). 1e16m: Ten light years (94.6 Pm) radius circle with yellow Vernal Point 1.2 Em – 129 light years – Diameter of (a typical globular arrow; Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635), cluster) left; (NGC 6853), 1.6 Em – 172 ± 12.5 light years – Diameter of (one of right; one light year shell lower right the largest known globular clusters, perhaps containing over a million with the smaller Cat's Eye Nebula [140][141] stars) (NGC_6543) and Barnard 68 3.1 Em – 310 light years – Distance to according to adjacent. Hipparcos[142] 5.7 Em – 600 light years – Diameter of the 6.1 Em – 640 light years – Distance to Betelgeuse according to Hipparcos[143] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 32/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 6.2 Em – 650 light years – Distance to the , located in the constellation [144] 7.3 Em – 730 light years – Distance to Rigel according to Hipparcos[142]

10 exametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Em (1019 m or 1,100 light years). 1e16m lengths: Ten light years (94.6 13 Em – 1,300 light years – Distance to the [145] Pm) yellow shell; Sirius below right; 14 Em – 1,500 light years – Approximate thickness of the plane of the BL Ceti below left; Proxima and Milky Way galaxy at the Sun's location Alpha Centauri upper right; light 14.2 Em – 1,520 light years – Diameter of the NGC 604 year shell with Comet 1910 A1's 30.8568 Em – 3,261.6 light years – 1 kiloparsec orbit inside top right 31 Em – 3,200 light years – Distance to according to Hipparcos 46 Em – 4,900 light years – Distance to OGLE-TR-56, the first extrasolar planet discovered using the method 47 Em – 5,000 light years – Distance to the , coldest place known (1 ) 53 Em – 5,600 light years – Distance to the M4 and the extrasolar planet PSR B1620-26 b within it 61 Em – 6,500 light years – Distance to Spiral Arm (next spiral arm out in the Milky Way galaxy) 71 Em – 7,500 light years – Distance to

100 exametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances Lengths with order of magnitude 1e17m: yellow Vernal Point arrow starting at 100 Em (1020 m or 11,000 light years). traces hundred light year radius 150 Em – 16,000 light years – Diameter of the Small Magellanic circle with smaller ten light year Cloud, a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way circle at right; globular cluster 200 Em – 21,500 light years – Distance to OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, in background; 12 light the most distant and the most Earth-like planet known year radius Orion Nebula middle 240 Em – 25,000 light years – Distance to the Dwarf right; 50 light year wide view of the Galaxy Nebula bottom left; 260 Em – 28,000 light years – Distance to the center of the and Bubble nebula with 830 Em – 88,000 light years – Distance to the Sagittarius Dwarf similar diameters each around 10 light years bottom right; grey arrows >950 Em – >100,000 light years – Diameter of the disc of the Milky show distances from Sun to stars Way Galaxy Aldebaran (65 light years) and Vega (25 light years). 1 zettametre

The zettametre (SI symbol: Zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1021 metres.[146]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Zm (1021 m or 110,000 light years).

1.7 Zm – 179,000 light years – Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud, largest of the Milky Way 2.0 Zm – 210,000 light years – Distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud 2.8 Zm – 300,000 light years – Distance to the Intergalactic Wanderer, one of the most distant globular clusters of Milky Way 8.5 Zm – 900,000 light years – Distance to the I Dwarf Galaxy, farthest known Milky Way satellite galaxy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 33/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 10 zettametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Zm (1022 m or 1.1 million light years).

24 Zm – 2.5 million light years – Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy[147] 30.8568 Zm – 3.2616 million light years – 1 megaparsec 40 Zm – 4.2 million light years – Distance to the IC 10, a distant member of the Local Group of galaxies 49.2 Zm – 5.2 million light years – Width of the Local Group of Lengths with order of magnitude galaxies 1e18m: thousand light year radius 57 Zm – 6 million light years – Diameter of the supergiant elliptical galaxy IC 1101 circle with yellow arrow and 100 light year circle at right with globular 95 Zm – 10 million light years – Distance to the in the Sculptor Group of galaxies cluster Messier 5 within and Carina 95 Zm – 10 million light years – Distance to the , the nearest Nebula in front; globular cluster giant elliptical galaxy in the Maffei 1 Group Omega Centauri to left of both; part of the 1400 light year wide Tarantula Nebula fills the background. 100 zettametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Zm (1023 m or 11 million light years).

140 Zm – 15 million light years – Distance to A galaxy 250 Zm – 27 million light years – Distance to the 280 Zm – 30 million light years – Distance to the 570 Zm – 60 million light years – Approximate distance to the , nearest galaxy cluster 620 Zm – 65 million light years – Approximate distance to the cluster 800 Zm – 85 million light years – Approximate distance to the cluster

1 yottametre

The yottametre, or yottameter in the US, ( SI symbol: Ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1024 metres[146]

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Ym (1024 m or 105.702 million light years).

1.2 Ym – 127 million light years – Distance to the closest observed burst GRB 980425 1.3 Ym – 137 million light years – Distance to the Centaurus Cluster of galaxies, the nearest large supercluster 1.9 Ym – 201 million light years – Diameter of the Local Supercluster 2.3 Ym – 225 to 250 million light years – Distance light travels in vacuum in one galactic year 2.8 Ym – 296 million light years – Distance to the Cluster 3.2 Ym – 338 million light years – Distance to the Stephan's Quintet 4.7 Ym – 496 million light years – Length of the CfA2 Great Wall, one of the largest observed superstructures in the Universe 6.1 Ym – 645 million light years – Distance to the 9.5 Ym – 996 million light years – Diameter of the Eridanus Supervoid

10 yottametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured , which depends on the cosmological models used. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 34/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia 13.7 Ym – 1.37 billion light-years – Length of the Sloan Great Wall 18 Ym – 0.16 – 1.9 billion light-years – Distance to the (light travel distance) 33 Ym – 3.5 billion light-years – Maximum distance of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (light travel distance) 37.8 Ym – 4 billion light-years – Length of the Huge-LQG 75 Ym – redshift 0.95 – 8 billion light-years – Approximate distance to the supernova SN 2002dd in the Hubble Deep Field North (light travel distance) 85 Ym – redshift 1.6 – 9 billion light-years – Approximate distance to the gamma ray burst GRB 990123 (light travel distance) 94.6 Ym – 10 billion light-years – Approximate distance to quasar OQ172 94.6 Ym – 10 billion light-years – Length of the Hercules-Corona The universe within 1 billion light Borealis Great Wall, one of the largest and most massive known years of Earth cosmic structure.

100 yottametres

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.

Distances longer than 100 Ym

130 Ym – redshift 6.41 – 13 billion light years – Light travel distance (LTD) to the quasar SDSS J1148+5251 130 Ym – redshift 1000 – 13.8 billion light years – Distance (LTD) to the source of the cosmic background radiation; radius of the observable universe measured as a LTD 260 Ym – 27.4 billion light years – Diameter of the observable universe (double LTD) 440 Ym – 46 billion light years – Radius of the universe measured as a comoving distance. 590 Ym – 62 billion light years – Cosmological event horizon: the largest comoving distance from which light will ever reach us (the observer) at any time in the future 886.48 Ym – 93.7 billion light years – The diameter of the observable universe; however, there might be unobserved distances that are even greater. >1,000 Ym (1 kYm or xennameter in older usage) – Size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see ) as previously mentioned

Notes

1. According to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm. Ley, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair" (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/BrianLey.shtml). The Physics Factbook. 2. The exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects 115 3. 10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010 is 1 followed by a quadrillion 10122 122 googol zeroes. 1010 is 1 followed by 1010 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes. 4. But not cloud or high-level fog droplets; droplet size increases with altitude. For a contradictory study indicating larger drop sizes even in ground fog, see Eldridge, Ralph G. (October 1961). "A Few Fog Drop-Size Distributions" (https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469%281961%29018%3C0671%3AAFFDSD%3E2.0.CO%3 B2). Journal of Meteorology. 18: 671–6.

See also

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External links

How Big Are Things? (http://www.vendian.org/howbig/) displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms Powers of Ten (https://web.archive.org/web/20120702055359/http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm/P10/engli sh/welcome.html) Travel across the Universe. Altering perspective by changing scale by just a few powers of ten (interactive) Cosmos – an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos (https://web.archive.org/web/20 080412094332/http://www.shekpvar.net/~dna/Publications/Cosmos/cosmos.html) – from Digital Nature Agency Scale of the universe (http://htwins.net/scale2/)- interactive guide to length magnitudes

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