Lesson 2: Temperature
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CNPEM – Campus Map
1 2 CNPEM – Campus Map 3 § SUMMARY 11 Presentation 12 Organizers | Scientific Committee 15 Program 17 Abstracts 18 Role of particle size, composition and structure of Co-Ni nanoparticles in the catalytic properties for steam reforming of ethanol addressed by X-ray spectroscopies Adriano H. Braga1, Daniela C. Oliveira2, D. Galante2, F. Rodrigues3, Frederico A. Lima2, Tulio R. Rocha2, 4 1 1 R. J. O. Mossanek , João B. O. Santos and José M. C. Bueno 19 Electro-oxidation of biomass derived molecules on PtxSny/C carbon supported nanoparticles A. S. Picco,3, C. R. Zanata,1 G. C. da Silva,2 M. E. Martins4, C. A. Martins5, G. A. Camara1 and P. S. Fernández6,* 20 3D Studies of Magnetic Stripe Domains in CoPd Multilayer Thin Films Alexandra Ovalle1, L. Nuñez1, S. Flewett1, J. Denardin2, J.Escrigr2, S. Oyarzún2, T. Mori3, J. Criginski3, T. Rocha3, D. Mishra4, M. Fohler4, D. Engel4, C. Guenther5, B. Pfau5 and S. Eisebitt6. 1 21 Insight into the activity of Au/Ti-KIT-6 catalysts studied by in situ spectroscopy during the epoxidation of propene reaction A. Talavera-López *, S.A. Gómez-Torres and G. Fuentes-Zurita 22 Nanosystems for nasal isoniazid delivery: small-angle x-ray scaterring (saxs) and rheology proprieties A. D. Lima1, K. R. B. Nascimento1 V. H. V. Sarmento2 and R. S. Nunes1 23 Assembly of Janus Gold Nanoparticles Investigated by Scattering Techniques Ana M. Percebom1,2,3, Juan J. Giner-Casares1, Watson Loh2 and Luis M. Liz-Marzán1 24 Study of the morphology exhibited by carbon nanotube from synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering 1 2 1 1 Ana Pacheli Heitmann , Iaci M. -
Musings on the Planck Length Universe
Musings on the Planck Length Universe -How does matter, or how does a change move through space on the micro- level? The answer depends on how the structure of space and matter are defined at a certain order of magnitude and what are their properties at that level. We will assume that, on the micro-level, the limits of space are discrete, consisting of the smallest units possible. Therefore, in order to define the structure of space on this level it would be necessary to introduce a notion of an “elementary spatial unit” (ESU), the smallest part of space, some kind of spatial “atom”. This would be the smallest and indivisible finite part (cell) of space, defined only by size and position (neighborhoods). It doesn’t have any content, but it could be filled with some property like “matter” or “vacuum”. There are two possibilities in which a property can to move through space (change its position). One would be that an ESU itself, containing a certain property, moves between other ESU carrying its content like a fish moving through the water or a ball through the air. Another possibility would be that the positions of all the ESU don’t change while their content is moving. This would be like an old billboard covered with light bulbs, or a screen with pixels. The positions of the bulbs or pixels are fixed, and only their content (light) changes position from one bulb to the other. Here the spatial structure (the structure of positions) is fixed and it is only the property (the content) that changes positions, thus moving through space. -
Six Easy Roads to the Planck Scale
Six easy roads to the Planck scale Ronald J. Adler∗ Hansen Laboratory for Experimental Physics Gravity Probe B Mission, Stanford University, Stanford California 94309 Abstract We give six arguments that the Planck scale should be viewed as a fundamental minimum or boundary for the classical concept of spacetime, beyond which quantum effects cannot be neglected and the basic nature of spacetime must be reconsidered. The arguments are elementary, heuristic, and plausible, and as much as possible rely on only general principles of quantum theory and gravity theory. The paper is primarily pedagogical, and its main goal is to give physics students, non-specialists, engineers etc. an awareness and appreciation of the Planck scale and the role it should play in present and future theories of quantum spacetime and quantum gravity. arXiv:1001.1205v1 [gr-qc] 8 Jan 2010 1 I. INTRODUCTION Max Planck first noted in 18991,2 the existence of a system of units based on the three fundamental constants, G = 6:67 × 10−11Nm2=kg2(or m3=kg s2) (1) c = 3:00 × 108m=s h = 6:60 × 10−34Js(or kg m2=s) These constants are dimensionally independent in the sense that no combination is dimen- sionless and a length, a time, and a mass, may be constructed from them. Specifically, using ~ ≡ h=2π = 1:05 × 10−34Js in preference to h, the Planck scale is r r G G l = ~ = 1:6 × 10−35m; T = ~ = 0:54 × 10−43; (2) P c3 P c5 r c M = ~ = 2:2 × 10−8kg P G 2 19 3 The energy associated with the Planck mass is EP = MP c = 1:2 × 10 GeV . -
Chapter 3 Why Physics Is the Easiest Science Effective Theories
CHAPTER 3 WHY PHYSICS IS THE EASIEST SCIENCE EFFECTIVE THEORIES If we had to understand the whole physical universe at once in order to understand any part of it, we would have made little progress. Suppose that the properties of atoms depended on their history, or whether they were in stars or people or labs we might not understand them yet. In many areas of biology and ecology and other fields systems are influenced by many factors, and of course the behavior of people is dominated by our interactions with others. In these areas progress comes more slowly. The physical world, on the other hand, can be studied in segments that hardly affect one another, as we will emphasize in this chapter. If our goal is learning how things work, a segmented approach is very fruitful. That is one of several reasons why physics began earlier in history than other sciences, and has made considerable progress it really is the easiest science. (Other reasons in addition to the focus of this chapter include the relative ease with which experiments can change one quantity at a time, holding others fixed; the relative ease with which experiments can be repeated and improved when the implications are unclear; and the high likelihood that results are described by simple mathematics, allowing testable predictions to be deduced.) Once we understand each segment we can connect several of them and unify our understanding, a unification based on real understanding of how the parts of the world behave rather than on philosophical speculation. The history of physics could be written as a process of tackling the separate areas once the technology and available understanding allow them to be studied, followed by the continual unification of segments into a larger whole. -
Music Similarity: Learning Algorithms and Applications
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title More like this : machine learning approaches to music similarity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8s90q67r Author McFee, Brian Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO More like this: machine learning approaches to music similarity A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science by Brian McFee Committee in charge: Professor Sanjoy Dasgupta, Co-Chair Professor Gert Lanckriet, Co-Chair Professor Serge Belongie Professor Lawrence Saul Professor Nuno Vasconcelos 2012 Copyright Brian McFee, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Brian McFee is approved, and it is ac- ceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION To my parents. Thanks for the genes, and everything since. iv EPIGRAPH I’m gonna hear my favorite song, if it takes all night.1 Frank Black, “If It Takes All Night.” 1Clearly, the author is lamenting the inefficiencies of broadcast radio programming. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page................................... iii Dedication...................................... iv Epigraph.......................................v Table of Contents.................................. vi List of Figures....................................x List of Tables................................... -
MODULE 11: GLOSSARY and CONVERSIONS Cell Engines
Hydrogen Fuel MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS Cell Engines CONTENTS 11.1 GLOSSARY.......................................................................................................... 11-1 11.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 11-31 11.3 CONVERSION TABLE .......................................................................................... 11-33 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev 0, December 2001 Hydrogen Fuel MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS Cell Engines OBJECTIVES This module is for reference only. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev 0, December 2001 PAGE 11-1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines MODULE 11: GLOSSARY AND CONVERSIONS 11.1 Glossary This glossary covers words, phrases, and acronyms that are used with fuel cell engines and hydrogen fueled vehicles. Some words may have different meanings when used in other contexts. There are variations in the use of periods and capitalization for abbrevia- tions, acronyms and standard measures. The terms in this glossary are pre- sented without periods. ABNORMAL COMBUSTION – Combustion in which knock, pre-ignition, run- on or surface ignition occurs; combustion that does not proceed in the nor- mal way (where the flame front is initiated by the spark and proceeds throughout the combustion chamber smoothly and without detonation). ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure shown on the pressure gauge plus at- mospheric pressure (psia). At sea level atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Use absolute pressure in compressor calculations and when using the ideal gas law. See also psi and psig. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE – Temperature scale with absolute zero as the zero of the scale. In standard, the absolute temperature is the temperature in ºF plus 460, or in metric it is the temperature in ºC plus 273. Absolute zero is referred to as Rankine or r, and in metric as Kelvin or K. -
Gy Use Units and the Scales of Ener
The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation 8.21 Lecture 2 Units and the Scales of Energy Use September 11, 2009 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 1 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • The basics: SI units • The principal players:gy ener , power, force, pressure • The many forms of energy • A tour of the energy landscape: From the macroworld to our world • CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units, energy connection • Perspectives on energy issues --- common sense and conversion factors 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 2 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation SI ≡ International System MKSA = MeterKilogram, , Second,mpereA Unit s Not cgs“English” or units! Electromagnetic units Deriud v n e its ⇒ Char⇒ geCoulombs EnerJ gy oul es ⇒ Current ⇒ Amperes Po werW a tts ⇒ Electrostatic potentialV⇒ olts Pr e ssuP a r s e cals ⇒ Resistance ⇒ Ohms Fo rNe c e wto n s T h erma l un i ts More about these next... TemperatureK⇒ elvinK) ( 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 3 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, -
Thermodynamics Introduction and Basic Concepts
Thermodynamics Introduction and Basic Concepts by Asst. Prof. Channarong Asavatesanupap Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Thammasat University 2 What is Thermodynamics? Thermodynamics is the study that concerns with the ways energy is stored within a body and how energy transformations, which involve heat and work, may take place. Conservation of energy principle , one of the most fundamental laws of nature, simply states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed” but energy can change from one form to another during an energy interaction, i.e. the total amount of energy remains constant. 3 Thermodynamic systems or simply system, is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. Surroundings are physical space outside the system boundary. Surroundings System Boundary Boundary is the surface that separates the system from its surroundings 4 Closed, Open, and Isolated Systems The systems can be classified into (1) Closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass and no mass may cross the system boundary. The closed system boundary may move. 5 (2) Open system (control volume) has mass as well as energy crossing the boundary, called a control surface. Examples: pumps, compressors, and water heaters. 6 (3) Isolated system is a general system of fixed mass where no heat or work may cross the boundaries. mass No energy No An isolated system is normally a collection of a main system and its surroundings that are exchanging mass and energy among themselves and no other system. 7 Properties of a system Any characteristic of a system is called a property. -
The Planck Mass and the Chandrasekhar Limit
The Planck mass and the Chandrasekhar limit ͒ David Garfinklea Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309 ͑Received 6 November 2008; accepted 10 March 2009͒ The Planck mass is often assumed to play a role only at the extremely high energy scales where quantum gravity becomes important. However, this mass plays a role in any physical system that involves gravity, quantum mechanics, and relativity. We examine the role of the Planck mass in determining the maximum mass of white dwarf stars. © 2009 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.3110884͔ I. INTRODUCTION ery part of the gas is in equilibrium and thus must have zero net force on it. In particular, consider a small disk of the gas The Planck mass, length, and time can be constructed with base area A and thickness dr at a distance r from the from the Newton gravitational constant G, the Planck con- center of the ball. Denote the mass of the disk by m , and the ប 1 d stant , and the speed of light c. In particular, the Planck mass of all the gas at radii smaller than r by M͑r͒. Newton mass, MP is given by showed that the disk would be gravitationally attracted by បc the gas at radii smaller than r, but unaffected by the gas at M = ͱ . ͑1͒ radii larger than r, and the force on the disk would be the P G same as if all the mass at radii smaller than r were concen- The Planck mass is very small on the human scale because trated at the center. -
Orders of Magnitude (Length) - Wikipedia
03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Orders of magnitude (length) The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths. Contents Overview Detailed list Subatomic Atomic to cellular Cellular to human scale Human to astronomical scale Astronomical less than 10 yoctometres 10 yoctometres 100 yoctometres 1 zeptometre 10 zeptometres 100 zeptometres 1 attometre 10 attometres 100 attometres 1 femtometre 10 femtometres 100 femtometres 1 picometre 10 picometres 100 picometres 1 nanometre 10 nanometres 100 nanometres 1 micrometre 10 micrometres 100 micrometres 1 millimetre 1 centimetre 1 decimetre Conversions Wavelengths Human-defined scales and structures Nature Astronomical 1 metre Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 1/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 decametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 hectometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 kilometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 10 kilometres Conversions Sports Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 kilometres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 1 megametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Geographical Astronomical 10 megametres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 megametres 1 gigametre -
Insights Into the Unification of Forces
Insights into the unification of forces John A. Macken Previously unknown simple equations are presented which show a close relationship between the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force. For example, the gravitational force can be expressed as the square of the electromagnetic force for a fundamental set of conditions. These equations also imply that the wave properties of particles are an important component in the generation of these forces. These insights contradict previously held assumptions about gravity. In response to the question “Which of our basic physical assumptions are wrong?” this article proposes that the following are erroneous assumptions about gravity: 1 Gravity is not a true force. For example, the standard model does not include gravity and general relativity characterizes gravity as resulting from the geometry of spacetime. Therefore general relativity does not consider gravity to be a true force. 2 Gravity was united with the other forces at the start of the Big Bang but today gravity is completely decoupled from the other forces. For example, at the start of the Big Bang fundamental particles could have energy close to Planck energy and the gravitational force between two such particles was comparable to the electrostatic force. However, today the gravitational force is vastly weaker than the other forces and is assumed to be completely different than the other forces. 3 The forces are transferred by messenger particles. For example, the electromagnetic force is believed to be transferred by virtual photons and the gravitational force is believed by many physicists to be transferred by gravitons. Gravity has always been the most mysterious of the forces 1 ‐ 3. -
Fast, Computer Supported Experimental Determination of Absolute Zero Temperature at School
European J of Physics Education Volume 5 Issue 1 2013 Bogacz & Pedziwiatr Fast, Computer Supported Experimental Determination of Absolute Zero Temperature at School Bogdan F. Bogacz Antoni T. Pędziwiatr M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics Department of Methodics of Teaching and Methodology of Physics Jagiellonian University Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland E-mail: [email protected] (Received: 14.11. 2013, Accepted: 31.12.2013) Abstract A simple and fast experimental method of determining absolute zero temperature is presented. Air gas thermometer coupled with pressure sensor and data acquisition system COACH is applied in a wide range of temperature. By constructing a pressure vs temperature plot for air under constant volume it is possible to obtain - by extrapolation to zero pressure - a reasonable value of absolute zero temperature. The proposed way of conducting experiment allows students to "discover" intuitively the existence of minimal possible temperature and thus to understand the reason for introducing the concept of absolute zero temperature and absolute temperature Kelvin scale. It is a convincing and straightforward method to enhance understanding the general concept of temperature and support teaching thermodynamics and heat - mainly at secondary schools. This experiment was used with our university students who are being prepared to teach physics in secondary schools. They prepared physics lesson based on this material and then discussed didactic value of this material both for pupils and for teachers. Keywords: Physics education, absolute temperature, absolute zero determination, air gas thermometer. Introduction Temperature is a thermodynamic concept characterizing the state of thermal equilibrium of a macroscopic system. Equality of temperatures is a necessary and sufficient condition for reaching thermal equilibrium.