MODULE 11: GLOSSARY and CONVERSIONS Cell Engines
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Mean Value Modelling of a Poppet Valve EGR-System
Mean value modelling of a poppet valve EGR-system Master’s thesis performed in Vehicular Systems by Claes Ericson Reg nr: LiTH-ISY-EX-3543-2004 14th June 2004 Mean value modelling of a poppet valve EGR-system Master’s thesis performed in Vehicular Systems, Dept. of Electrical Engineering at Linkopings¨ universitet by Claes Ericson Reg nr: LiTH-ISY-EX-3543-2004 Supervisor: Jesper Ritzen,´ M.Sc. Scania CV AB Mattias Nyberg, Ph.D. Scania CV AB Johan Wahlstrom,¨ M.Sc. Linkopings¨ universitet Examiner: Associate Professor Lars Eriksson Linkopings¨ universitet Linkoping,¨ 14th June 2004 Avdelning, Institution Datum Division, Department Date Vehicular Systems, Dept. of Electrical Engineering 14th June 2004 581 83 Linkoping¨ Sprak˚ Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category — ¤ Svenska/Swedish ¤ Licentiatavhandling ISRN ¤ Engelska/English ££ ¤ Examensarbete LITH-ISY-EX-3543-2004 ¤ C-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer ISSN ¤ D-uppsats Title of series, numbering — ¤ ¤ Ovrig¨ rapport ¤ URL for¨ elektronisk version http://www.vehicular.isy.liu.se http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/isy/2004/3543/ Titel Medelvardesmodellering¨ av EGR-system med tallriksventil Title Mean value modelling of a poppet valve EGR-system Forfattare¨ Claes Ericson Author Sammanfattning Abstract Because of new emission and on board diagnostics legislations, heavy truck manufacturers are facing new challenges when it comes to improving the en- gines and the control software. Accurate and real time executable engine models are essential in this work. One successful way of lowering the NOx emissions is to use Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The objective of this thesis is to create a mean value model for Scania’s next generation EGR system consisting of a poppet valve and a two stage cooler. -
117001 Tiertwo Cp6 14.Pdf
This is what it takes to be a PRO. Performance enhancing features like a heavy-duty air cleaner, forged-steel crankshaft, electronic ignition and cast-iron cylinder liner. KOHLER® Command PRO® is the standard for professional-grade power and performance. COURAGE XT COMMAND PRO® DEPENDABLE OPERATI COURAGE SINGLE ON • Quad-Clean ™ all-season four-stage cyclonic air filter – effective COURAGE TWINS engine protection for tough-and-dirty conditions. COURAGE XT • Protects from airborne contaminants that can easily clog COURAGE PRO TWINS COMMAND PRO® traditional air filters. LoNGER RUN TIMES COURAGE SINGLE • Large-capacity fuel tank means more time working, less time filling. COURAGE XT COURAGE TWINS • Electronic ignition and an advanced combustion system design help COMMAND PRO® reduce fuel consumption. COURAGE PRO TWINS COURAGE XT EASIER REPOWERING COURAGE SINGLE COMMAND PRO® • Power or repower your equipment without expensive modifications. COURAGE TWINS ALL-WEATHER P COURAGE SINGLE ERFORMANCE COURAGE PRO TWINS • Quad-Clean air filter reconfigures in seconds to recycle engine heat. COURAGE XT COURAGE TWINS • Command PRO starts effortlessly in all weather conditions, from COMMAND PRO® 0 to 110 degrees. COURAGE PRO TWINS BUILT TO LAST COURAGE SINGLE • Forged-steel crankshafts and tough Stellite ®-faced exhaust valves with COURAGE TWINS Tufftride ®-coated stems and cast-iron cylinder bores. • Oil Sentry ™ automatically shuts engine down in low-oil conditions. COURAGE PRO TWINS 6-HP HORIZONTAL-SHAFT ENGINES 6-HP HORIZONTAL-SHAFT ENGINES TOP VIEW -
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance. -
Power Sources Challenge
POWER SOURCES CHALLENGE FUSION PHYSICS! A CLEAN ENERGY Summary: What if we could harness the power of the Sun for energy here on Fusion reactions occur when two nuclei come together to form one Earth? What would it take to accomplish this feat? Is it possible? atom. The reaction that happens in the sun fuses two Hydrogen atoms together to produce Helium. It looks like this in a very simplified way: Many researchers including our Department of Energy scientists and H + H He + ENERGY. This energy can be calculated by the famous engineers are taking on this challenge! In fact, there is one DOE Laboratory Einstein equation, E = mc2. devoted to fusion physics and is committed to being at the forefront of the science of magnetic fusion energy. Each of the colliding hydrogen atoms is a different isotope of In order to understand a little more about fusion energy, you will learn about hydrogen, one deuterium and one the atom and how reactions at the atomic level produce energy. tritium. The difference in these isotopes is simply one neutron. Background: It all starts with plasma! If you need to learn more about plasma Deuterium has one proton and one physics, visit the Power Sources Challenge plasma activities. neutron, tritium has one proton and two neutrons. Look at the The Fusion Reaction that happens in the SUN looks like this: illustration—do you see how the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants? That is called a mass deficit and that difference in mass is converted into energy. -
On the Definition of the Measurement Unit for Extreme Quantity Values: Some Considerations on the Case of Temperature and the Kelvin Scale
ON THE DEFINITION OF THE MEASUREMENT UNIT FOR EXTREME QUANTITY VALUES: SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CASE OF TEMPERATURE AND THE KELVIN SCALE Franco Pavese 1 1 Torino, Italy E-mail (corresponding author): [email protected] Abstract Many quantities are attributed a range of values that can apparently extend to infinity (on one side or both sides). In this respect, the definitions of their measurement units do not place any constraint to the maximum (or minimum) value for their validity. In general, that happens because those extreme values are far from being reached on the earth, or presently in experiments. However, since the same units are used also in fields of physics, chemistry or technology where they could occur—namely in the description of the universe in one sense, and in pico-nanoscale or particle physics in another sense—the issue of extreme values (not in statistical meaning here) is not irrelevant. The question placed and discussed in this paper is whether the present kelvin scale, based on Lord Kelvin’s second definition (our currently accepted concept of temperature), applies over a full range between bounds (0, ∞) or not, and about the concept of temperature in itself in the extremes regions. The aim, however, is not to provide an answer, but to suggest there are difficulties with the application of current concepts at extremes of temperature. Keywords: kelvin scale; Lord Kelvin proposals; extreme temperatures; temperature definition; unit definition 1 Introduction Many quantities have a range of values that can apparently extend to infinity (on one side or both sides). In this respect, the definition of their measurement units does not place any constraint to the maximum (or minimum) value for its validity. -
Atomic History Project Background: If You Were Asked to Draw the Structure of an Atom, What Would You Draw?
Atomic History Project Background: If you were asked to draw the structure of an atom, what would you draw? Throughout history, scientists have accepted five major different atomic models. Our perception of the atom has changed from the early Greek model because of clues or evidence that have been gathered through scientific experiments. As more evidence was gathered, old models were discarded or improved upon. Your task is to trace the atomic theory through history. Task: 1. You will create a timeline of the history of the atomic model that includes all of the following components: A. Names of 15 of the 21 scientists listed below B. The year of each scientist’s discovery that relates to the structure of the atom C. 1- 2 sentences describing the importance of the discovery that relates to the structure of the atom Scientists for the timeline: *required to be included • Empedocles • John Dalton* • Ernest Schrodinger • Democritus* • J.J. Thomson* • Marie & Pierre Curie • Aristotle • Robert Millikan • James Chadwick* • Evangelista Torricelli • Ernest • Henri Becquerel • Daniel Bernoulli Rutherford* • Albert Einstein • Joseph Priestly • Niels Bohr* • Max Planck • Antoine Lavoisier* • Louis • Michael Faraday • Joseph Louis Proust DeBroglie* Checklist for the timeline: • Timeline is in chronological order (earliest date to most recent date) • Equal space is devoted to each year (as on a number line) • The eight (8) *starred scientists are included with correct dates of their discoveries • An additional seven (7) scientists of your choice (from -
The Third Law of Thermodynamics Or an Absolute Definition for Entropy. Part
The third law of thermodynamics or an absolute definition for Entropy. Part 1 : the origin and applications in thermodynamics. Accepted for the revue: “La Météorologie ” / Revision 2 - December 2, 2019. by Pascal Marquet. Météo-France, CNRM/GMAP, Toulouse. Abstract This article describes the third law of thermodynamics. This law is often poorly known and is often decried, or even considered optional and irrelevant to describe weather and climate phenomena. This, however, is inaccurate and contrary to scientific facts. A rather exhaustive historical study is proposed here in order to better understand, in another article to come, why the third principle can be interesting for the atmosphere sciences. 1 Introduction Before being able to study in a second part the properties of entropy in the atmosphere, it is necessary to recall in this first part why its calculation poses certain problems in thermodynamics, problems whose solution passes through the invention and the application of the third law of thermodynamics which introduces a kind of absolute in the calculation of entropy. And the idea that certain absolutes may exist had preceded the establishment of the third law. 2 The notion of absolute temperature Thermodynamics teaches us that the notion of temperature corresponds to the measurement of the energy of the microscopic agitations of atoms or molecules in the solids, liquids or gases which constitute the environment which surrounds us, and therefore in particular in the atmosphere. Carnot (1824) was able to establish the existence of universal things, supposing that the perpetual motion of thermal machines was impossible. He first highlighted the existence of a maximum efficiency that depends only on the temperatures of the bodies between which these machines operate. -
Physics of Gases and Phenomena of Heat Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)
Physics of gases and phenomena of heat Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) ”...We have made many vessels of glass like those shown as A and B and with tubes two cubits long. These were filled with quicksilver, the open end was closed with the finger, and they were then inverted in a vessel where there was quicksilver C; then we saw that an empty space was formed and that nothing happened in the vessel when this space was formed; the tube between A and D remained always full to the height of a cubit and a quarter and an inch high... Water also in a similar tube, though a much longer one, will rise to about 18 cubits, that is, as much more than quicksilver does as quicksilver is heavier than water, so as to be in equilibrium with the same cause which acts on the one and the other...” Letter to Michelangelo Ricci, June 11, 1644 Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) ”We live immersed at the bottom of a sea of elemental air, which by experiment undoubtedly has weight, and so much weight that the densest air in the neighbourhood of the surface of the earth weighs about one four-hundredth part of the weight of water...” Letter to Michelangelo Ricci, June 11, 1644 In July 1647 Valeriano Magni performed experiments on the vacuum in the presence of the King of Poland at the Royal Castle in Warsaw Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) ”I am searching for information which could help decide whether the action attributed to horror vacui really results from it or perhaps is caused by gravity and the pressure of air. -
CNPEM – Campus Map
1 2 CNPEM – Campus Map 3 § SUMMARY 11 Presentation 12 Organizers | Scientific Committee 15 Program 17 Abstracts 18 Role of particle size, composition and structure of Co-Ni nanoparticles in the catalytic properties for steam reforming of ethanol addressed by X-ray spectroscopies Adriano H. Braga1, Daniela C. Oliveira2, D. Galante2, F. Rodrigues3, Frederico A. Lima2, Tulio R. Rocha2, 4 1 1 R. J. O. Mossanek , João B. O. Santos and José M. C. Bueno 19 Electro-oxidation of biomass derived molecules on PtxSny/C carbon supported nanoparticles A. S. Picco,3, C. R. Zanata,1 G. C. da Silva,2 M. E. Martins4, C. A. Martins5, G. A. Camara1 and P. S. Fernández6,* 20 3D Studies of Magnetic Stripe Domains in CoPd Multilayer Thin Films Alexandra Ovalle1, L. Nuñez1, S. Flewett1, J. Denardin2, J.Escrigr2, S. Oyarzún2, T. Mori3, J. Criginski3, T. Rocha3, D. Mishra4, M. Fohler4, D. Engel4, C. Guenther5, B. Pfau5 and S. Eisebitt6. 1 21 Insight into the activity of Au/Ti-KIT-6 catalysts studied by in situ spectroscopy during the epoxidation of propene reaction A. Talavera-López *, S.A. Gómez-Torres and G. Fuentes-Zurita 22 Nanosystems for nasal isoniazid delivery: small-angle x-ray scaterring (saxs) and rheology proprieties A. D. Lima1, K. R. B. Nascimento1 V. H. V. Sarmento2 and R. S. Nunes1 23 Assembly of Janus Gold Nanoparticles Investigated by Scattering Techniques Ana M. Percebom1,2,3, Juan J. Giner-Casares1, Watson Loh2 and Luis M. Liz-Marzán1 24 Study of the morphology exhibited by carbon nanotube from synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering 1 2 1 1 Ana Pacheli Heitmann , Iaci M. -
UBO & MPD Glossary
UBO & MPD Glossary December 2011 Aniline Point – The aromatics content of a hydrocarbon A. mixture. Abnormal Pressure - Reservoir pore fluid pressure that Annulus Friction Pressure (AFP) – Difference is not similar to normal saltwater gradient pressure. The between bottomhole pressure and choke pressure due to term is usually associated with higher than normal friction; a function of flow rate, hole geometry, surface pressure, increased complexity for the well designer and roughness, fluid properties. an increased risk of well control problems. Abnormal – American Petroleum Institute. pressure gradients exceed a 10-ppg equivalent fluid API density (0.52 psi per foot). Gradients below normal are API Gravity - arbitrary measurement of density adopted in called subnormal. 1921 by the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau Absolute Pressure - pressure measured with respect to of Standards. zero pressure; the sum of atmospheric pressure and gauge Apparent Power - combination of real and reactive pressure. power. Absolute Temperature - temperature measured with Apparent Viscosity - Slope of the shear stress versus respect to absolute zero, in degrees Rankine or degrees velocity gradient for a fluid. For Newtonian fluids, the Kelvin. apparent viscosity equals the absolute viscosity. Absolute Viscosity - dynamic relationship between a Aromatics – Ring group chemical structure. Most force and the fluid motion. common are benzene, toluene, and xylene. Absolute Zero Temperature - temperature that B. prevents molecular motion. Back Pressure Valve - A flow control valve to provide - rate of change in velocity. Acceleration backflow control when running or pulling a string. Active data - continually updated data, based on latest Backup – Redundant equipment available to complete an operational data. operation in the event the primary equipment fails. -
Named Units of Measurement
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 1 NAMED UNITS OF MEASUREMENT © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2013 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Atomic mass unit (u, Da) John Dalton 6 September 1766 - 27 July 1844 British, b. Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland, England Dalton (1/12th mass of C12 atom) Dalton's atomic theory Dalton, J., A New System of Chemical Philosophy , R. Bickerstaff: London, 1808 - 1827. Biographical References: Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E.; Gjersten, D ., Biographical Encyclopedia of Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 2 Scientists , Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol, UK, 1994 Farber, Eduard (ed.), Great Chemists , Interscience Publishers: New York, 1961 Maurer, James F. (ed.) Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981 Abbott, David (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists , Peter Bedrick Books: New York, 1983 Partington, J.R., A History of Chemistry , Vol. III, Macmillan and Co., Ltd.: London, 1962, p. 755 Greenaway, F. Endeavour 1966 , 25 , 73 Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1844 , 60 , 528-530 Thackray, A. in Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner & Sons: New York, 1973, Vol. 3, 573 Clarification on symbols used: personal communication on April 26, 2013 from Prof. O. David Sparkman, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA. Capacitance (Farads, F) Michael Faraday 22 September 1791 - 25 August 1867 British, b. -
Unique Properties of Water!
Name: _______ANSWER KEY_______________ Class: _____ Date: _______________ Unique Properties of Water! Word Bank: Adhesion Evaporation Polar Surface tension Cohesion Freezing Positive Universal solvent Condensation Melting Sublimation Dissolve Negative 1. The electrons are not shared equally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of water creating a Polar molecule. 2. The polarity of water allows it to dissolve most substances. Because of this it is referred to as the universal solvent 3. Water molecules stick to other water molecules. This property is called cohesion. 4. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules because the positive charged hydrogen end of one water molecule attracts the negative charged oxygen end of another water molecule. 5. Water molecules stick to other materials due to its polar nature. This property is called adhesion. 6. Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules closely together which causes water to have high surface tension. This is why water tends to clump together to form drops rather than spread out into a thin film. 7. Condensation is when water changes from a gas to a liquid. 8. Sublimation is when water changes from a solid directly to a gas. 9. Freezing is when water changes from a liquid to a solid. 10. Melting is when water changes from a solid to a liquid. 11. Evaporation is when water changes from a liquid to a gas. 12. Why does ice float? Water expands as it freezes, so it is LESS DENSE AS A SOLID. 13. What property refers to water molecules resembling magnets? How are these alike? Polar bonds create positive and negative ends of the molecule.