Toolkit 1: Energy Units and Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis
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AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 Contents 1. Viscous Flows 2 1.1. the Velocity Gradient Tensor 2 1.2. Viscous Stress Tensor 3 1.3. Na
AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 Contents 1. Viscous flows 2 1.1. The velocity gradient tensor 2 1.2. Viscous stress tensor 3 1.3. Navier Stokes equation { diffusion 5 1.4. Viscosity to order of magnitude 6 1.5. Example using the viscous stress tensor: The force on a moving plate 6 1.6. Example using the Navier Stokes equation { Poiseuille flow or Flow in a capillary 7 1.7. Viscous Energy Dissipation 8 2. The Accretion disk 10 2.1. Accretion to order of magnitude 14 2.2. Hydrostatic equilibrium for an accretion disk 15 2.3. Shakura and Sunyaev's α-disk 17 2.4. Reynolds Number 17 2.5. Circumstellar disk heated by stellar radiation 18 2.6. Viscous Energy Dissipation 20 2.7. Accretion Luminosity 21 3. Vorticity and Rotation 24 3.1. Helmholtz Equation 25 3.2. Rate of Change of a vector element that is moving with the fluid 26 3.3. Kelvin Circulation Theorem 28 3.4. Vortex lines and vortex tubes 30 3.5. Vortex stretching and angular momentum 32 3.6. Bernoulli's constant in a wake 33 3.7. Diffusion of vorticity 34 3.8. Potential Flow and d'Alembert's paradox 34 3.9. Burger's vortex 36 4. Rotating Flows 38 4.1. Coriolis Force 38 4.2. Rossby and Ekman numbers 39 4.3. Geostrophic flows and the Taylor Proudman theorem 39 4.4. Two dimensional flows on the surface of a planet 41 1 2 AST242 LECTURE NOTES PART 3 4.5. Thermal winds? 42 5. -
Energy Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education
Energy Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education A Framework for Energy Education for Learners of All Ages About This Guide Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and Intended use of this document as a guide includes, Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education but is not limited to, formal and informal energy presents energy concepts that, if understood and education, standards development, curriculum applied, will help individuals and communities design, assessment development, make informed energy decisions. and educator trainings. Energy is an inherently interdisciplinary topic. Development of this guide began at a workshop Concepts fundamental to understanding energy sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) arise in nearly all, if not all, academic disciplines. and the American Association for the Advancement This guide is intended to be used across of Science (AAAS) in the fall of 2010. Multiple disciplines. Both an integrated and systems-based federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, approach to understanding energy are strongly and numerous individuals contributed to the encouraged. development through an extensive review and comment process. Discussion and information Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and gathered at AAAS, WestEd, and DOE-sponsored Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education Energy Literacy workshops in the spring of 2011 identifies seven Essential Principles and a set of contributed substantially to the refinement of Fundamental Concepts to support each principle. the guide. This guide does not seek to identify all areas of energy understanding, but rather to focus on those To download this guide and related documents, that are essential for all citizens. The Fundamental visit www.globalchange.gov. Concepts have been drawn, in part, from existing education standards and benchmarks. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Chapter 1, Section
Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations 1.3 Units of Measurement Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 Measurement You make a measurement every time you • measure your height. • read your watch. • take your temperature. • weigh a cantaloupe. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 Measurement in Chemistry In chemistry we • measure quantities. • do experiments. • calculate results. • use numbers to report measurements. • compare results to standards. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 Measurement In a measurement • a measuring tool is used to compare some dimension of an object to a standard. • of the thickness of the skin fold at the waist, calipers are used. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 Stating a Measurement In every measurement, a number is followed by a unit. Observe the following examples of measurements: Number and Unit 35 m 0.25 L 225 lb 3.4 hr 5 The Metric System (SI) The metric system or SI (international system) is • a decimal system based on 10. • used in most of the world. • used everywhere by scientists. 6 The 7 Basic Fundamental SI Units Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Mass kilogram kg Length meter m Time second s Temperature kelvin K Electric current ampere A Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd 7 Units in the Metric System In the metric and SI systems, one unit is used for each type of measurement: Measurement Metric SI Length meter (m) meter (m) Volume liter (L) cubic meter (m3) Mass gram (g) kilogram (kg) Time second (s) second (s) Temperature Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K) 8 Length Measurement Length • is measured using a meter stick. -
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You Used Metric Units
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You used metric units. You’ll measure and estimate So you can estimate the mass using metric units. of a bike, as in Ex. 20. Themetric system is a decimal system of measurement. The metric Word Watch system has units for length, mass, and capacity. metric system, p. 80 Length Themeter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system. length: meter, millimeter, centimeter, kilometer, Three other metric units of length are themillimeter (mm) , p. 80 centimeter (cm) , andkilometer (km) . mass: gram, milligram, kilogram, p. 81 You can use the following benchmarks to estimate length. capacity: liter, milliliter, kiloliter, p. 82 1 millimeter 1 centimeter 1 meter thickness of width of a large height of the a dime paper clip back of a chair 1 kilometer combined length of 9 football fields EXAMPLE 1 Using Metric Units of Length Estimate the length of the bandage by imagining paper clips laid next to it. Then measure the bandage with a metric ruler to check your estimate. 1 Estimate using paper clips. About 5 large paper clips fit next to the bandage, so it is about 5 centimeters long. ch O at ut! W 2 Measure using a ruler. A typical metric ruler allows you to measure Each centimeter is divided only to the nearest tenth of into tenths, so the bandage cm 12345 a centimeter. is 4.8 centimeters long. 80 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations Mass Mass is the amount of matter that an object has. The gram (g) is the basic metric unit of mass. -
About the Nature of Gravitational Constant and a Rational Metric System
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303862772 About the Nature of Gravitational Constant and a Rational Metric System. Working Paper · September 2002 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1992.9205 1 author: Andrew Wutke Thales Group 6 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION SEE PROFILE Available from: Andrew Wutke Retrieved on: 04 July 2016 DRAF"T About The Nature of G6pffi Constant and Rational Metric SYstem Andrew Wutke SYdneY Australia email andreww @ optus hame. c om. au 15 september,2002 "We are to adtnit no mare causes of natural things that such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearance*" INewon] Abstract The gravitational constant G has been a sutrject of interest for more than two centuries. Precise measurements indicate #bqual to 6'673(I0)xl0'r m3i1tg s21 with relative standard uncertainty of 1.5x10-3[U. The need fcrr such constant is discussed. Various s)6tem of units of measure have emerged since Newton, and none of them is both piaaical, and usefid in thesetical rqsearch. The relevance ofa metric system that only Las length and time as base units is analysed and such system proposed. As a rssult much highm clarity of physical quantitie.s is achieved. Grmi$d;onstant and electric constant can be eliminated to become nondimensional, that results in elimination of of the sarre composite unit for both kilogram of mass and Coulomb 9f charge in fuvour physical quantities being m3/s2. The system offers a great advantage to General Relativity where only space-time units can be used. -
Metric System.Pdf
METRIC SYSTEM THE METRIC SYSTEM The metric system is much easier. All metric units are related by factors of 10. Nearly the entire world (95%), except the United States, now uses the metric system. Metric is used exclusively in science. Because the metric system uses units related by factors of ten and the types of units (distance, area, volume, mass) are simply-related, performing calculations with the metric system is much easier. METRIC CHART Prefix Symbol Factor Number Factor Word Kilo K 1,000 Thousand Hecto H 100 Hundred Deca Dk 10 Ten Base Unit Meter, gram, liter 1 One Deci D 0.1 Tenth Centi C 0.01 Hundredth Milli M 0.001 Thousandth The metric system has three units or bases. Meter – the basic unit used to measure length Gram – the basic unit used to measure weight Liter – the basic unit used to measure liquid capacity (think 2 Liter cokes!) The United States, Liberia and Burma (countries in black) have stuck with using the Imperial System of measurement. You can think of “the metric system” as a nickname for the International System of Units, or SI. HOW TO REMEMBER THE PREFIXES Kids Kilo Have Hecto Dropped Deca Over base unit (gram, liter, meter) Dead Deci Converting Centi Metrics Milli Large Units – Kilo (1000), Hecto (100), Deca (10) Small Units – Deci (0.1), Centi (0.01), Milli (0.001) Because you are dealing with multiples of ten, you do not have to calculate anything. All you have to do is move the decimal point, but you need to understand what you are doing when you move the decimal point. -
Gy Use Units and the Scales of Ener
The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation 8.21 Lecture 2 Units and the Scales of Energy Use September 11, 2009 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 1 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, force, pressure CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation Outline • The basics: SI units • The principal players:gy ener , power, force, pressure • The many forms of energy • A tour of the energy landscape: From the macroworld to our world • CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units, energy connection • Perspectives on energy issues --- common sense and conversion factors 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 2 The Basics: SI Units tour of the energy landscapeA Units and , force, pressure, powerEnergy CO2 and other greenhouse gases conversion The many forms of energy Common sense and computation SI ≡ International System MKSA = MeterKilogram, , Second,mpereA Unit s Not cgs“English” or units! Electromagnetic units Deriud v n e its ⇒ Char⇒ geCoulombs EnerJ gy oul es ⇒ Current ⇒ Amperes Po werW a tts ⇒ Electrostatic potentialV⇒ olts Pr e ssuP a r s e cals ⇒ Resistance ⇒ Ohms Fo rNe c e wto n s T h erma l un i ts More about these next... TemperatureK⇒ elvinK) ( 8.21 Lecture 2: Units and the scales of energy use 3 The Basics: SI Units A tour of the energy landscape Units and Energy, power, -
3. Energy, Heat, and Work
3. Energy, Heat, and Work 3.1. Energy 3.2. Potential and Kinetic Energy 3.3. Internal Energy 3.4. Relatively Effects 3.5. Heat 3.6. Work 3.7. Notation and Sign Convention In these Lecture Notes we examine the basis of thermodynamics – fundamental definitions and equations for energy, heat, and work. 3-1. Energy. Two of man's earliest observations was that: 1)useful work could be accomplished by exerting a force through a distance and that the product of force and distance was proportional to the expended effort, and 2)heat could be ‘felt’ in when close or in contact with a warm body. There were many explanations for this second observation including that of invisible particles traveling through space1. It was not until the early beginnings of modern science and molecular theory that scientists discovered a true physical understanding of ‘heat flow’. It was later that a few notable individuals, including James Prescott Joule, discovered through experiment that work and heat were the same phenomenon and that this phenomenon was energy: Energy is the capacity, either latent or apparent, to exert a force through a distance. The presence of energy is indicated by the macroscopic characteristics of the physical or chemical structure of matter such as its pressure, density, or temperature - properties of matter. The concept of hot versus cold arose in the distant past as a consequence of man's sense of touch or feel. Observations show that, when a hot and a cold substance are placed together, the hot substance gets colder as the cold substance gets hotter. -
Notes on Thermodynamics the Topic for the Last Part of Our Physics Class
Notes on Thermodynamics The topic for the last part of our physics class this quarter will be thermodynam- ics. Thermodynamics deals with energy transfer processes. The key idea is that materials have "internal energy". The internal energy is the energy that the atoms and molecules of the material possess. For example, in a gas and liquid the molecules are moving and have kinetic energy. The molecules can also rotate and vibrate, and these motions also contribute to the gases total internal energy. In a solid, the atoms can oscillate about their equilibrium position and also possess energy. The total internal energy is defined as: The total internal energy of a substance = the sum of the energies of the constituents of the substance. When two substances come in contact, internal energy from one substance can de- crease while the internal energy of the other increases. The first law of thermody- namics states that the energy lost by one substance is gained by the other. That is, that there exists a quantity called energy that is conserved. We will develop this idea and more over the next 4 weeks. We will be analyzing gases, liquids, and solids, so we need to determine which properties are necessary for an appropriate description of these materials. Although we will be making models about the constituents of these materials, what is usually measured are their macroscopic quantities or "large scale" properties of the sys- tems. We have already some of these when we studied fluids in the beginning of the course: Volume (V ): The volume that the material occupies. -
Energy Performance Score Report
ENERGY PERFORMANCE SCORE Address: Reference Number: 010000122 Huntsville, AL 35810 Current Energy Use Energy Cost Carbon Energy Score: 43,000 kWhe/yr $2,434 Carbon Score: 10.7 tons/yr Electric: 19,400 kWh/yr $1,648 Electric: 6.4 tons/yr Natural Gas: 800 therms/yr $787 Natural Gas: 4.3 tons/yr Energy Score Carbon Score *See Recommended Upgrades *See Recommended Upgrades †With energy from renewable sources This score measures the estimated total energy use This score measures the total carbon emissions based on (electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil) of this home the annual amounts, types, and sources of fuels used in for one year. The lower the score, the less energy required this home. The lower the score, the less carbon is released for normal use. Actual consumption and costs may vary. into the atmosphere to power this home. Measured in kilowatt hours per year (kWhe/yr). Measured in metric tons per year (tons/yr). Bedrooms: 5+ Audit Date: 02/09/2012 Year Built: 2002 Auditor: Synergy Air Flow and Ventilation Witt, Todd SIMPLE EPS Version 2.0 v20111011 Visit www.energy-performance-score.com to maximize energy savings Page 1 of 16 Energy Performance Score What is the Energy Performance Score? A Third-Party Certified Score The Energy Performance Score calculation is based on a home energy assessment. Anyone may use the EPS assessment methodology for evaluating energy performance and upgrades of a home, but only a certified EPS analyst has been trained and qualified to conduct an EPS. A third-party certified EPS can only be issued by a certified EPS analyst who does not have any material interest in the energy work that will be, or has been, performed on the home. -
RELATIVISTIC UNITS Link To
RELATIVISTIC UNITS Link to: physicspages home page. To leave a comment or report an error, please use the auxiliary blog and include the title or URL of this post in your comment. Post date: 14 Jan 2021. One of the key ideas drummed into the beginning physics student is that of checking the units in any calculation. If you are working out the value of some quantity such as the speed of a car or the kinetic energy of a falling mass, if the units don’t work out to the correct combination for the quantity you’re calculating, you’ve done something wrong. The standard unit systems provide units for mass, distance and time, and the most commonly used systems in physics courses are the MKS system (metre-kilogram-second), also known as the SI (for Systeme Internationale) system, and the CGS system (centimetre-gram-second). Most other units used in physics are a combination of the three basic units and can be derived from the formula defining that particular unit. For example, the unit of energy can be derived from the formula for ki- 1 2 netic energy, which is T = 2 mv . The unit of velocity is (distance)/(time), so the unit of energy is (mass)(distance)2(time)−2. In the MKS system, this comes out to kg · m2s−2 and the MKS unit of energy is named the joule. This system of units works well for most practical applications of physics in the everyday world, since the units were chosen to be of magnitudes similar to those sorts of things we deal with on a daily basis.