Tutkielma Aluetiede Kehitysmaantiede PRIMATES on FARMS

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Tutkielma Aluetiede Kehitysmaantiede PRIMATES on FARMS Pro gradu -tutkielma Aluetiede Kehitysmaantiede PRIMATES ON FARMS – PERCEIVED HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICTS AROUND NGANGAO INDIGENOUS CLOUD FOREST, TAITA HILLS, KENYA Toini Kuronen 2016 Ohjaajat: Tino Johansson Mika Siljander Petri Pellikka HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO MATEMAATTIS-LUONNONTIETEELLINEN TIEDEKUNTA GEOTIETEIDEN JA MAANTIETEEN LAITOS PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos Tekijä/Författare – Author Kuronen Toini Saimi Marjatta Työn nimi / Arbetets titel – Title Primates on Farms – Perceived Human-Wildlife Conflicts around Ngangao Indigenous Cloud Forest, Taita Hills, Kenya Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Kehitysmaantiede Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2016 82 s + liite Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan tekijöitä, joiden on osoitettu vaikuttavan maatilojen alttiuteen joutua kädellisten aiheuttamien satovahinkojen kohteeksi. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään myös millaisia villieläimiin liittyviä arvoja ja näkemyksia tutkimukseen osallistuneilla paikallisilla ihmisillä on, ja miten paikallisväestön villieläinarvot vaikuttavat heidän kokemuksiinsa ja reaktioihinsa ihmisten ja villieläinten välisissä konflikteissa. Aineistonkeruu suoritettiin touko-kesäkuussa 2015 Ngangaon alkuperäismetsän ympärillä Lounais-Kenian Taita-vuorilla. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan sekä laadullinen että määrällinen. Primääriaineistojen keruussa hyödynnettiin puolistrukturoituja kyselylomakkeita kotitaloushaastatteluissa. Tutkimuksessa haastateltiin 75 kotitaloutta Ngangaon alkuperäismetsän ympärillä sekä 11 paikallista asiantuntijaa. Lisäksi aineistoa kerättiin järjestämällä kaksi työpajaa, joissa osallistujat saivat ohjatusti keskustella paikallisiin villieläimiin liittyvistä ongelmista ja niiden mahdollisista ratkaisuista. Aineistoa analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin sekä spatiaalista analyysia käyttäen GIS-ohjelmistoilla. Tutkimuksessa todetaan, että maatilan läheinen sijainti metsänrajaan nähden sekä naapuroivien maatilojen vähäisyys metsänrajan ja maatilan välillä vaikuttavat lisäävästi kyseisen kotitalouden alttiuteen kokea sinimarakattien aiheuttamia satotuhoja. Tutkimuksessa ei löydetty yhteyttä ihmisten ja kädellisten välisten konfliktien ja yleisten viljelys- kasvityyppien tai maankäyttömuotojen välillä, eikä myöskään selittäviä tekijöitä kotitalouksien alttiuteen joutua vihermarakattien, keltapaviaanien tai korvamakien aiheuttamien satovahinkojen kohteeksi. Suurin osa haastatelluista kotitalouksista harjoittaa pääelinkeinonaan omavaraismaataloutta. Siksi villieläinten, kuten kädellisten, aiheuttamat satovahingot ovat suuri uhka kotitalouksien elinkeinoille ja ruokaturvalle. Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että suurin osa vastaajista näkee villieläimet materialistisesti joko hyötyinä tai haittoina. Pieni osa vastaajista puolestaan edustaa arvomaailmaltaan harmonista villi- eläinnäkemystä. Koska enemmistö paikallisväestöstä todennäköisesti edustaa samankaltaista näkemys- maailmaa, myös kädellisten aiheuttamat satovahingot nähdään erityisen merkittävinä ongelmana alueella. Joidenkin paikallisten uskotaan reagoineen satovahinkoihin sytyttämällä tahallisesti metsä- paloja Taita-vuorten vuoristometsissä hätyyttääkseen satotuhoja aiheuttavia kädellisiä pois alueelta. Tutkimuksessa suositetaan, että paikalliset villieläinasiantuntijat ja päättävät elimet sekä paikallisväestön edustajat kokoontuisivat keskustelemaan sopivista ongelman ratkaisumalleista, jotta paikallisväestön kokemukset villieläinvahingoista ja paikallistason näkemykset villieläinasioiden hoidossa eivät jäisi huomiotta. Ratkaisuja ihmisten ja kädellisten välisiin konflikteihin ovat esimerkiksi satotuhoille alttiiden kotitalouksien tukeminen rahallisella kompensaatiolla tai antamalla ruoka-apua sekä kotitalouksien ohjaaminen vaihtoehtoisten elinkeinojen harjoittamiseen. Joidenkin kädellisten uudelleensijoittaminen toiselle alueelle ja luonnonvaraisten hedelmäpuiden istuttaminen kädellisten asuttamiin alkuperäis- metsiin voivat myös toimia ongelman ratkaisumalleina. Paikallistason villieläinasioihin keskittyvä yhdistys voisi myös toimia yhtenä lähestymiskeinona ongelman ratkaisussa. Lisäksi paikallisväestön luontotietouden lisääminen ja villieläinongelmien raportointikeinoista tiedottaminen voivat lisätä paikallisväestön kykyä sietää villieläinhaittoja sekä helpottaa ihmisten ja villieläinten rinnakkaiseloa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Taita-vuoret, villieläinkonflikti, kädelliset, villieläinarvot Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited University of Helsinki, Kumpula Science Library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information ii Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Faculty of Science Department of Geosciences and Geography Tekijä/Författare – Author Kuronen Toini Saimi Marjatta Työn nimi / Arbetets titel – Title Primates on farms – Perceived human-wildlife conflicts around Ngangao indigenous cloud forest, Taita Hills, Kenya Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Development Geography Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s thesis May 2016 82 pp. + appendix Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract This study focuses on looking at different factors that have been shown to explain why certain farms are vulnerable to crop-raiding by primates. The type of wildlife value orientations present among the study sample are also looked into in this study. Furthermore, how these wildlife value orientations affect how the community members perceive and react to human-wildlife conflicts is also discussed. The data collection was conducted in May and June 2015 around Ngangao indigenous cloud forest in the Taita Hills, southeast Kenya. The study is both qualitative and quantitative. Semi-structured household-based questionnaires were used in the primary data collection. Also, 11 local experts were interviewed and two workshops were held where the participants were given topics about wildlife issues and solutions to discuss about. Statistical analysis as well as spatial analysis using GIS were performed in this study. The findings of the study are that the closer a farm is to the forest boundary and the less neighbouring farms there are between the farm and the forest, the more vulnerable that farm is to crop-raiding by Sykes’ monkeys. The study could not prove that a specific type of food crop grown in a farm or the type of land use between the farmland and the forest boundary is explaining vulnerability to crop-raiding by primates. Moreover, strong determinants that explain the vulnerability of a certain farm to crop-raiding by vervet monkeys, yellow baboons or bush-babies were not found in this study. The majority of the studied households practice subsistence farming as their main livelihood. Therefore, crop-raiding by wildlife, such as primates, is a severe threat to the food security and livelihoods of local households. The study points out that a majority of the study participants perceive wildlife in a materialistic way, either as threats or as benefits. A smaller share of respondents represent a harmonius wildlife value orientation. Because majority of the local community is likely to represent similar wildlife value orientations, crop-raiding by primates is perceived as a significant problem. Some community members are believed to have reacted to human-primate conflicts by deliberately setting forest fires in the forests of the Taita Hills to deter the marauding primates away. This study suggests that community representatives, local wildlife management and officials should collectively discuss and address the issue of human-primate conflict in the indigenous forests of the Taita Hills so that the community level perceptions are not disregarded in wildlife management. Possible solutions to human-primate conflicts are, for example, providing the most vulnerable households with compensation, incentives or food relief and tools to practice alternative livelihoods. Moreover, relocation of certain groups of primates and planting wild fruit trees inside indigenous forests could ease the problem. Community wildlife association could work as a platform to address the issue. Additionally, sensitizing the local communities about local nature and addressing the awareness gaps regarding problem wildlife reporting could increase the tolerance to wildlife damages at community level and also support the coexistence of humans and wildlife. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Human-wildlife conflict, Taita Hills, human-primate conflict, wildlife value orientation, primate Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited University of Helsinki, Kumpula Science Library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. vii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ vii FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................... viii I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................
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