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Fiji. Part II Efficiency and Economics of Damage Reduction Methods (J.M PublIished hy thV COGNS'r"TIll, PNESN T QtWu Ifany material from this publication Iscopied, translated Into another language, or in any other way used, the publication and its sponsors should be credited with the following citation: Proceedings of Sub-Regional Training Course on Methods of Controlling Diseases, Insects and Other Pests of Plants in the South Pacific, October 4-20, 1982, Valni, Kingdom of Tonga. MAFF, Tonga/GTZ/USAID/CICP. ,Ox./ The symbol shows a traditional knot tied from kwiai - grass. It means "do not touch" or "keep atay." If it is placed on a tree or any plant in a garden, it mane "this plant is protected." Designed by lava Greita, the symbol was ftirst used for the South Pacific Com­ mission third Regional Meeting on Plant Protection in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Printed by the Government Printing Office. Nuku'alofa, Tonga - 1984. SUB-REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASES, INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS OF PLANTS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC' OCTOBER 4-20, 1982 GOVERNMENT EXPERIMENTAL FARM, VAINI KINGDOM OF TONGA SPONSORED BY GERMAN AGENCY FOR TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM FOR INTERNATIONAL CROP PROTECTION IN CO-OPERATION WITH MINISTRY OF AGRICULfURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTS OF TONGA SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Welcome Address and Official Opening (His Royal Highness Prince Tu ipelehake) .... ........ vi GTZ Statement ..... .. .. ........................ viii CICP/USAI Statement ....... ..................... ix SPC Statement ..... ... ......................... x Course Outline ......... ........................ xi Course Implementors' Acknowledgements ..... ............ xx Addresses of Sponsors, Implementors, and Course Participants xxii Photograph of Course Participants at the Government Experimental Farm, Vaini, Kingdom of Tonga ... ....... xxix Acronyms of Organizations that Appear in Proceedings .......xxx Map of the South Pacific ...... ................... xxxi Background and Objectives of the Course (N. von Keyserlingk and D. G. Bottrell) ... ........ 1 Introduction to Agriculture in the South Pacific (E.Hau'ofa) ...... .. ...................... 9 An Overview of Plant Protection in the South Pacific (I.D. Firman) ..... ........................ 20 Review of Major Insect Pests of Crops in the South Pacific (P. 6"Iaddison) ..... .... .................... 39 Revi;-w of 1-1dao Oiseases of Crops in the South Pacific (I.U. Firman) ...... ... ................... 47 Tour o! Grops at the Experimental Farm at Vaini, and Practical Exercise in the Identification of Representative Crop Insect Pests and Diseases (Coordinated by P. Maddison and T. Holo.) ........... 61 Evening Workshop Emphasizing Discussion of Research and Extension Planning for Pests on Selected Crops (Coordinated by T. Holo) .... ................... 62 Major leed Problems of the South Pacific (R.K. Nishimoto) ....... ................... 63 Rat Damage, Ecoloqy, and Control in the South Pacific (J.F Williams) ...... .. .................... 75 -i­ Page Practical Exercise Identifying Weeds and Training on Rat Control Measures (Coordinated by R. K. Nishimoto and J. M. Williams) . 100 Country Reports Elabcrated in Working Groups: Review of Major Pest Problems and Status of Crop Protection in Representative Countries .......... ... 102 The Influence of Pests on Cash Crops (F. Dori) ........ ........................ 104 The Influence of Pests on Traditional Crops (R.Munlappan) ....... ..................... 110 Evening Workshop Emohasizing Discussions on Research and Extension Planning for Pests on Selected Crops (Coordinated by N. von Keyserlingk) .... ........... 120 Analysis of the Economic Status of Diseases, Insects, and Other Pests in Question (D.G. Bottrell) ..... ....................... 121 The Concept of Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold Level in View of Economics in Crop Production (R.Rathey) ......... .. ... .. ... .. .. 133 Examples of Case Histry Studies Involving the Analysis of the Ecunomic Status and Determining The Need for Control (D.G. Bottrell) ...... .. .................... 148 Field Demonstration of Research to Establish Economic Thresholds for Taro Insect Pests and Research on Chemical Control of Sweet Potato Disease Organisms (Coordinated by K. Englberger and P. Vi) ... ........ 163 Cultural Control in Modern Practice (D.G. Bottrell) ....... .................... 165 Use of Disease Resistant Varieties (P. van Wijmeersch) ....... .. ... .. .. ... 179 Working Groups to Review Traditional Crop Protection Techniques in Taro and Coconut in the South Pacific ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 194 Factors that Merit Attention in Biological Control Programs (D. F. Waterhouse) ....... ................... 195 Review of Existing Pest Coitrol Methods Using Biological Agents (M. K. Kanath) ...... .. ... .. .. ... ... 210 -ii­ Page .The Giant African Snail With Special Reference to Its Biological Control (R.Muniappan) ..... ........................ 229 Integrated Control of the Rhinoceros Beetle (C. Pertzsch) ........ ...................... 238 Showing of the Films "Insect Alternative" and "Biological Control" ..... .. .................. 251 Reports of Working Groups to Review Traditional Crop Protection Techniques inTaro and Coconut in the South Pacific ..... .............. 252 Legislative and Regulatory Methods in the Pacific (I. D. Firman) ..... ..................... ... 254 Pesticide Legislation: Rationale and Status (I. D. Firman and D. G. Bottrell) ..... ........... 260 Panel Discussion of On-Going Efforts and Needs in Pesticide and Quarantine Regulations in the South Pacific (T.Simiki, I. D. Firman, E.C. Pickop, N. von Keyserlingk, and D. G. Bottrell) ... ......... 263 Pheromones, Hormones, and Genetic Methods of Insect Control (D. F. Waterhouse) ..... .. ................... 264 Environmental Diversity and Insect Pest Abundance With Reference to the Pacific (J. A. Litsinger) ....... .................... 285 Chemical Control: Principles and Techniques (N. von Keyserlingk) ..... .. .................. 308 Chemical Control: Use in IPM Programs (D.G. Bottrell) ..... .................... ... 325 Practical Exercises in Using and Testing Pesticides (Coordinated by K. Englberger and H. Stier) .......... 343 Methods of Calibration and Application of Spray Equipment (K.Englberger) ....... ..................... 344 Field Experiments for Research and Extension (H.Sti-r) ..... ... ....................... 352 Evening Workshop: Discussion with a Representative of the Pesticide Industry (F.Sumich) ........ ....................... 368 -iii­ Page Resistance Testing in Insects, Ticks, and Mites (L. 0. Brun) ...... .. ...................... 369 Report of Trainees' Review of the Course (Presented by E. C. Pickop) ... .................. 377 Thowing of the Films: The Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Control Program in Western Samoa, and "Pesticides and Pills--For Export Only" (Part I)....... .. ........................ 378 Tour of Tongatapu Island with Demonstration of Diseases: Insects, and Other Pests in Crops (Coordinated by K. Englberger) ... ................ 379 Definition, Objectives, and Features of Integrated Pest Management (W.C. Mitchell) ..... .................... 381 Sampling in Integrated Pest Management (R.Daxl) ....... .. ........................ 402 IPM Implementation: Case History Examples and Guidelines for Development ..... ............... 409 A Case History Study from Nicaragua (R. Daxl) ....... .. ........................ 409 Guidelines for Development Based on Existing Chemical Control Technology (J.A. Litsinger) ..... .................... .. 414 Practical Field Exercise in Assessing the Pest Problems and Needs for IPM Implementation in Cabbage, Caisicum, Peanut, and Paper Mulberry (Coordinated by J. A. Litsinger) ..... ............ 429 Reports of Working Groups on the Practical Field Exercise in Assessing the Pest Problems and Needs for IPM Implementation in Cabbage, Capsicum, Peanut, and Paper Mulberry (Coordinated by N. von Keyserlingk) .... ........... 430 Working Group Sessions on Requirements for Integrated Pest Management in Banana, Tomato, Coconut, and Taro ....... ... .......................... 440 Reports of Working Group Sessions on Requirements for Integrated Pest Management in Banana, Tomato, Coconut, and Taro (Moderated by I. D. Firman) ..... ............... 441 -iv­ Page The Future of Integrated Pest Management in the Island Countries of the South Pacific--Open Discussion (W. C. Mitchell, Chairman) ...... ................ 444 Trainees' Recommendations: Future Needs in IPM Training, Research, and Coordination in the Island Countries of the South Pacific (Presented by F. C. Pickop) ...... ................ 445 APPENDICFS 1. Rat Damage to Coconuts in Fiji. Part II Efficiency and Economics of Damage Reduction Methods (J.M. Williams) ..... .................... .. 448 2. The Need for Plant Quarantine (I. D. Firman) ..... ..................... ... 456 3. National and International Action in Plant uarantine I. D. Firman) ..... ........................ 461 4. Limitations to Pest Control Methods (D.G. Bottrell) ..... .................... .. 465 INDEX TO COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES..... .............. 479 _V_ Date: Oct. 4 Time: 1400* WELCOME ADDRESS AND OFFICIAL OPENING His Royal Highness Prince Tu'ipelehake Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests Kingdom of Tonga/South Pacific Ladies and gentlemen, I have the honor to address you this afternoon at the opening of this important meeting. It is pleas­ ing to know that we have here with us
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