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Description of Immature Stages of the Chinese Rose Beetle, Adoretus Sinicus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)1

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Description of Immature Stages of the Chinese Rose Beetle, Adoretus Sinicus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)1 Vol. XVIII, No. 2, July, 1963 251 Description of Immature Stages of the Chinese Rose Beetle, Adoretus sinicus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)1 Dale H. Habeck HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII HONOLULU, HAWAII (Submitted for publication December, 1962) INTRODUCTION The Chinese rose beetle, Adoretus sinicus Burmeister, is an important pest of many crop and ornamental plants in Hawaii and other areas. Al though several authors have published illustrations of diagnostic char acteristics of the larva, no complete description exists in the literature. This lack of information on immature stages is due, no doubt, to the fact that it is the adult alone which does the economic damage. Timberlake (1919) illustrated the raster to show how it differs from those of Popillia japonica Newman and Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse). Ritcher (1948) used this species to characterize the tribe Adoretini in his key to the tribes of the Rutelinae. He illustrated the raster, the epipharynx, and the last antennal segment. Though more than 250 species of Adoretus are listed by Ohaus (1915), the larvae of only a few species have been adequately described. Viado (1939) in the Philippines described and illustrated A. luridus Blanchard and A. ranunculus Burmeister in considerable detail. Friedrichs (1915) described and illustrated parts of A. vestitus Boheman (=A. versutus Harold) from Samoa, and Gravely (1919) briefly described and illus trated parts of A, lacustris Arrow, A. versutus Harold, and A. caliginosus Burmeister in India. This last species was also illustrated in all stages by Fletcher and Ghosh (1920). The larva of a fourth Indian species, A. bimarginatus Ohaus, was described and illustrated by Gardner (1935). Since so few species of Adoretus larvae have been adequately described, the following description is necessarily detailed so that as other larvae of this genus become known, comparisons will be possible. The terminology used in this paper is generally that of Boving (1936). The specimens used in this study were mostly laboratory-reared, but some larvae and pupae were collected at various Oahu localities. The generous assistance of Dr. Ryoji Namba who made numerous suggestions for improvement of this manuscript is gratefully acknowl edged. Especial thanks go to my wife, Phyllis P. Habeck, who prepared the illustrations and assisted in numerous other ways. Published with the approval of the Director as Technical Paper No. 610. 252 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society Egg Shining white at oviposition, gradually becoming dull creamy white before hatching. Reddish-brown mandibles of first-instar larva clearly visible through chorion prior to hatching. Shape at oviposition oblong, about twice as long as broad; average dimensions 1.46 mm. long and 0.86 mm. wide. Shape before hatching broadly oval; average dimensions 1.67 mm. long and 1.37 mm. wide. Larva The larvae of A. sinicus pass through three instars which can be sepa rated by differences in size of head capsule. The average width in milli meters of the head capsule of three instars respectively, is 1.2, 1.9, and 3.1. No morphological differences were found to separate second and third instars. First instar is readily separated from older instars by presence of the hatching spine located on dorsolateral area of metathorax. The red dish-brown spine (fig. 1, b) is short, triangular, and extends outward and posteriorly. A short seta from inner side of spine near base extends outward between body and spine. An additional diagnostic characteristic of the first instar larva is the circular spiracular plate without bulla or spiracular slit which are characteristic of the older instars. The following description is based on mature third instar larvae; it is equally applicable to the first and second instar larvae except for the differences noted above. Third Instar Larvae (fig. 1, a) : Typically scarabaeiform. Maximum length along mid-dorsal line about 34 mm. Head Capsule (fig. 1, c) : Average width 3.1 mm., range 2.85—3.41 mm. Smooth, shining, yellowish brown; black pigmented eyespot (ESP) present. Epicranial suture (ES) distinct, blacker than, and about half as long as frontal sutures (FS) . Frontal sutures represented by a fine white line extending toward antennal base but fading out near eyespot. Frons (F) Figure \.—Adoretus sinicus Burmeister: a, third instar larva, right lateral view; b, hatching spine, first instar, lateral view; c, head capsule, frontal aspect; d, antenna; e, abdominal spiracle; £, raster; g, female pupa, ventral view; h, male pupa, end of abdo men, ventral view; i, left maxilla and labium, ventral view; j, left mandible, dorsal view; k, right mandible, dorsal view; 1, left mandible, ventral view; m, right mandible, ventral view; n, right maxilla, labium and hypopharyngeal sclerome, dorsal view; o, mandibular stridulating area, side view; p, epipharynx. Abbreviations: A, antenna; AA, anterior angle; AC, acia; ACP, acanthoparia; ACR, acroparia; AFS, anterior frontal seta; B, barbula; BR, brustia; BU, bulla; C, campus; CAR, cardo; CO, corypha; CPA, chaetoparia; CF, crepis; CS, clypeofrontal suture; DES, dorsoepicranial suture; DX, dexiotorma; E, epicranium; EFS, exterior frontal seta; EPT, epitorma; ES, epicranial suture; ESP, eyespot; EZ, epizygum, F, frons; FS, frontal suture; GL, glossa; GP, gymnoparia; H, helus; HL, haptolachus; HM, haptomeron; HSC, hypopharyngeal sclerome; L, labrum; LAC, labacoria; LAL, lower anal lip; LL, lateral lobe; LP, labial palpus; LT, laeotorma; M, mandible; MA, mala; MP, maxillary palpus; N, nesium; PA, preartis; PC, preclypeus; PCL, precoila; PE, pedium; PFS, posterior frontal seta; PL, plegma; PMP, postmentum; PRM, prementum; PSC, post- clypeus; PTA, postartis; PTT, pternotorma; RSP, respiratory plate; S, sensilla; SP, sclerotized plate; SS, spiracular slit; ST, stipes; STA, stridulating area; T, teges; TP, truncate process; VP, ventral process; Z, zygum. Vol. XVIII, No. 2, July, 1963 253 254 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society triangular, with three pair of setae: posterior frontal setae (PFS) located laterally near frontal suture closer to base of frons than to apex; anterior frontal setae (AFS) just above clypeo-frontal suture (CS) separated from each other by distance equal to their length; exterior frontal setae (EFS) located about midway between posterior frontal setae and precoila (PCL). Anterior angles (AA) with a seta midway between antennal base and precoila. Occasionally, a second smaller seta present in either or both angles. Epicranium with three conspicuous dorsal epicranial setae (DES) on each side, posterior-most pair no more and usually much less than half as long as other two. Three or four inconspicuous setae present in a line extending dorsal from most laterad of dorsal epicranial setae. Six con spicuous setae present laterally near antennal base on each side, one seta mesad of eyespot close to frontal suture, other laterad of eyespot. Genal area with five to nine small inconspicuous setae. Small pores scattered on surface of epicranium and frons. Clypens: Proximally 2.7 times wider than long and distally 2.3 times wider; divided into postclypeus (PSC) and preclypeus (PC) by apparent stronger sclerotization of the postclypeus. Postclypeus with three pairs of setae; two close together near lateral margin, one shorter and closer to lateral margin than others; third pair just proximal of preclypeus and more medial. Numerous pores on the postclypeus. Preclypeus asymmetri cal, left anterior angle less obtuse than right anterior angle; without setae or pores. Labrum: Asymmetrical, about 1.5 times as wide as long; lateral edges rounded. Basal half with three pairs (sometimes two or four and rarely as many as six) of setae in a line about equidistant from each other and slightly closer to lateral edge than midline. Distally, three pairs of long setae present on margin equidistant from each other, two lateral ones nearer to the edge. Five pairs of setae on apical edge, easily confused with setae protruding from epipharynx. Numerous pores scattered over the surface of the labrum; two pairs consistently dorsad and mesad near distal medial seta. Antennae (fig. 1, d) : Four-segmented, arising from projection of head capsule near mandibular base. Segment 2 longest, followed in decreasing order by segments 1, 3, and 4. Segment 3 with apical ventral projection with oval transverse sensory area on inner surface of projection. Segment 4 with three sensory areas, a single large oval one on dorsal side; two smaller ones on ventral sides; apical one oval and lrager than circular proximal one. Antennae without setae except for a few minute ones at apex of segment 4. Mandibles (fig. 1, j-m) : Yellowish brown on posteriolateral aspect grading to reddish brown and finally black at scissorial and molar areas. Left mandible with outer scissorial tooth wider than inner tooth; right mandible with teeth equal in width although outer projects farther than inner. Furrow separating teeth deeper on left mandible than on right. Each mandible with a seta dorsally about one-third of way from apex Vol. XVIII, No. 2, July, 1963 255 and another seta midway between apex and base but more laterad. Basal half of mandible with three dorsolateral setae and three inconspicuous ventrolateral setae at base. Dorsal surface of distal portion of mola with few small setae clumped together. Differences in mandibles pronounced in molar area as illustrated (fig. 1, ;, k). Acia (AC) present on medio- dorsal aspect of left mandible
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