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Biological Control of the Japanese Beetle from 1920 to 1964 Might Be More Available to Other Entomologists and the General Public

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Biological Control of the Japanese Beetle from 1920 to 1964 Might Be More Available to Other Entomologists and the General Public ~ 12.8 ~1112.5 11.0 :it il~~ "I"~ 1.0 W .. !lMI :: W12.2 :: w 12.2 ~ IW .. L:I. W !!!ll!iIil III : ~ '_0 :: ~ 2.0 1.1 ........ ~ 1.1 .. .... ~ --- - 1111,1.8 '"" 1.8 25 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 111111. 1/11/1. 4 111111. 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAl, BUReAU or STANDARDS·1963·A NATIONAL BUREAU or STANDARDS·1963-A BIOL()GICAL CONTROL Of The JAPi\NESE BEETLE By 'W~lter E. Fleming Technical Bulletin No. 1383 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington, D.C. Issued February 1968 Forsale hy the S u peri n tenden t ofDoeumen ts, U.S. Go,",ernmentPrinting Office Washington, H.C. 20402 - l)rice 30 eents Contents Page Predators and parasites for control of beetle______________________________ 3 Xative predators llnd parasites______________________________________ 3 fnsedivorous birds__ _ _ ______ ._______________________________ 3 Tonds _________________________________________________ ------ 4 11anlnln~ _____________________________________________ ----- - 4 Predt\ceous insects _________________________________ --- ___ - ----- 5 Parasit ie insects ______________________________________ -------- - 6 Foreign predaceous and p:lrasitic insects_____________________________ 6 Explorations _____________ --________________________ - ________ -- 7 Biology of import:mt parasites and a predator in Far EasL ________ - 8 Hyperparasites in Far East.____________________________________ 18 Shipping parasites and predalors lo United Slales_________________ 19 Rearing imported parasites in Cnited Slates______________________ 24 Colonization of foreign parasiles and predators in United Slales_____ 27 Effect of milky disease on 'I'ipldll________________________________ 33 Effect of insccticides on pamsiles_______________________________ 33 Slatus of foreign parasites in ('niled Stales_______________________ 33 Entomogcnous disellses of heetle_______________________ ________________ 36 prolozoan and amebic diseases______________________________________ 37 X emalode diseases ______________________________________________ -- 38 Neoaplectlllw g/aseri Sleiner_____________________________________ 38 NroapleclaluL chresima Steiner________________________________ - -- 40 N cQuplectfLIw 1l1loiIL Sleiner _________________________________ ---- 41 Olher nematodes ________________________________________ ----- - 41 Fungus diseases ____________________________________________ ------- 42 MC/ILtrJdz'illllL anisoplioc (~letsch.) SOfok_________________________ 42 }'fel(lrritiziutn ylulillOSUIII Pope __________________________ ------ -- 43 I sllria tienslL AucL _________________________________ ----------- 43 Bcalll:eriIL globllliJcro Speg____________________________ ---------- 43 BCCLlU'eri(l bllssiana (Balsamo) Vllill_____________________________ 43 Bucterial milky diseuse _______________________________________ ------ 44 BacilLus l ]riliinc Dutky_____________________ _______ ____________ 46 JO Bacillus lcntilllorbus Dlltky_____________________________ -------- 64 BaciLLus euloomaTu/wc Beard____________________________________ 65 BaciLLus JribouTgensis Wille ______________________________ --- ---- 66 Other bacterial diseases____________________________________ -------- 66 Rickettsia disease_ _________ _ ____________ __________________________ 66 Slln\mary____________________________________________________________ 67 Literature ci ted_____________________________________________ --- --- ---- 70 ii BIOLOGICAL CONTROl4 Of The JAPANESE BEETLE By WAL'rER E. FLE,MING, collaborat01', Entomology Research Division, Agl'icllltuml ReserL1'ch Se'rvice During a routine inspection in mid-August 1916, E. L. Dickerson and H. B. Weiss of the New Jcrsl,W Department of Agriculture col­ lected about a dozen beetles in a nUl'sery of Henry A. Dreer be­ tween Riverton ancl Moorestown, N.J. These beetles were later foune! to be the same as sp0cimens of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japoniccL Newman) in the collection of the National Museum in \Vashington, D.C. Prior to its discovery in New Jersey the beetle was known to occur only on the main islands of Japan-Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaiclo. Other members of the genus are widely distributed in the Far East. It is not known definitely how and when the beetle came hom Japan to Ne\v Jersey. It was prob­ ably transported in the grub stage in soil about the rhizomes of Japanese iris. The abundance of the beetle in 1917 indicated that the insect had been in the nursery for at least 5 years. (Clausen et al. 1927; DickeL'son and Weiss 1918; Howal'd1918; Smith and Hadley l.92(i; Weiss 7.fJIN, 7.978(11) A large part of the main islands of Japan is heavily forested mountainous country. Much of the land is rolling prairie covered with persistent bamboo grasses at the foot of high mountain ranges. These conditions are not favorable for the beetle. The natural, agricultural conditions in Hokkaiclo more nearly approach those of the Eastern United States. The beetle is most abundant in the northern half of Honshu and in all of Hokkaido where grasslands occur, but its population density never reaches that in the Eastern United States, probably because its natul'al enemies keep it under control. Nowhere in Japan is the beetle considered to be an eco­ nomically important pest. Damage to crops sometimes occurs in Hokkaido, but the preference of the insect for certain weeds grow­ ing along the roadsides usually prevents serious injury to the plants (Clausen et al. 1927). Recognizing the potential threat of the beetle to American agri­ culture, the former U.S. Bureau of Entomology established the 1 The year in italics after the author's name is the key to the reference in Litemture Cited, p. 70. 1 2 TECHXICAL BULLETIN 1383, U.s. DEP'r. 01<' AGRICULTURE Japanese Beetle Laboratory in 1917 near Riverton, N.J., to study the life histOI"y and habits of the insect in its Hew environment and later to develop biological, chemical, and cultural methods for its control (Agee 1918; Davis 1920, 1920a; Hadley 1922; Headlee 1918; Howarcl1918) .1n 1927 the Laboratory was moved to Moores­ town, N.J., where it has remained. In New Jersey the beetle found a generally favorable climate, large areas of permanent turf for the development of the,mmature stages, almost 000 species of plants to satisfy its voracious appetite, ancl no important natural enemies (Fleming 196,]). It spread rapidly. The infestation coyered 2Y2 square miles in 1917, 6V~ square miles in 1918, 48 square miles in 1919, 103 square miles in 1920, and 270 square miles in 1921 (Smith and Hadley 1926). By 1962 the beetle had spread over more than 100,000 square miles in 14 eastl::rn States and the District of Columbia (Fleming 1963). In its new environment it soon became a threat to American agri­ culture. It seriously damaged orchard crops, certain Held crops, and ol'namental trees and shrubs. The grub destroyed large areas of turf in lawns, golf courses, and pastures and damaged the roots of some cultivated crops. Although preliminary studies had been made earlier, the investi­ gation of biological control of the beetle was undertaken in 1920. Two entomologists were sent that year by the former U.S. Bureau of Entomology to Japan to study the predators and parasites of the beetle in its nath'e land. The program in the Far East was successful. Five species of parasitic insects from the Far East were colonized and became established in the infested area in the United States. The studies of diseases of the beetle were undertaken in 1922, when sick grubs found in the field were discovered to be infected mainly by bacteria ancl fungi, although the organisms causing the infections were not identified specifically. One of the most im­ pressiYe achievements of the Japanese Beetle Laboratory was the development of the knowledge of pathogens attacking the beetle to a point where it was feasible to mass-produce and colonize some of these organisms in the field to control this destructive insect. Some phases of the investigation of biological control were con­ ducted cooperatively with other Federal agencies, State agricul­ tural experiment stations, State departments of agriculture, and universities within the area infested by the beetle. Reports on the progress of the investigation appeared from time to time in Federal and State publications and in various scientific journals, but much additional information is found in the unpublished progress re­ ports by H. W. Allen, J. \Y. Balock, 1YI. H. Brunson, R. W. Burrell, T. N. Dobbins, S. R. Dutky, H. Fox, T. H. Frison, T. R. Gardner, H. B. Girth, H. A. Jaynes, H. C. Hallock, 1. M. Hawley, J. K. Hollo­ way, J. L. King, T. L. Ladd, P. J. :McCabe, L. B. Parker, G. E. Spencer, H. Tashiro, G. F. White, R. T. \Vhite, and H. J. \Villard and in the unpubl1shed quarterly and annual reports of the Japa­ nese Beetle Laboratory by C. H. Hadley and W. E. Fleming on file at the Laboratory. I have reviewed these published and unpub­ lished records and have prepared a digest so that information on BroLOGICAL COXTROL OF THE JAPA);~SE BEETLE 3 the biological control of the Japanese beetle from 1920 to 1964 might be more available to other entomologists and the general public. PREDATORS AND PARASITES FOR CONTROl: OF BEETLE Native Predators and Parasites The insect-feeding birds, small terrestrial mammais, and the few predaceous and parasitic insects indigenous to the Eastel'l1 United States were not able to cope with the twentyfold to thirty­ fold reproductive potential of the Japanese beetle. Although
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