Philippine Journal of Science 150 (5): 1197-1206, October 2021 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 05 Apr 2021

New Records of Scarab Pests of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Philippines

Orlando A. Calcetas1* , Joel L. Adorada2 , Jessamyn R. Adorada3, Barbara L. Caoili3, Avelita M. Rosales4, and Eda F. Dimapilis4

1Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit 4 CALABARZON Rizal Agricultural Research and Experiment Station Tanay, Rizal 1980 Philippines 2Bureau of Plant Industry–Los Baños National Crop Research, Development, and Production Support Center Timugan, Los Baños 4030 Laguna, Philippines 3Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology College of Agriculture and Food Science University of the Philippines Los Baños, College 4031 Laguna, Philippines 4Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit 4 CALABARZON Marawoy, Lipa City 4217 Batangas, Philippines

New records of scarab pests of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were reported in the Philippines: the rhizotrogine chafer, Holotrichia bipunctata Brenske, 1892 (Coleoptera: : : Rhizotrogini) and diplotaxine chafer Apogonia palawana Heller, 1897 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini). The feeding patterns of the two insect pests are characterized, and some integrated pest management recommendations were cited.

Keywords: diplotaxine chafer, June , rhizotrogine chafer, scarabs

INTRODUCTION CABI (2021) recorded five major scarab pests of cacao – namely, compressus (Weber, 1801), A. sinicus Cacao [Theobroma cacao L. (Malvales: Sterculiaceae)] Burmeister, 1855, A. versutus Harold, 1869, Anomala is native to Central America and was cultivated by the pallida F., 1775, and Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister, Mayas and Aztecs in Central America. The Olmec and 1855; one minor insect pest is Phyllophaga sp., and one Mayan civilization believed that it had a divine origin and scarab pest associated with and but not feeding on cacao regarded as “food of the gods” (Coe and Coe 2006). The is Apogonia blanchardi Ritsema, 1898. plant is the source of chocolate and other valuable products such as cocoa cake, butter, powder, and liquor. The plant The rhizotrogine chafer beetle infestation was first was first introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards reported to the Regional Crop Protection Center IV four centuries ago. In fact, the country was the first in CALABARZON of the Department of Agriculture (DA) Asia to actively produce cocoa beans in the latter part of regarding the foliage feeding damage on cacao in a 4-ha the 1600s in San Jose, Batangas (PCG 2020). Currently, plantation in Purok Ibaiw, Brgy. Ilayang Dupay, Lucena City, Quezon (southeastern part of Luzon) on 19 Feb *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2019. The cacao varieties grown in the area are UF18 [email protected]

1197 Philippine Journal of Science Calcetas et al.: Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao in the Philippines Vol. 150 No. 5, October 2021 and BR25. However, no insect specimen was caught, H. apoensis Matsumoto, 2008 under the Holotrichia and only damaged leaves were collected and submitted. constricta species group, which is also widely distributed After more than a year, the same damage was reported in in Java and Ambon Island. The genus Apogonia Kirby, a 3-ha farm with approximately 500 trees in Magallanes, 1819 represents a species-rich taxon distributed mainly Cavite and planted with the same cacao varieties in Lucena in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, with several City. During that time, farmers were advised to monitor at species also known from southern parts of the Palaearctic night and catch the elusive nocturnal feeding pests around Region (China, Korea, and Japan) while one species the plantation. A month later, three adult specimens of was described from eastern Iran (Bezděk 2004). The Holotrichia bipunctata were observed and documented. genus Apogonia is known from nearly all Philippine In addition, three adults of diplotaxine leaf-feeding chafer islands (Bezděk 2004). Schultze (1916) recorded 15 beetle, Apogonia palawana, were also collected feeding species of Apogonia Kirby in the Philippines. There on cacao leaves in the same locality (Figures 12 and 13). are three species occurring in the Manila, Laguna, and Similar damage incidence was also reported two months Quezon areas: A. bakeri Moser; A. squamifera Moser, later in Bongabong, Nueva Ecija (Central Luzon) in 1913; and A. cuprescens Blanchard, 1851. However, April 2020 by the Los Baños National Crop Research, Apogonia palawana Heller can also be found on the Development, and Production Support Center of the nearby island of Borneo. Currently, in the Philippines, Bureau of Plant Industry (Figure 11). there are 51 species, 24 of which were described from Luzon Island (Bezděk 2004; Kobayashi 2013, 2014). The genus Holotrichia Hope, 1837 is a noxious group of Taxonomic revision is badly needed because the majority insect pests damaging groundnut, cereals, millets, pulses, of Philippine Apogonia species are known only from the soybean, sugarcane, pigeon pea crops, vegetables, and original type series. plantation crops in India, South Vietnam, and many other countries (David et al. 1986; Dadmal et al. 2013; Rao et Peacock (1913), upon observing the insect pests of cacao al. 2006). It is found in 18 countries of the Far East, North or cocoa bean in Southern Nigeria, recorded two insect and Central Asia, South East, and South Asia (Dalla pest species: the chafers Apogonia nitidula Thomson, Torre 1912). Itoh (2003a, b) and Matsumoto (2008a, b, 1858 (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini) and c; 2010) studied the Holotrichia constricta group in the Trochalus sp. (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Sericini). Philippines and identified 19 species from these studies. Arrow (1917) reported three species of the sericine chafers Also, Matsumoto (2008b) transferred H. burmeisteri Pseudotrochalus concolor (Kolbe, 1883), Triodonta Brenske, 1892 to Metatrogus based on the material procera Lansberge, and Aserica variegata Arrow, 1917 from the Philippines, Palau, the Caroline Islands, on cacao in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In and Australia. Schultze (1916) recorded 10 species Malaya, adults of Apogonia cribricolis Burmeister, A. of Holotrichia in the Philippines. On the other hand, expeditionis Ritsema, 1896, Chaetadoretus cribratus Brenske (1892) reported Holotrichia bipunctata and (White, 1844), and Adoretus compressus attack and feed later he described H. bipunctata minor Brenske, 1894 for on the leaves of cacao (Lever 1953). Entwistle (1985) the somewhat smaller specimens from the Philippines. reported three genera of leaf-feeding chafer on This manuscript does not address the taxonomic status cacao: Apogonia, Anomala, and Chaetadoretus. Capco of this subspecies. Matsumoto (2008c) made a review (1957) and Gabriel (1997) recorded five species of of H. bipunctata and recorded its new distribution in the chewing beetles on cacao: the scarab beetle (Adoretus Cordillera Administrative Region in the Northern part sp.), the chrysomelid beetle (Phytorus lineolatus Weise, of Luzon (Mt. Province, Ifugao, Banaue, and Baguio). 1923), the corn silk beetle [Monolepta bifasciata The species was previously recorded in Mt. Banahaw, (Hornstedt, 1788), Chrysomelidae], the leaf roller Cavite, and Tagaytay. He also noted some geographic beetle [Apoderus (Strigapoderus) javanicus (Jekel, variations between male and female populations in north 1860) Attelabidae], and the pachyrhynchid beetle and central Luzon. The majority of the female population (Pachyrhynchus monileferus Germar, Curculionidae). in central Luzon has a pair of clear, deep concavities However, Caballero et al. (1987) reported a pyrgotid near the anterior margin of the pronotum. However, this fly parasitic on Adoretus ranunculus Burmeister, 1844 character is absent and the small impunctate portions infesting cacao in Davao Del Sur, Philippines. The paper were absent in a few specimens in the population. aims to catalog the scarab beetle insect pest of cacao in Nonetheless, the north Luzon population has a pair of the world, diagnose the morphological differences of shallow concavities or impunctate portions near the the two new pest records, discuss and differentiate their anterior margin. This is the first recorded host plant of feeding damages to other known scarab pest species of H. bipunctata in the country. This species is endemic in cacao, and summarize some integrated pest management the Philippines. However, Matsumoto (2008c) classified strategies done against them. H. bipunctata, H. amboinae (Brenske, 1894), and

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MATERIALS AND METHODS Distribution: Japan and Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, The insect pests were monitored around the cacao the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, and many plantation and sampled at night using light traps and other Pacific Islands ocular/manual sampling with the aid of a flashlight and sweep net. Documentation of the insect damage was Food plant: cacao (Pemberton 1964; Mau and Kessing taken recorded using Samsung® J7 cellular phone. The 1991; McQuate and Jameson 2011; CABI 2021) specimens were placed in glass vials, preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol, and later dried, pinned, and dissected Adoretus versutus Harold, 1869 accordingly. Distribution: Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Saint Color images of habitus and other morphological Helena, Seychelles, Bangladesh, British Indian Territory, characters were taken using a Nikon®-D7100 DSLR (24.2 India, Indonesia, Java, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, megapixels) digital camera equipped with a Nikon® Micro American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, 105 mm 1:2.8G lens and mounted on an old microscope Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna ® arm track stand. The camera was attached to a Mac Food plant: cacao (Wesey-Fitzgerald 1941; CABI 2021; computer and remotely controlled with a mouse using Entwistle 1972; Waterhouse and Norris 1987; Decazy ® Helicon Remote software. 1988; Beaudoin 1992; Beaudoin et al. 1994; Kapadia et Afterward, digital photographs were combined using al. 2006; Emmanuel et al. 2010; McQuate and Jameson Helicon Remote® and Helicon Focus® stacking software 2011; CABI 2021) and cleared using Windows-based Adobe Photoshop Adoretus sp. Elements 2020® and stored in a TIFF format. Materials from Orlando A. Calcetas’s collections were also Distribution: Philippines examined. Food plant: cacao (Capco 1957; Gabriel 1997) Anomala pallida (Fabricius, 1775) Melolontha pallida Fabricius 1775 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Distribution: Indonesia, Java, Maluku Islands, Sulawesi, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Catalog of Scarab Beetle Insect Pest of Cacao in the World Food plant: cacao (Waterhouse 1993; CABI 2021) Adoretus compressus (Weber, 1801). Anomala variegata Hope, 1831 Adoretus umbrosus Burmeister, 184 Adoretus squamosus Gautier, 1870 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo Distribution: South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Food plant: cacao (Arrow 1917) Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea Apogonia blanchardi Ritsema, 1898 Food plant: cacao (Lever 1953; APPPC 1987; Waterhouse Distribution: east India (Bengal, Chota Nagpore, Mysore) 1993; McQuate and Jameson 2011; CABI 2021) Food plant: cacao (Ritsema 1898; Emmanuel et al. 2010; Adoretus cribratus White, 1844 Bezděk 2004; CABI 2021) Chaetadoretus cribratus (White, 1844) Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister, 1855 Distribution: Malaysia Distribution: China (Fujian, Hong Kong, Guizhou), Food plant: cacao (Lever 1953; Entwistle 1985) Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Adoretus ranunculus Burmeister, 1844 (Fig. XX) Food plant: cacao (Lever 1953; Waterhouse 1993; EPPO 2021) Distribution: Philippines [Luzon (Manila, Rizal), Mindanao (Davao del Sur)] Apogonia expeditionis Ritsema, 1896 Food plant: cacao (Caballero et al. 1987; McQuate and Distribution: Malaysia Jameson 2011) Food plant: cacao (Lever 1953) Burmeister, 1855 Apogonia nitidula Thomson, 1858

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Distribution: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo Food plant: cacao (Peacock 1913) (= Zaire), Gabon, Guinea The rhizotrogine chafer [H. bipunctata Brenske, 1892 Food plant: cacao (Thomson 1858; Peacock 1913; Bezděk (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Rhizotrogini)] (Figures 2004) 1–4), and the diplotaxine chafer [A. palawana Heller, 1897 (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini)] (Figures Phyllophaga sp. 5–8), were observed and reported feeding on cacao Distribution: Puerto Rico leaves on 26 April 2020 in Bendita-II, Magallanes, Cavite (Figures 9–11, 12, and 13). Cacao farmers in the Southern Food plant: cacao (Irizarry and Goenaga 2000; CABI Tagalog Region (Region IVA or CALABARZON) 2021) occasionally observed the feeding patterns on leaves of Pseudotrochalus concolor Kolbe, 1883 cacao, especially on young leaves (Figures 9–13). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo Morphological Differences/Differential Diagnosis Food plant: cacao (Arrow 1917) Adoretus can be easily distinguished from Holotrichia and Apogonia by the body being fully covered with Triodonta procera Lansberge, 1886 short opaque setae and not shiny or lustrous. The body Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo of the other two genera is characterized by being shiny or lustrous and not covered with setae. The metatarsal claws Food plant: cacao (Arrow 1917) of ruteline scarab beetles such as Adoretus are unequal in length and independently movable while they are equal Trochalus sp. in length and not independently movable in melolonthine Distribution: southern Nigeria scarabs such as Holotrichia and Apogonia. Nonetheless, tarsal claws of both Holotrichia and Apogonia are bifid.

Figures 1–2. Holotrichia bipunctata Brenske, 1892 on cacao: 1) Figures 3–4. Holotrichia bipunctata Brenske, 1892 on cacao: 3) habitus, dorsal aspect; 2) habitus, lateral aspect. genitalia, dorsal aspect; 4) genitalia, lateral aspect.

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Figures 5–6. Apogonia palawana Heller, 1897: 5) habitus, dorsal Figures 7–8. Apogonia palawana Heller, 1897: 7) genitalia, dorsal aspect; 6) habitus, lateral aspect. aspect; 8) genitalia, lateral aspect.

Figures 11–12. 11, Damage symptoms of Holotrichia bipunctata, Brenske 1892 on cacao. (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nueva Ecija. 12, Feeding damage of Apogonia palawana Heller, 1897 on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). ) Magallanes, Cavite. Figures 9–10. Feeding damage of Holotrichia bipunctata Brenske, 1892 on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in 9) Magallanes, Cavite (photo courtesy of Mr. Gary Alegre) and in 10) Nueva Ecija (photo courtesy of Dr. Joel L. Adorada).

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The claws of Apogonia are nearly equal in length while and most of the cacao farmers were surprised to see high in Holotrichia the anterior claw is much longer than the damage so that the leaves were completely skeletonized posterior claw. (leaving midribs intact). The majority of the cacao farmers interviewed were familiar with the feeding damage, but In terms of size, H. bipunctata is distinctly longer with a none of them have seen or documented the actual pest. body length of 17.0–18.0 mm compared to Apogonia and Therefore, the beetle is quite difficult to control. Adoretus, which are 10.3 and 7.5 mm long, respectively. The abdomen of Holotrichia and Apogonia are distinctly Arrow (1917) characterized the damage caused by the broader, while Adoretus has a distinctly narrower abdomen adoretine A. sinicus. The inter-veinal defoliation pattern when viewed laterally. Both the fifth abdominal sternite is caused by the beetle’s unusual mouthparts. The labrum and propygidium of Holotrichia and Apogonia are not is produced ventrally in the middle and forms a tooth-like separated by a suture. The sixth abdominal sternite of process. This process completely separates the mandibles Holotrichia is not retracted under the fifth sternite, while and maxillae into two independent chewing apparatuses it is retracted beneath the fifth sternite in Apogonia. that are opposing in the middle. When feeding on a leaf In contrast, the sixth abdominal sternite of Adoretus is surface, the beetle uses only one side of its mouth at a time, not retracted under the fifth sternite. The hind tibiae of thus producing paired holes in leaves and often leaving a Holotrichia have several lateral carinae and are with narrow strip of the leaf intact in the middle (Figure 12). or without dorsal spines, while the surface is more or less punctate. While the hind tibiae of Apogonia only The three species of different genera have different feeding have one lateral carina and is with or without dorsal damage patterns on cacao leaves. The feeding damage of spines while the surface is not punctate. The hind tibia H. bipuncatata is angulate or square in appearance and of Adoretus is flattened laterally and has several lateral the edges are straighter (Figures 9–11) compared to A. carinae with dorsal spines while it is cylindrical in both sinicus, where the feeding damage is much more round Holotrichia and Apogonia. Male and female Holotrichia in appearance and the edges are serrate. Compared to the can be differentiated on the basis of the hind tibial spur two above scarabs that feed randomly on much smaller but pointed and elongate in the male and blunt and stout in the numerous feeding sites A. palawana feeds continuously female (Khadakkar 2014). However, sexual dimorphism on a large area of the leaf, devouring more tissue before is distinctly pronounced in Apogonia. The antennal club shifting to other sites (Figures 12–13). More studies are is shorter in males than in females and the pygidium more needed to properly distinguish and characterize the feeding convex in males and less convex in females (Bezděk damage of each pest on cacao leaves. 2008). Other Scarabs with Similar Feeding Damage The three rose beetle species – Adoretus compressus Feeding Damage Adults and larvae of the scarabs, June beetles, or chafers (Weber) (Scarabaeidae: : Adoretini), A. sinucus feed on the roots, stems, fruit, or foliage of many Burmeister, and A. ranunculus Burmeister, 1844 – have agricultural crops. In large numbers, the feeding activity been observed with nearly the same feeding damage as H. of white grubs and chafers in crops reduces yield and bipunctata and A. palawana on cacao foliage. However, facilitates secondary microbial infections through the separate studies must be made to compare and characterize damaged plant cuticle (Smith et al. 1995; Miller et al. their feeding damages. 1999). However, they are considered a minor pest of Adoretus compressus has been found in South Africa, cacao. They feed extensively on its foliage, especially India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, on the young leaves. Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea (Thongjua Adult H. bipunctata feed on mature cacao leaves, while and Thongjua 2018; Engasser 2021). Schultze (1916) Apogonia sp. prefers the young and pale colored cacao recorded four species of Adoretus (Melolonthinae: leaves. The much larger rhizotrogine chafer adult prefers Adoretini) in the Philippines, and A. compressus was to feed on the inside or interior portion of the leaves, thus the first species recorded. This was followed by A. producing punctured holes (Figures 5–7). The smaller ranunculus, which can be found in the area of Montalban, diplotaxine chafer adult prefers to feed on the outer Rizal and more recently in Davao Del Sur; however, no portion or edges and producing a serrated appearance other information was available for this species. Adoretus (Figures 8–9). The rhizotrogine chafer was observed to be luridus Blanchard, 1850 was the third species and can a solitary feeder, while the diplotaxine chafer adults feed be found in Olangapo, Zambales (Luzon) and Bago, in groups on each cacao leaf. These pests emerge from the Negros Occidental (Visayas), while A. semperi Ohaus, soil during the month of April and are nocturnal feeders. 1912 from the islands of Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro The beetles were not observed feeding during the daytime and Romblon (Luzon). Chapin (1931) named the fifth

1202 Philippine Journal of Science Calcetas et al.: Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao in the Philippines Vol. 150 No. 5, October 2021 species A. carlotae from Carlota, Negros Occidental In the study of Thongjua and Thongjua (2018) on A. from five males and two female specimens. Currently, compressus in oil palm six commercially available pest there are five species of Adoretus in the Philippines. management products with the active ingredients of Host plants of A. compressus often show characteristic nicotine, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, petroleum lace-like leaf damage (Muniappan 2012). The rose beetle oil, carbosulfan, and carbaryl were evaluated for their is an economically important pest of young oil palm effectiveness in reducing feeding damage from adult (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), and severe feeding can lead rose beetle in a young oil palm stage. Results showed to defoliation and even death of young tree (Thongjua that the effectiveness of treatment after the last spraying and Thongjua 2018). It severely damages economically carbaryl 85.00% WP followed by carbosulfan 20.00% EC, important plants such as some ornamental plants, shrubs, petroleum oil 83.90% EC, bactospeine FC, tobacco 3.00%, garden plants, and field crops – including lychee (Litchi and Thai neem extract (azadirachtin 0.05%) were 85.93, chinensis Sonn.), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), 80.71, 79.97, 63.86, 60.00, and 56.37%, respectively rice (Oryza spp.), corn (Zea mays L.), banana (Musa spp.), compared with the non-treated control. The integrated pest rose (Rosa spp.), grape (Vitis spp.), okra [Abelmoschus management program to control rose beetle resulted after esculentus (L.) Moench], cotton (Gossypium spp.), sweet treated with M1 (tobacco 3%), M2 (petroleum oil 83.9% potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], coffee (Coffea spp.), EC 40 mL per 20 L of water), M3 (carbaryl 85.00% WP cocoa (Theobroma cacao), and tea [Camellia sinensis 60 g per 20 L of water), M4 (tobacco 3.00% + carbosulfan (L.) Kuntze] (McQuate and Jameson 2011). The adults 5.00% G 200 g per tree), M5 (petroleum oil 83.90 % EC of A. compressus feed on leaves at night and hide in the 40 mL per 20 L of water + carbosulfan 5.00% G 200 g ground in the daytime. Eggs are laid in soil, often around per tree), M6 (carbaryl 85% WP 60 g per 20 L of water plant roots. The larvae – similar to other scarab June + carbosulfan 5.00% G 200 g per tree), M7 (carbosulfan beetles – feed on roots, rotten wood, decaying organic 5.00% G 200 g per tree), and M8 (non-treated control). matter, and roots of forage plants, pastures, and on other The highest effective methods were M6 (100.00%), crops (Pena et al. 2002). The adult emerges from the soil followed by M3, M7, M4, M5, M2, and M1 – which were after pupation. The adult’s body is elongate oval and the comparable to the control (M8) at 86.62, 74.98, 73.86, body length is 0.50–1.0 cm. The head, pronotum, and 70.59, 66.54, and 62.82%, respectively. elytra were reddish-brown and densely clothed with short scale-like whitish-gray setae above (Oil Palm Research In order to control the Chinese rose beetle Adoretus Center 2016). sinicus, Tsutsumi et al. (1993) sprayed 0.18% aqueous azadirachtin solution to snap beans and strawberry plants, The Chinese rose beetle Adoretus sinicus has been and this significantly reduced the feeding on leaves in reported to feed on more than 500 plant species (Hession split-leaf, cage, and field trials. The scarab species is a et al. 1994), including cacao (Engasser 2021). The adult close relative of rhizotrogine and diplotaxine beetles. beetles feed on the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), Spafford et al. (2016) recommended the use of a weed which can lead to defoliation and even the death of young mat cover, which reduced feeding damage by A. sinicus trees (Spafford et al. 2016). The species is native to Japan compared with the untreated control. Similar results and Taiwan (Mau and Kessing 1991). It was referred to as were obtained with a foliar application of imidacloprid, “one of the worst garden pests of the Islands of Hawaii” azadirachtin, and Beauveria bassiana. Results showed and is an introduced and widely established pest (Muir that the two insect pests can also be managed by 1917; Spafford et al. 2016). entomopathogens like Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (white muscardine fungus), while Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (green muscardine Integrated Pest Management of Scarab Insect Pests fungus) can also be used (Spafford et al. 2016). Both fungi of Cacao were also tested against A. sinicus. It is also suggested that Different control methods for rose beetle Adoretus tilling or disking soils macerates grubs and exposes them compressus have been investigated in Thailand in oil to predators such as birds. palm. The use of light traps such as black light or ordinary fluorescent light placed (~ 5–10 cm) over a plastic basin Despite numerous attempts using different methods, that contains water mixed with a detergent between 06:00– control of the Chinese rose beetle has proven to be 07:00 PM can reduce the adult rose beetle population; problematic. For instance, the importation of 24,000 the use the insecticide such as carbaryI (Sevin® 85.00% Adoretus grubs from the Philippines parasitized with WP) 40 g per 20 L of water, sprayed every 7–10 d when Tiphia lucida Crawford failed to reduce populations the leaf is destroyed more than 25% in the evening at the (Pemberton 1964). Tests to develop effective control leaves and the base of trunk, can reduce the infestation techniques have included the use of parasitoids, pathogens, (Thongjua and Thongjua 2018). pesticides, food lures, and aggregation pheromones

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(McQuate and Jameson 2011). No. 5: biological of the taro beetles in South Pacific, September 1991–September 1992. CIRAD-CP, However, Spafford et al. (2016) collected adult beetles in Montpellier, France. the field and were fed with cacao leaf samples dipped in one of the five products (imidacloprid, azadirachtin, M. BEAUDOIN L, ROBERT P, LAL SN, DECAZY B. 1994. anisopliae, and B. bassiana) and compared to a control in Control of a pest, Adoretus versutus, the laboratory. Beetles exposed to pyrethrin died rapidly. using an entomopoxvirus, on the islands of Fiji. He further concluded that imidacloprid, azadirachtin, and Plantations, Recherche, Development 1(2): 50–56. weed mat application had the most promise for reducing BEZDĚK A. 2004. Catalogue of Diplotaxini (Coleoptera: adult Chinese rose beetle feeding damage in young Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) of the Old World. cacao and deserves further investigation for successful Zootaxa 463: 1–90. management of this significant pest. BEZDĚK A. 2008. Synonymical notes on Apogonia cupreoviridis and A. nigroolivacea (Coleoptera: : Melolonthidae: Diplotaxini). Annales ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Zoologici, Warszawa 58(1): 71–77. We thank Assistant Secretary for Operations Engr. BRENSKE E. 1892. Neue Arten der Coleopteran-Gattung Arnel V. de Mesa of DA–Central Office, Regional Holotrichia (Lachnosterna) Berliner Entomologische Executive Director Vilma M. Dimaculangan of DA- Zeitschrift 37: 159–192. CALABARZON, and the Regional Crop Protection BURMEISTER HCC. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. Management Center management and technical staff Vierter Band, Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera for the numerous supports. Thanks to Mr. Freddie D. Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga Sisante and staff of the Municipal Agricultural Office of systellochela. Berlin: Theodore Christian Friedrich Magallanes, Cavite, and also to Ms. Rosebelle F. Castrillo Enslin. p. xii, 588. and Ms. Melissa A. Letargo of the City Agricultural Office of Lucena City, Quezon. Special thanks to Mr. Gary CABALLERO E, EASAW PT, NAGARAJA H. 1987. Alegre for the specimens and photos (Figures 9 and 12) A new record of a pyrgotid parasite of Adoretus he generously provided for the discovery of these elusive ranunculus on cacao in the Philippines. Planter insect pests. To Dr. Charles Staines of the Smithsonian 63(730): 16–17. Environmental Research Center, Maryland, United States [CABI] CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND for proofreading the manuscript. Special thanks also to Dr. BIOSCIENCE INTERNATIONAL. 2021. Retrieved Aleš Bezděk of Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, on 24 Jan 2021 from https://www.cabi.org/ Czech Republic for identifying Apogonia palawana Heller. Thanks to Dr. Orlando A. Calcetas (Figures 1–8) CAPCO SR. 1957. A list of plant pests of the Philippines and Dr. Joel L. Adorada (Figures 10 and 11) for the photos. with special reference to field crops, fruit trees, and vegetables. Philippine Journal of Agriculture 1: 7–80. CHAPIN EA. 1931. New species of melolonthine Scarabaeidae from the Philippine Islands. Journal of REFERENCES the Washington Academy of Sciences, 21: 309– [APPPC] Asia-Pacific Plant Protection Commission. 314. 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting COE SD, COE MD. 2006. The true story history of major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific chocolate. Thames and Hudson, NY, USA. Retrieved region. Technical Document No. 135. Regional on 30 Jan 2021 from https://dma.org/sites/default/files/ Office for Asia and the Pacific Region (RAPA), transcript/TrueHistoryChocolate_public_0.pdf Bangkok, Thailand. DADMAL SM, KHADAKKAR SS, GHUGE PA. ARROW GJ. 1917. Some injurious to Cacao 2013. Occurrence of Holotrichia s e r r a t a plants in the Belgian Congo. Bulletin of Entomological (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in Vidarbha. Research 8: 111–118. Indian Journal of Entomology 75(4): 354–355. BEAUDOIN L. 1992. Feasibility study into the biological DALLA TORRE KW. 1912. Pars 49. Scarabaeidae: control of the rose beetle Adoretus Melolonthinae III. In: Coleopterorum Catalogus, Vol. versutus Harold within South Pacific. CIRAD-IRCC/ XX, Pars. 49. Junk W, Schenkling S eds. Berlin. p. Ministre de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, des foréts 135–290. et des poches (Vanuatu). A component of P r o j e c t

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