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New Records of Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) in the Philippines

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New Records of Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) in the Philippines Philippine Journal of Science 150 (5): 1197-1206, October 2021 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 05 Apr 2021 New Records of Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Philippines Orlando A. Calcetas1* , Joel L. Adorada2 , Jessamyn R. Adorada3, Barbara L. Caoili3, Avelita M. Rosales4, and Eda F. Dimapilis4 1Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit 4 CALABARZON Rizal Agricultural Research and Experiment Station Tanay, Rizal 1980 Philippines 2Bureau of Plant Industry–Los Baños National Crop Research, Development, and Production Support Center Timugan, Los Baños 4030 Laguna, Philippines 3Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology College of Agriculture and Food Science University of the Philippines Los Baños, College 4031 Laguna, Philippines 4Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit 4 CALABARZON Marawoy, Lipa City 4217 Batangas, Philippines New records of scarab pests of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were reported in the Philippines: the rhizotrogine chafer, Holotrichia bipunctata Brenske, 1892 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Rhizotrogini) and diplotaxine chafer Apogonia palawana Heller, 1897 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini). The feeding patterns of the two insect pests are characterized, and some integrated pest management recommendations were cited. Keywords: diplotaxine chafer, June beetle, rhizotrogine chafer, scarabs INTRODUCTION CABI (2021) recorded five major scarab pests of cacao – namely, Adoretus compressus (Weber, 1801), A. sinicus Cacao [Theobroma cacao L. (Malvales: Sterculiaceae)] Burmeister, 1855, A. versutus Harold, 1869, Anomala is native to Central America and was cultivated by the pallida F., 1775, and Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister, Mayas and Aztecs in Central America. The Olmec and 1855; one minor insect pest is Phyllophaga sp., and one Mayan civilization believed that it had a divine origin and scarab pest associated with and but not feeding on cacao regarded as “food of the gods” (Coe and Coe 2006). The is Apogonia blanchardi Ritsema, 1898. plant is the source of chocolate and other valuable products such as cocoa cake, butter, powder, and liquor. The plant The rhizotrogine chafer beetle infestation was first was first introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards reported to the Regional Crop Protection Center IV four centuries ago. In fact, the country was the first in CALABARZON of the Department of Agriculture (DA) Asia to actively produce cocoa beans in the latter part of regarding the foliage feeding damage on cacao in a 4-ha the 1600s in San Jose, Batangas (PCG 2020). Currently, plantation in Purok Ibaiw, Brgy. Ilayang Dupay, Lucena City, Quezon (southeastern part of Luzon) on 19 Feb *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2019. The cacao varieties grown in the area are UF18 [email protected] 1197 Philippine Journal of Science Calcetas et al.: Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao in the Philippines Vol. 150 No. 5, October 2021 and BR25. However, no insect specimen was caught, H. apoensis Matsumoto, 2008 under the Holotrichia and only damaged leaves were collected and submitted. constricta species group, which is also widely distributed After more than a year, the same damage was reported in in Java and Ambon Island. The genus Apogonia Kirby, a 3-ha farm with approximately 500 trees in Magallanes, 1819 represents a species-rich taxon distributed mainly Cavite and planted with the same cacao varieties in Lucena in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, with several City. During that time, farmers were advised to monitor at species also known from southern parts of the Palaearctic night and catch the elusive nocturnal feeding pests around Region (China, Korea, and Japan) while one species the plantation. A month later, three adult specimens of was described from eastern Iran (Bezděk 2004). The Holotrichia bipunctata were observed and documented. genus Apogonia is known from nearly all Philippine In addition, three adults of diplotaxine leaf-feeding chafer islands (Bezděk 2004). Schultze (1916) recorded 15 beetle, Apogonia palawana, were also collected feeding species of Apogonia Kirby in the Philippines. There on cacao leaves in the same locality (Figures 12 and 13). are three species occurring in the Manila, Laguna, and Similar damage incidence was also reported two months Quezon areas: A. bakeri Moser; A. squamifera Moser, later in Bongabong, Nueva Ecija (Central Luzon) in 1913; and A. cuprescens Blanchard, 1851. However, April 2020 by the Los Baños National Crop Research, Apogonia palawana Heller can also be found on the Development, and Production Support Center of the nearby island of Borneo. Currently, in the Philippines, Bureau of Plant Industry (Figure 11). there are 51 species, 24 of which were described from Luzon Island (Bezděk 2004; Kobayashi 2013, 2014). The genus Holotrichia Hope, 1837 is a noxious group of Taxonomic revision is badly needed because the majority insect pests damaging groundnut, cereals, millets, pulses, of Philippine Apogonia species are known only from the soybean, sugarcane, pigeon pea crops, vegetables, and original type series. plantation crops in India, South Vietnam, and many other countries (David et al. 1986; Dadmal et al. 2013; Rao et Peacock (1913), upon observing the insect pests of cacao al. 2006). It is found in 18 countries of the Far East, North or cocoa bean in Southern Nigeria, recorded two insect and Central Asia, South East, and South Asia (Dalla pest species: the chafers Apogonia nitidula Thomson, Torre 1912). Itoh (2003a, b) and Matsumoto (2008a, b, 1858 (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini) and c; 2010) studied the Holotrichia constricta group in the Trochalus sp. (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Sericini). Philippines and identified 19 species from these studies. Arrow (1917) reported three species of the sericine chafers Also, Matsumoto (2008b) transferred H. burmeisteri Pseudotrochalus concolor (Kolbe, 1883), Triodonta Brenske, 1892 to Metatrogus based on the material procera Lansberge, and Aserica variegata Arrow, 1917 from the Philippines, Palau, the Caroline Islands, on cacao in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In and Australia. Schultze (1916) recorded 10 species Malaya, adults of Apogonia cribricolis Burmeister, A. of Holotrichia in the Philippines. On the other hand, expeditionis Ritsema, 1896, Chaetadoretus cribratus Brenske (1892) reported Holotrichia bipunctata and (White, 1844), and Adoretus compressus attack and feed later he described H. bipunctata minor Brenske, 1894 for on the leaves of cacao (Lever 1953). Entwistle (1985) the somewhat smaller specimens from the Philippines. reported three genera of leaf-feeding chafer beetles on This manuscript does not address the taxonomic status cacao: Apogonia, Anomala, and Chaetadoretus. Capco of this subspecies. Matsumoto (2008c) made a review (1957) and Gabriel (1997) recorded five species of of H. bipunctata and recorded its new distribution in the chewing beetles on cacao: the scarab beetle (Adoretus Cordillera Administrative Region in the Northern part sp.), the chrysomelid beetle (Phytorus lineolatus Weise, of Luzon (Mt. Province, Ifugao, Banaue, and Baguio). 1923), the corn silk beetle [Monolepta bifasciata The species was previously recorded in Mt. Banahaw, (Hornstedt, 1788), Chrysomelidae], the leaf roller Cavite, and Tagaytay. He also noted some geographic beetle [Apoderus (Strigapoderus) javanicus (Jekel, variations between male and female populations in north 1860) Attelabidae], and the pachyrhynchid beetle and central Luzon. The majority of the female population (Pachyrhynchus monileferus Germar, Curculionidae). in central Luzon has a pair of clear, deep concavities However, Caballero et al. (1987) reported a pyrgotid near the anterior margin of the pronotum. However, this fly parasitic on Adoretus ranunculus Burmeister, 1844 character is absent and the small impunctate portions infesting cacao in Davao Del Sur, Philippines. The paper were absent in a few specimens in the population. aims to catalog the scarab beetle insect pest of cacao in Nonetheless, the north Luzon population has a pair of the world, diagnose the morphological differences of shallow concavities or impunctate portions near the the two new pest records, discuss and differentiate their anterior margin. This is the first recorded host plant of feeding damages to other known scarab pest species of H. bipunctata in the country. This species is endemic in cacao, and summarize some integrated pest management the Philippines. However, Matsumoto (2008c) classified strategies done against them. H. bipunctata, H. amboinae (Brenske, 1894), and 1198 Philippine Journal of Science Calcetas et al.: Scarab Insect Pests of Cacao in the Philippines Vol. 150 No. 5, October 2021 MATERIALS AND METHODS Distribution: Japan and Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, The insect pests were monitored around the cacao the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, and many plantation and sampled at night using light traps and other Pacific Islands ocular/manual sampling with the aid of a flashlight and sweep net. Documentation of the insect damage was Food plant: cacao (Pemberton 1964; Mau and Kessing taken recorded using Samsung® J7 cellular phone. The 1991; McQuate and Jameson 2011; CABI 2021) specimens were placed in glass vials, preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol, and later dried, pinned, and dissected Adoretus versutus Harold, 1869 accordingly. Distribution: Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Saint Color
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