DOCSLIB.ORG

Timeline / 600 to 1100 / JORDAN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Timeline / 600 to 1100 / JORDAN Timeline / 600 to 1100 / JORDAN Date Country | Description 613 A.D. Jordan The Sassanian invasion of Syria (Bilad al-Sham) begins under the leadership of Shahrbaraz, causing the destruction of many cities. 622 A.D. Jordan On 4 September Prophet Muhammad emigrates with the Muslims to the town of Medina. This event known as Hijra and marks the beginning of the Hijri calendar. 629 A.D. Jordan On 4 September the Battle of Mu’ta begins between the Muslims and the Byzantines at the site of Mu’ta in southern Jordan. The cause of the battle is the killing of messenger of Prophet Muhammad by the Ghassanids. 630 A.D. Jordan In October a peace treaty is made between Prophet Muhammad and the Bishop of Ayla, John bin Ru’ba in exchange for the payment of 300 dinars a year as poll tax for protection. 635 A.D. Jordan In January the inhabitants of Pella sign a covenant with the new Muslim rulers after the battle of Fihl (Pella) agreeing to pay poll and land taxes; the transition from Byzantine to Islamic rule at Pella was peaceful and uninterrupted. 636 A.D. Jordan On 20 August the Muslim armies overrun the Transjordan highlands. They go on to win a decisive battle against the Byzantines on the banks of the Yarmouk River, which opens the way to the conquest of Syria. 639 A.D. Jordan During the conquest of Jordan, a plague called ‘Emwas’ starts in Palestine and spreads all over Jordan. Among the 25,000 people who die are the companions of the Prophet who ruled the Jordan valley. 658 A.D. Jordan In February mediation between ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib and Mu’awiya is held at Udhruh in southern Jordan after the battle of Siffin to decide who will be the caliph of Muslims. Mu’awiya wins by trickery. 661 A.D. Jordan The Umayyad Dynasty starts its caliphate in Syria and Jordan under Mu’awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who makes Damascus his capital. Date Country | Description 728 A.D. Jordan An Umayyad town is established on the citadel of Amman comprising a palace complex, congregational mosque, residential units, a reservoir and a bath. 743 - 744 A.D. Jordan Several Umayyad palaces are built in Jordan, notably Mushatta Palace with its fantastic façade. 747 A.D. Jordan A ruinous earthquake destroys Jerusalem and most of the cities of Jordan at the end of Umayyad rule. 749 A.D. Jordan The Abbasid family left al-Humayma in Jordan for Kufa in Iraq in order to lead the revolt against the Umayyads. Their plotting reaches a successful conclusion in this year. 796 A.D. Jordan The Abbasid Caliph al-Rashid appoints his brother Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi governor (wali) of Jordan. It was customary to appoint the brothers and family members of caliphs to administrative positions. 822 A.D. Jordan Sa’id ibn Khalid, a grandson of the third orthodox Caliph ‘Uthman, leads a revolt against the Abbasids at al-Fudayn in Jordan calling for the restitution of the Umayyad caliphate. Abandoned by his companions, his revolt ended. 875 A.D. Jordan Bilad al-Sham (Syria, Jordan, Palestine) comes under the rule of the Tulunid dynasty; Ahmad ibn Tulun is the founder of this dynasty in Egypt. 918 A.D. Jordan Muhammad ibn Tughj, governor of Amman under the Tulunids, defeats the Bedouins and bandits who attack pilgrim caravans; this gives him celebrity in Baghdad. 935 A.D. Jordan Jordan and Syria submit to the Ikhshidids under Muhammad bin Tughj, the founder of this dynasty in Egypt. 969 A.D. Jordan Date Country | Description In November the Fatimids of Egypt take control of Jordan during the region of al- Mu’izz Li-Deenillah. 1028 A.D. Jordan The Fatimid caliphate defeats the alliance army of Bilad al-Sham, whose ambition was to establish a state for themselves, and dominates southern Bilad al-Sham again. 1099 A.D. Jordan The Crusaders occupy Jordan and Palestine during their first campaign to the area until 1187..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Abbasids | Abbasid Egypt
    The Abbasids | Abbasid Egypt ‘Fustat – on the eastern bank of the Nile and south of Cairo – was the main commercial capital.’ Egypt was directly ruled by the Abbasids between 132 and 358 / 750 and 969. Its agricultural and commercial activities provided valuable revenues, and its location acted as a gate to North Africa. A governor supported by an army and an administrative elite, was appointed to manage Egypt. Fustat – on the eastern bank of the River Nile and south of Cairo – was the main commercial capital. The city still had a majority population of Coptic Christians and the Mosque of ‘Amr Ibn al-‘As was the main place of worship for Muslims. The governor and his army occupied the ‘Asakir district adjacent to Fustat. Name: Textile fragment Dynasty: Hegira 193–8 / AD 809–13 Abbasid Details: Museum of Islamic Art Cairo, Egypt Justification: The oldest surviving example of an official tiraz textile produced at the highly respected workshops of Fustat, which was patronised by the court and government. This piece was made in the name of Caliph al-'Amin (r. 193–8 / 809– 13). Name: Single earring Dynasty: Hegira 1st–2nd century / AD 7th–8th century Umayyad or Abbasid Details: Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum Berlin, Germany Justification: During the Abbasid period, Egypt's urban population was prosperous and sophisticated. A variety of craft workshops and industries thrived, including jewellery-making enterprises. Name: Nilometer Dynasty: Hegira 247 / AD 861 Abbasid Details: Cairo, Egypt Justification: The Abbasids exploited Egypt's potential agriculturally. The governor was responsible both for ensuring that taxes were collected and that the Nilometer, used to estimate the level of the Nile and predict the coming harvest, was in working order.
    [Show full text]
  • A Unique Tulunids Dirham Named After Khumarawayh Bin Ahmed Coined in Hims 278 A.H
    مجلة العمارة والفنون والعلوم اﻻنسانية - المجلد السادس - العدد السابع والعشرون مايو 2021 A Unique Tulunids Dirham Named after Khumarawayh bin Ahmed Coined in Hims 278 A.H. Dr. Ayat Hassan Shams El-Din Assistant Professor – Archaeology department- Faculty of Arts- Kafrelshikh University. [email protected] Abstract: This paper studies and publishes a unique Tulunids dirham named after Khumarawayh bin Ahmed coined in Homs 278 A.H. in the era of the caliphate Al-Mu’tamid ‘Ala Allah Al- ‘Abase (256-279 A.H./870-892A.D.) and his son Al-Mufawad Ela Allah. It is kept in the collection of Ammar Muhammad Imran at Saudi Arabia. We will scientifically and accurately describe it, highlighting its general shape, inscriptions and ornaments. We will then analyze these inscriptions according to its different circumstances. This study adds value to Tulunids coining in general and the dirhams particularly which were coined in Homs in 278 A.H. after the dirham which was coined in it in 276 A.H. It sheds lights on the importance of studying coins as they clarify the significance of the rulers who the coins carry their names and specify accurately their eras and power. It may also provide us with the beginning and end dates of revolutions and protest. The Abbasid state witnessed many disturbances, especially in the political sphere in the period before the caliphate of Al-Mu’tamid ‘Ala Allah (256-279 AH / 87—892 AD) due to the control of the Turkish soldiers and their leaders over power and the appointment or overthrow of the caliphs according to their personal attitudes and interests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
    The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sources of Ibn Tulun's Soffit Decoration
    The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences The Sources of Ibn Tulun’s Soffit Decoration A Thesis Submitted to Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations Islamic Art and Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts by Pamela Mahmoud Azab Under the Supervision of Dr. Bernard O’Kane December 2015 Acknowledgments I would like to dedicate this thesis to my late mother who encouraged me to pursue my masters. Unfortunately she passed away after my first year in the program, may her soul rest in peace. For all the good souls we lost these past years, my Mum, my Mother-in-law and my sister-in-law. I would like to thank my family, my dad, my brother, my husband, my sons Omar, Karim and my little baby girl Lina. I would like to thank my advisor Dr. O’Kane for his patience and guidance throughout writing the thesis and his helpful ideas. I enjoyed Dr. O’Kane’s courses especially “The Art of the book in the Islamic world”. I enjoyed Dr. Scanlon’s courses and his sense of humor, may his soul rest in peace. I also enjoyed Dr. Chahinda’s course “Islamic Architecture in Egypt and Syria” and her field trips. I feel lucky to have attended almost all courses in the Islamic Art and Architecture field during my undergraduate and graduate years at AUC. It is an honor to have a BA and an MA in Islamic Art and Architecture. I want to thank my friends, Nahla Mesbah for her support, encouragement, and help especially with Microsoft word, couldn’t have finished without her, and Rasha Aboul- Enein for driving me to the mosque and loaning me her camera.
    [Show full text]
  • Imad Al-Din Zanki and His Hostile Policy Toward the Saljuqid Sultanate and the Abbasid Caliphate in Iran and Iraq
    American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 2 No. 12; December 2012 Imad Al-Din Zanki and His Hostile Policy toward the Saljuqid Sultanate and the Abbasid Caliphate in Iran and Iraq. Expanding His Frontiers 1127-1146 Taef el-Azhari Associate professor of medieval Middle Eastern history Dept. of International affairs Faculty of Arts, Qatar university ‘Zanki was trying very hard to gather all of the information he could get about the remote lords of the Muslim lands and what was happening to them even when they were hidden away, especially what took place in the palaces of the Saljuqids, and he spent lavishly on this. He was kept well informed and he received endless letters reporting every single move the sultans made, night and day, in times of war and peace, both serious matters and frivolous matters. Zanki received several reports like that every day from his spies. He used to say: If the smallest things are not known about and dealt with, they will grow and get out of hand’ (1). This is the opinion of Ibn al-Athir, which was shared by Ibn al-Adim in bughyat, and Ibn Khallikan in wafyyat in their biographies of Zanki. Zanki's career from start to finish was a long perplexing relationship with the Saljuqid sultanate. In the Iranian world supreme Saljuqid sultan Sanjar b. Malik Shah ruled from 1118 to 1157, while his grip over Khurasan was being weakened by different Turkmen slave commanders. In Iraq, western Persia and Azerbaijan Zanki had ensnared vassalage relationships with four different Saljuqid maliks, sons and grandsons of Muhammad I b.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sources of Ibn Tulun's Soffit Decoration
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2015 The sources of Ibn Tulun's soffit decoration Pamela Mahmoud Azab Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Azab, P. (2015).The sources of Ibn Tulun's soffit decoration [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/621 MLA Citation Azab, Pamela Mahmoud. The sources of Ibn Tulun's soffit decoration. 2015. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/621 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences The Sources of Ibn Tulun’s Soffit Decoration A Thesis Submitted to Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations Islamic Art and Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts by Pamela Mahmoud Azab Under the Supervision of Dr. Bernard O’Kane December 2015 Acknowledgments I would like to dedicate this thesis to my late mother who encouraged me to pursue my masters. Unfortunately she passed away after my first year in the program, may her soul rest in peace. For all the good souls we lost these past years, my Mum, my Mother-in-law and my sister-in-law. I would like to thank my family, my dad, my brother, my husband, my sons Omar, Karim and my little baby girl Lina.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Rise of Modern Healthcare Systems
    LEGACY OF ARABIC MEDICINE Bimaristans And the rise of modern healthcare systems – Written by David W. Tschanz, USA Medieval Islamic civilization focused critical to the dissemination of medical FIRST HOSPITALS a great deal of energy and thought on learning, but formed the basis for hospitals Places for ill persons have existed since developing the medical arts. One key aspect and medical schools as we know them prehistoric time. Most were simple, without was the development of hospitals and today. Their philosophy is best summarised more than a rudimentary organisation and medical schools throughout the period. by the policy statement of Cairo’s 8000 bed care structure. Incremental improvements Medical schools and libraries, where Mansuri Hospital: continued through the Hellenistic period, senior physicians taught the students but these facilities would barely be medical techniques and how to fully ‘The hospital shall keep all patients, recognisable as little more than holding apply their knowledge when dealing with men and women until they are completely locations for the sick. In the Christian West, their patients, were attached to the larger recovered. All costs are to be borne by the where there was a dominant philosophical hospitals. Hospitals set examinations for hospital whether the people come from belief that illness was supernatural in their students and issued diplomas. Called afar or near, whether they are residents origin and thus uncontrollable by human a ‘bimaristan’ (a Persian word meaning or foreigners, strong or weak, low or high, intervention, hospitals were little more ‘asylum of the sick’), they were devoted to the rich or poor, employed or unemployed, than hospices.
    [Show full text]
  • Ahmad Ibn Tulun and the Reign of His Dynasty (868–905)
    XI: 2014 nr 3 Dorota Rudnicka-Kassem REALIZING AN INSIGHTFUL VISION OF A POWERFUL AND INDEPENDENT STATE: AHMAD IBN TULUN AND THE REIGN OF HIS DYNASTY (868–905) The aim of this paper is to presents a signifi cant period in the Egyptian history, i.e., the reign of the Ṭūlūnids (868–905), the fi rst Muslim dynasty of independent governors and rulers of Egypt. In my portrayal of the Ṭūlūnid state, I applied Ibn Khaldūn’s theory of power-state.1 Ibn Khaldūn (1332–1406) an Arab Muslim hi- storiographer and historian, regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern sociology is well known for both his theoretical structure for the analysis of history and his explanation of the nature of state and society. While analyzing the process of rise and fall of various tribes and dynasties he discovered natural laws that govern it. According to his theory of the power-state, the state constitutes a natural and necessary human institution that has a life on its own determined by the law of causality. Furthermore, it is also the political and social unit, which alone makes human civilization possible. The state goes through fi ve phases: conquest, the bu- ilding up of the dynasty, the attainment of the peak, decline and downfall. While applying this theory in my paper I distinguished various phases in the development Ṭūlūnids’ regime and I analyzed them focusing on political, economic, social and cultural aspects. According to Ibn Khaldūn, in a given state “the economic and po- litical developments go hand in hand.”2 This statement proved to be appropriate in the case of the Ṭūlūnids’ example.
    [Show full text]
  • Realizing an Insightful Vision of a Powerful and Independent State: Ahmad Ibn Tulun and the Reign of His Dynasty (868–905)
    XI: 2014 nr 3 Dorota Rudnicka-Kassem REALIZING AN INSIGHTFUL VISION OF A POWERFUL AND INDEPENDENT STATE: AHMAD IBN TULUN AND THE REIGN OF HIS DYNASTY (868–905) The aim of this paper is to presents a signifi cant period in the Egyptian history, i.e., the reign of the Ṭūlūnids (868–905), the fi rst Muslim dynasty of independent governors and rulers of Egypt. In my portrayal of the Ṭūlūnid state, I applied Ibn Khaldūn’s theory of power-state.1 Ibn Khaldūn (1332–1406) an Arab Muslim hi- storiographer and historian, regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern sociology is well known for both his theoretical structure for the analysis of history and his explanation of the nature of state and society. While analyzing the process of rise and fall of various tribes and dynasties he discovered natural laws that govern it. According to his theory of the power-state, the state constitutes a natural and necessary human institution that has a life on its own determined by the law of causality. Furthermore, it is also the political and social unit, which alone makes human civilization possible. The state goes through fi ve phases: conquest, the bu- ilding up of the dynasty, the attainment of the peak, decline and downfall. While applying this theory in my paper I distinguished various phases in the development Ṭūlūnids’ regime and I analyzed them focusing on political, economic, social and cultural aspects. According to Ibn Khaldūn, in a given state “the economic and po- litical developments go hand in hand.”2 This statement proved to be appropriate in the case of the Ṭūlūnids’ example.
    [Show full text]
  • Patriarchs, Dates and Succession Of
    (CE:1913b-1920a) PATRIARCHS, DATES AND SUCCESSION OF. Significant dates in the lives of notable persons from the past, particularly from the ancient past, are often a matter of conjecture. In some cases a paucity of historical source material makes it impossible to determine when particular events took place, and in other instances discrepancies in the sources that are extant make such a determination frustratingly tenuous. Since such uncertainty is a feature of the biographical data available for many of the Coptic patriarchs, the following list can give only the approximate dates for some of these leaders. For the period up to 1243 the table relies solely on the History of the Patriarchs compiled by Sawirus ibn al- Muqaffa‘. Supplementary sections of subsequent writers and editors provide the dates for the remaining patriarchs. Writers following other sources will give dates for some of the patriarchs that vary slightly from those listed below. Thus, some discrepancy in patriarchs' dates may be found within The Coptic Encyclopedia. In the list below the provenance of each patriarch has been designated in a separate column, and the rulers of Egypt during each patriarchal reign have been listed in another column. The list has been classified into sections representing the main historical periods: Greco-Roman and Byzantine, medieval Arab, modern, and contemporary. Full biographies of all patriarchs have been included in the body of our alphabetized text, save in the case of the present patriarch, whose dates are recorded but whose life critique has to be deferred until after the end of his tenure for an objective evaluation of his total work and service.
    [Show full text]
  • Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTE
    48-JLS-0040 ARMS AND ARMOR OF THE MIDDLE EAST An Interactive Qualifying Project Report: Submitted to the Faculty Of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By John David Quartararo _______________________ Jon Mulla _______________________ Guin Petrousky _______________________ Eric Hall _______________________ Joseph Hsu _______________________ Date: Approved: Professor Jeffrey Forgeng Abstract This project was created with the Higgins Armory Museum in an effort to catalogue artifacts of Middle Eastern Arms & Armor, and to place the artifacts in a historical, cultural, and military context. Research papers outline the history, culture, weapons and arms from the lands of Turkey, North Africa, Persia, Arabia, as well as an overview of the advent of Islam. The artifacts have been photographed and catalogued, and all of this information is integrated into an interactive website. 2 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Islamic Overview ............................................................................................................................ 8 Arabia before Islam ..................................................................................................................... 8 The life of Muhammad ............................................................................................................... 9 The “Rightly
    [Show full text]
  • A Walking Tour of Islamic Cairo: an Interactive Slide Lecture
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 451 115 SO 032 631 AUTHOR Stanik, Joseph T. TITLE A Walking Tour of Islamic Cairo: An Interactive Slide Lecture. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program, 2000 (Egypt and Israel). SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 39p.; Slides not available from ERIC. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Architecture; *Built Environment; Curriculum Enrichment; High Schools; Higher Education; *Islamic Culture; Middle Eastern History; *Municipalities; Simulation; Social Studies; Study Abroad; *Travel; World History IDENTIFIERS *Egypt (Cairo); Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; Walking Tours ABSTRACT This curriculum project, a lesson on Islamic Cairo, could be used in a unit on Islamic civilization in an advanced placement high school world history or world civilization course, or it could be used in a college level Middle Eastern history or Islamic civilization course. Upon completion of the lesson, students will be able to describe in writing the appearance and function of Islamic Cairo, a living example of a medieval Islamic city. The lesson takes the form of an interactive slide lecture, a simulated walking tour of 25 monuments in Islamic Cairo. The lesson strategy is described in detail, including materials needed and a possible writing assignment. The lesson first provides'a brief architectural history of Cairo and a short description of the different minaret styles found in Cairo. The lesson then addresses the slides, each representing a monument, and includes historical and architectural information and discussion questions for each. Contains 12 references. (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
    [Show full text]