DOCSLIB.ORG

AL-FUST at Its Foundation & Early Urban Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AL-FUST at Its Foundation & Early Urban Development AL-FUST AT Its Foundation & Early Urban Development AL-FUSTAT Its Foundation and Early Urban Development Wladyslaw B. Kubiak THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO PRESS Publisher’s Note In the transliterated Arabic, the hamza is indicated by an apostrophe (‘), the ‘ayn by a reversed apostrophe (‘). Following our current standard practice, long vowels and emphatic consonants are not marked. Copyright © 1987 and 2016 by The American University in Cairo Press Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt 113 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 420 www.aucpress.com First published in 1987 by the American University in Cairo Press All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher ISBN 978 1 61797 741 1 Contents Foreword 7 Introduction IO Abbreviations of Publications Referenced in the Text 14 Chapter I The Source Material 17 Documents 17 Narrative Sources 18 Archaeological Sources 29 Chapter II The Geography of the Site 32 'Amal As/al 34 'Amal Fauq 36 The Northern Area of al-Kharab 37 The Southern Area of al-Kharab 38 Al-Qarafa al-Kubra 40 East Bank Environs 42 The Nile 43 Al-Djazira 47 The Western Channel of the Nile 48 The Western Bank 49 Chapter III The Pre-Islamic Settlements 50 Chapter IV The Foundation and a Town in the Making 58 The Selection of the Site 58 The Settlers 61 Division of Land 65 Organisation of the Camp-Town 70 Chapter V Demographic Evolution 76 Chapter VI Territorial Evolution 85 Evolution of the Town Quarters 88 Chapter VII The Main City Districts 95 The District of Ahl ar-Raya 95 Dimensions and Other Characteristics of the Tribal Districts 97 The Quarters of al-La/if and az-Zahir 98 Al-Hamra 99 Al-Hamra ad-Dunia 99 Al Hamra al-Wusta 100 Al-Hamra al-Quswa 101 Birkat al-Habash 103 AI-Djiza 103 The Island of the Shipyard 104 Qasr ash-Sham'-Babylon 106 The Necropolis 108 Chapter VIII The Minor Topographical Elements 111 The Streets 112 The Harbour 117 Khalid) Amir al-Mu'minin 118 Chapter IX Architecture 121 Conclusion 131 Notes 132 Plans 171 I. The Site of al-Fustat 172 2. General Situation 174 3. Babylon at the Conquest 175 4. Ethnic Groups and Multi-Tribal Quarters 176 5. Street Network Excavated by 'Ali Bahgat 177 6. Street Network Recently Revealed 178 Index 179 Foreword Certain Islamic cities instantly lend themselves to visual memory, topographical recall, or the experience of an ambience within them, no matter their modern carapace. Isfahan and Cordova, Samarra and Seville, Damascus and Istanbul are possible of appreciation in any or all of the above terms. In a more discrete historical sense one can read of Tirourid Samarqand, Nasrid Granada, Mughal Delhi and suffer the shock of recognition. Something of comparable sensation has been accorded Cairo up until World War II when its Fatimid-cum-Mamluk structure and essence had not been sacrificed to political dicta, population explosion and the awesome catalyst of reinforced concrete. Other famed cities we must "resurrect" from libraries for they have been, in Yeats' instructive phrase, "changed, changed utterly". Baghdad springs to mind immediately. Professor Lassner has strained and pulled, sieved and sifted, posited and planned and yet we are no closer to the "feel" of this fabled center of a pulsing civilization than we were when Professor Creswell put before us the pure module of the Round City of al-Mansur. (The plain pity here is that though Baghdad is given as the main locus of A Thousand and One Nights, it is well-known that it is thirteenth century Cairo which is being topographically evoked.) However, not a few of the aforementioned cities were such before the dispensation of Islam subsumed them in a different destiny. What of the purely Islamic City, or rather of those camp-capitals from which major urban entities evolved? We all know the names: Kufa, Basra, Fustat, Wasit, Qayrawan; all founded within the first century of the Hijra. Can we imagine them in their original contours and subsequent growth; can we conjure the tenor of life within them, the tone of the spiritual expression guiding them, or the thrust of their context within the burgeoning dar al-Islam? Texts help but they emphasize the pious and the political and deny us the choisisme of daily living. Archaeology should serve us better, but the civilization itself has precious little interest in such a pursuit, and, until quite recently, the non-Muslim excavator has chosen to emphasize other periods and other places. What has been yielded is either too minimal or too captious (in the "experts" reading of the evidence) to be taken as a microcosm of a more faceted whole. And really, with all those texts, necrologies, chronicles, coins, glass weights, commenda, scribal notes, legal documents, buildings yet in situ and others whose loci can be established, the other-than­ archaeologically-arrived-at evidence of sheer living through more than thirteen centuries of historical prominence-can archaeology tell us much more? 8 Foreword Generally, not really: the Islamic archaeologist dots the i's and crosses the t's, as it were, of those texts and histories, those sundry objects, that mass of epigraphical and numismatic data; but then, surprising and smashingly, yes, yes: the paintings at Kasr al-Hair, the floor mosaics at Khirbet al-Mafjir, the stucco at Madinat al­ Zahra, the breadth of vista at Samarra, that bourgeois aqueduct in Fustat and the incidence of Chinese ceramics there proving a millenium of trade, the mosque at Siraf extend our knowledge·along a hundred lines of interpenetrating cause and effect, interest and beauty ... things and ideas not quite posited before the spade hit the encumbering dust. Thus it is important to know that the author of the present volume initiated his interest in the subject of Fustat as a working archaeologis't, one at once hopeful and humble. Each season afforded a clearer picture of the great entrep6t in the double (but not necessarily continuous) jloruit of the Tulunid and Fatimid epochs. The architectural and artifactual evidence broadened our artistic, economic and even social understanding of the city and from the accumulated mounds above the ruins of these epochs we even deepened our already "pre-set" knowledge of the Mamluk era. But what of the early, the true Fustat, the key to the conquest of Egypt and North Africa? There was stratigraphic evidence in plenty, such that we could, for instance, date the revival of glazing in Egypt to about A.O. 700. There was ample evidence of a building mode - baked brick laid in mud mortar - though no single building of the period could be proven. There was the superb lustred goblet made for the Abbasid governor, Abd al-Samad b. Ali in A.O. 778 which prov.eel that the technique was Egyptian in origin, as Lane and Lamm had surmised. We even uncovered a strange double-roomed underground chamber (serdab), indisputably pre-Tulunid and an anomaly in the domestic architecture of Egypt. Yet, however elated these discoveries made the archaologist, they did not in sum give us a hint of a microcosm of the misr founded by 'Amr b. al-'As. Bahgat's pioneer work was methodologically unsound, in that he reported no stratigraphy or locus for any of his major finds. Casanova's Reconstfrution was naturally a scholarly gift but it proved an albatross when used to pin-point particular sites if for no other reason than that no revealed street was as straight as he posited them all to be. Neither the sources nor the finds allowed for extrapolation. At this point Professor Kubiak decided to re-examine the sources. The results of this painstaking re-marshalling of the evidence (as he admits there is really nothing positively new in the source material) is a much more clearly focussed Fustat in the first century of its existence than we have had heretofore or we are likely to get from any future archaeology. The descriptions and arguments need not be detailed or countered here; suffice it to point to three aspects of Professor Kubiak's research which merit the strictest attention, particularly by those historians interested in the problems of the amsar and the transformational mechanics of the pre-Islamic into the Islamic. We get here for the first time a concise and yet richer picture of the area (which was to become Fustat) in its Roman and Byzantine setting. This is very important for it placed both geographical and politically economic limitations on the Foreword 9 conquering army, limitations which were ignored, if ever, at peril to the nascent community. Secondly, we are given the "growth pattern" both topographically and toponymically, which together corrects and/ or adumbrates the recieved concepts to be gleaned from Casanova and the authors of the articles on Fustat in both editions of the Encyclopedia of Islam. Here, most particularly, the author shows his mastery of the sources and his manner of"reading;• them: e.g., Abd al-Hakam got his information from the oldest inhabitants and was himself a citizen of the quarter; lbn Quda'i at key moments was simply not there though his surmises became scripture to.the likes of lbn Duqmaq and al-Maqrizi. Along these lines, it is now our belief that Kubiak's Plans I and 4 supersede the analogous ones in Casanova. Finally, Kubiak provides a most convincing evolutionary pattern for the society of the first century.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry
    Pegs, Cords, and Ghuls: Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry Hazel Scott Haverford College Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College Fall 2009 There are many reasons to read poetry, filled with heroics and folly, sweeping metaphors and engaging rhymes. It can reveal much about a shared cultural history and the depths of the human soul; for linguists, it also provides insights into the nature of language itself. As a particular subset of a language, poetry is one case study for understanding the use of a language and the underlying rules that govern it. This paper explores the metrical system of classical Arabic poetry and its theoretical representations. The prevailing classification is from the 8th century C.E., based on the work of the scholar al-Khaliil, and I evaluate modern attempts to situate the meters within a more universal theory. I analyze the meter of two early Arabic poems, and observe the descriptive accuracy of al-Khaliil’s system, and then provide an analysis of the major alternative accounts. By incorporating linguistic concepts such as binarity and prosodic constraints, the newer models improve on the general accessibility of their theories with greater explanatory potential. The use of this analysis to identify and account for the four most commonly used meters, for example, highlights the significance of these models over al-Khaliil’s basic enumerations. The study is situated within a discussion of cultural history and the modern application of these meters, and a reflection on the oral nature of these poems. The opportunities created for easier cross-linguistic comparisons are crucial for a broader understanding of poetry, enhanced by Arabic’s complex levels of metrical patterns, and with conclusions that can inform wider linguistic study.* Introduction Classical Arabic poetry is traditionally characterized by its use of one of the sixteen * I would like to thank my advisor, Professor K.
    [Show full text]
  • Saleh Poll Tax December 2011
    On the Road to Heaven: Poll tax, Religion, and Human Capital in Medieval and Modern Egypt Mohamed Saleh* University of Southern California (Preliminary and Incomplete: December 1, 2011) Abstract In the Middle East, non-Muslims are, on average, better off than the Muslim majority. I trace the origins of the phenomenon in Egypt to the imposition of the poll tax on non- Muslims upon the Islamic Conquest of the then-Coptic Christian Egypt in 640. The tax, which remained until 1855, led to the conversion of poor Copts to Islam to avoid paying the tax, and to the shrinking of Copts to a better off minority. Using new data sources that I digitized, including the 1848 and 1868 census manuscripts, I provide empirical evidence to support the hypothesis. I find that the spatial variation in poll tax enforcement and tax elasticity of conversion, measured by four historical factors, predicts the variation in the Coptic population share in the 19th century, which is, in turn, inversely related to the magnitude of the Coptic-Muslim gap, as predicted by the hypothesis. The four factors are: (i) the 8th and 9th centuries tax revolts, (ii) the Arab immigration waves to Egypt in the 7th to 9th centuries, (iii) the Coptic churches and monasteries in the 12th and 15th centuries, and (iv) the route of the Holy Family in Egypt. I draw on a wide range of qualitative evidence to support these findings. Keywords: Islamic poll tax; Copts, Islamic Conquest; Conversion; Middle East JEL Classification: N35 * The author is a PhD candidate at the Department of Economics, University of Southern California (E- mail: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: a Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt
    The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: A Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Mohamed S. Maslouh Under the supervision of Dr. Amina Elbendary September / 2013 The American University in Cairo On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: A Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt A Thesis Submitted by Mohamed S. Maslouh To the Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations September /2013 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts Has been approved by Dr. Amina Elbendary Thesis Committee Advisor____________________________________________ Assistant Professor, Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. American University in Cairo. Dr. Nelly Hanna Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Distinguished University Professor, Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. American University in Cairo. Dr. Adam Talib Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Assistant Professor, Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. American University in Cairo. _________________ __________ __________________ ____________ Dept. Chair Date Dean of HUSS Date ii Abstract The American University in Cairo On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: A Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt By: Mohamed S. Maslouh Supervisor: Dr. Amina Elbendary This thesis studies the Muslim and Coptic medical, theological, and philosophical perceptions of plague in Mamluk Egypt (1250-1517). It also details the responses to mass death caused by plagues in both popular culture and mainstream scholarly works.
    [Show full text]
  • When the Moon Split a Biography of Prophet
    When the Moon Split A biography of Prophet Muhammad Compiled by Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri Edited and Translated by Tabassum Siraj - Michael Richardson Badr Azimabadi 1 2 In the Name of Allah The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful And We have sent you (O’ Muhammad) Not but as a mercy for the ‘Alamin (Mankind, jinn and all that exists). (Surat Al ‘Anbya’ 21: 107) 3 CONTENTS Subject Page Contents 4 From the Author 11 Preface 12 The Prophet Muhammad’s Ancestors 14 The Prophets Tribe 14 Lineage 15 Muhammad is born 18 Foster Brothers 19 In the care of Haleemah Sa’diya 20 Haleemah’s house is unexpectedly blessed 20 Haleemah asks to keep Muhammad longer 21 Muhammad’s chest is opened 21 Muhammad’s time with his mother 21 A grandfather’s affection 22 Under his uncle’s care 22 Bahira’s warning 22 The Battle of Fijar 23 Hilf Al-Fudool 24 Choosing a profession 25 Journey to Syria on business for Khadeejah 25 Marriage to Khadeejah 25 Dispute over the Black Stone 26 Muhammad’s character before Prophethood 28 Portents of Prophethood 29 The First Revelation 29 A hiatus 31 The mission begins 33 The first believers 33 Worship and training of the believers 36 Open propagation of Islam 37 A warning from atop Mount Safa 38 The Quraysh warn pilgrims 41 Various strategies against Islam 42 4 Ridicule, contempt and mockery 43 Diversions 44 Propaganda 44 Argument and quibbling 45 Persecution begins 55 Polytheists avoid openly abusing the Prophet 60 Talks between Abu Talib and the Quraysh 60 The Quraysh challenge Abu Talib 61 The Quraysh make Abu Talib a strange proposal
    [Show full text]
  • The Grain Economy of Mamluk Egypt by Ira M. Lapidus
    THE GRAIN ECONOMY OF MAMLUK EGYPT BY IRA M. LAPIDUS (University of California, Berkeley) Scholarly studies of the economy of Egypt in the Middle Ages, from the Fatimid through the Mamluk periods, have stressed two seemingly contradictory themes. On the one hand, the extraordinary involvement of the state in economic affairs is manifest. At different times, and in various ways, the ruling regimes of Egypt monopolized or strictly controlled certain primary or strategic products. Wood and metals, both domestic and imported, were strictly controlled to assure the availability of military supplies. Certain export products like natron were sometimes made state monopolies. So too products of unusual commercial importance were exploited, especially by the Mamluk Sultans, to gain monetary advantages. Sugar production, often in the hands of rulers and oflicials, was also, on occasion, a state monopoly. At another level, the state participated in economic activity it did not monopolize. Either the governing bureaus themselves, or elite members of the regime, were responsible for irrigation and other investments essential to agricultural productivity. In the trading sphere, though state-sponsored trading expeditions are unknown, state support for trade by treaty arrangements, by military and diplomatic protection, and direct participation in the form of investments placed with mer- chants were characteristic activities. How much of the capital of trade was "booty" or political capital we shall never know. In other spheres, state participation gave way to state controls for the purposes of taxation. Regulation of the movements of merchants, or the distribution of goods, facilitated taxation. For religious or moral reasons state controls also extended to the supervision, regulation, or prohibition of certain illicit trades.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline / 600 to 1700 / EGYPT
    Timeline / 600 to 1700 / EGYPT Date Country | Description 619 A.D. Egypt Egypt, Jerusalem and Damascus come under the rule of the Persian Emperor Xerxes II. 627 A.D. Egypt Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, who died in boyhood. 639 A.D. Egypt The first mosque in Egypt is built in Bilbis, east of the Delta, to honour the martyrs and 120 companions of the Prophet who died in battle there during the Arab invasion of Egypt. It followed the ground plan of the Prophet's mosque in Medina. 641 A.D. Egypt Babylon (the Roman settlement south of present-day Cairo) capitulates to the Muslim armies led by Amr ibn al-'As.The first Islamic capital of Egypt, Fustat, is founded. 655 A.D. Egypt Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet's cousin and companion, isappointed wali (ruler) of Egypt by ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, the third Righteous Caliph. 750 A.D. Egypt Egypt comes under the control of the Abbasid Caliphate and al-Askar, the second Islamic capital of Egypt, is founded. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the last Umayyad Caliph in the East, is murdered in Abu Seir, Fayyum, west of the Delta. 764 A.D. Egypt A great famine strikes the country due to the low Nile flood, during the rule of Amir Yazid ibn Hakim al-Mahdi, ruler of the Abbasids.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Technical Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report
    Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities European Investment Bank L’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater CAPW Helwan Wastewater Collection & Treatment Project Non-Technical Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report Date of issue: May 2020 Consulting Engineering Office Prof. Dr.Moustafa Ashmawy Helwan Wastewater Collection & Treatment Project NTS ESIA Report Non - Technical Summary 1- Introduction In Egypt, the gap between water and sanitation coverage has grown, with access to drinking water reaching 96.6% based on CENSUS 2006 for Egypt overall (99.5% in Greater Cairo and 92.9% in rural areas) and access to sanitation reaching 50.5% (94.7% in Greater Cairo and 24.3% in rural areas) according to the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). The main objective of the Project is to contribute to the improvement of the country's wastewater treatment services in one of the major treatment plants in Cairo that has already exceeded its design capacity and to improve the sanitation service level in South of Cairo at Helwan area. The Project for the ‘Expansion and Upgrade of the Arab Abo Sa’ed (Helwan) Wastewater Treatment Plant’ in South Cairo will be implemented in line with the objective of the Egyptian Government to improve the sanitation conditions of Southern Cairo, de-pollute the Al Saff Irrigation Canal and improve the water quality in the canal to suit the agriculture purposes. This project has been identified as a top priority by the Government of Egypt (GoE). The Project will promote efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment in South Cairo and expand the reclaimed agriculture lands by upgrading Helwan Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) from secondary treatment of 550,000 m3/day to advanced treatment as well as expanding the total capacity of the plant to 800,000 m3/day (additional capacity of 250,000 m3/day).
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced firom the microfilm master. UMT films the text directly fi’om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be fi’om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fi’om left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Ifowell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC RHETORICAL THEORY. 500 C £.-1400 CE. DISSERTATION Presented m Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Khaiid Alhelwah, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.5.2 Characteristics of Specific Land Use Categories (1) Commercial
    THE STRATEGIC URBAN DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN STUDY FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREATER CAIRO REGION IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT Final Report (Volume 2) 2.5.2 Characteristics of Specific Land Use Categories (1) Commercial area Commercial areas in GCR can be classified into three basic types: (i) the CBD; (ii) the sub-center which includes the mixed use for commercial/business and residential use; and (iii) major shopping malls such the large size commercial facilities in relatively new urban areas. The CBD is located in downtown areas, where there are mixed-use buildings that were established long ago and partly accommodate shops and stores. The major sub-centers in the main agglomeration are Shobra, Abasia, Zamalek, Heliopolis, Nasr city, Maadi in Cairo governorate and Mohandeseen, Dokki, Giza in Giza governorate. The recent trend following the mid-1990’s can been seen in the construction of shopping malls which are commercial complexes comprising a movie theater, restaurants, retail shops, and sufficient parking space or a parking building attached. These suburban shopping malls are mainly located in Nasr city, Heliopolis city, Maadi, Shobra, and Giza. Source: JICA study team Figure 2.5.3 Location of Major Commercial Areas in main agglomeration (2) Industrial area The following map shows location of concentration of industrial areas in Study area. There are seven industrial areas in NUCs, five industrial areas under governorates, and two public free zones in the study area. The number of registered factories is 13,483 with a total area of 76,297 ha. Among those registered factories, 3 % of factories can be categorized as large-scale which have an investment cost of more than LE10 million, or more than 500 employees.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology and Heritage of the Sudanese Red Sea Region: Importance, Findings, and Challenges
    The Archaeology and Heritage of the Sudanese Red Sea Region: Importance, Findings, and Challenges AHMED ADAM Head Department of Archaeology - University of Khartoum Director of the Red Sea Project for Archaeological Research Abstract This paper seeks to shed a high light on the archaeological sites discovered in the area of Suakin, Arkaweet, and Sinkat as a part of the project of the department of Archaeology ß university of Khartoum, so, the archaeological sites discovered in this region belong to different periods such as Pre-Historic, Medieval, Islamic, and others are unknown, which means that the region used to link the Red Sea Cultures with those on the central Sudan and Egypt far north and Eretria in the east. Through this study I am also seeking to evaluate the field work (Archaeological and Ethnographic) conducted in the area of Arkaweet and Sinkat town, and Suakin port, then to put a plan for the managing and protecting the archaeologi- cal sites and ethnographic materials. Therefore I will follow or apply a number of approaches in this study such as description, survey analysis of the sites and its contents as well a comparison will be made between the results of the present study with the results of the previous studies in the field of archeology and ethnography conducted on other sites in the Sudanese Red Sea Region. The historical sources will also be compared with the study findings. Keywords Red Sea, Archaeology, Heritage, Sudan, Survey, Suakin 188 1. INTRODUCTION The Red Sea lies in an ideal geographical location between eastern and west- ern seas in general, and between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Trade Cloth in Egypt: the Newberry Collection
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 1990 Indian Trade Cloth in Egypt: The Newberry Collection Ruth Barnes Ashmolean Museum, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons Barnes, Ruth, "Indian Trade Cloth in Egypt: The Newberry Collection" (1990). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 594. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/594 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. -179- Indian Trade Cloth in Egypt: holdings are vast by comparison: there is a total of 1225 The Newberry Collection block-printed fragments. The size is matched by quality and variation of design; virtually any pattern known in this kind RUTH BARNES of textile is well represented, and there are pieces which are Ashiaolean Museum probably unique.3 However, the collection is not widely known, Oxford and until very recently (May 1990) it could not be used as research material, as the fragments had not been properly The Department of Eastern Art in the Ashmolean Museum, accessioned into the Department's holdings, hence had no Oxford, holds what is undoubtably one of the largest single number or" other means -of identification which made them collections of block-printed textiles produced in India, but available as a reference.
    [Show full text]
  • All Rights Reserved
    ProQuest Number: 10731409 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731409 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (University of London) MALET STREET, LONDON, WC1 E 7HP DEPARTMENT OF THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Telegrams: SOASUL. LONDON W.C.I Telephone: 01-637 2388 19 March 1985 To whom it may concern Miss Salah's thesis, "A critical edition of al-Muthul 1ala Kitab al-Muqarrab fi al-Nahw by Ibn 'Usfur al-Ishbil-i" , has this month been examined and accepted by the University of London for the degree of Ph.D. It is a well executed piece of text editing, and I consider it worthy of publication. H .T. - Norris Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the University of London A CRITICAL EDITION of AL-MUTHUL CALA KITAB AL-MUQARRAB FI AL-NAHW by IBN CUSFUR AL-ISHBILI ^VOIJJMEKT ~ ' 1 v o l C/nUj rcccwed //; /.A /• *.' e^ f EDITED by FATHIEH TAWFIQ SALAH Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies 1985 DEDICATION to My late father Who, since my childhood, used to encourage me in my studies and who always used to support me by giving me a feeling of trust, confidence and strong hope of success.
    [Show full text]