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When the Moon Split a Biography of Prophet When the Moon Split A biography of Prophet Muhammad Compiled by Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri Edited and Translated by Tabassum Siraj - Michael Richardson Badr Azimabadi 1 2 In the Name of Allah The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful And We have sent you (O’ Muhammad) Not but as a mercy for the ‘Alamin (Mankind, jinn and all that exists). (Surat Al ‘Anbya’ 21: 107) 3 CONTENTS Subject Page Contents 4 From the Author 11 Preface 12 The Prophet Muhammad’s Ancestors 14 The Prophets Tribe 14 Lineage 15 Muhammad is born 18 Foster Brothers 19 In the care of Haleemah Sa’diya 20 Haleemah’s house is unexpectedly blessed 20 Haleemah asks to keep Muhammad longer 21 Muhammad’s chest is opened 21 Muhammad’s time with his mother 21 A grandfather’s affection 22 Under his uncle’s care 22 Bahira’s warning 22 The Battle of Fijar 23 Hilf Al-Fudool 24 Choosing a profession 25 Journey to Syria on business for Khadeejah 25 Marriage to Khadeejah 25 Dispute over the Black Stone 26 Muhammad’s character before Prophethood 28 Portents of Prophethood 29 The First Revelation 29 A hiatus 31 The mission begins 33 The first believers 33 Worship and training of the believers 36 Open propagation of Islam 37 A warning from atop Mount Safa 38 The Quraysh warn pilgrims 41 Various strategies against Islam 42 4 Ridicule, contempt and mockery 43 Diversions 44 Propaganda 44 Argument and quibbling 45 Persecution begins 55 Polytheists avoid openly abusing the Prophet 60 Talks between Abu Talib and the Quraysh 60 The Quraysh challenge Abu Talib 61 The Quraysh make Abu Talib a strange proposal 62 Persecution of the Prophet 62 Dar Al-Arqam 68 Migration to Abyssinia 68 Polytheists prostrate along with Muslims 69 Return of the immigrants 70 Second migration to Abyssinia 70 Quraysh attempt to extradite Muslims 71 Polytheists are outraged 73 More persecution of the Prophet 74 Hamzah bin Abdul Mutallib embraces Islam 78 Umar bin Khattab accepts Islam 79 The polytheists react to Umar’s conversion 82 Umar’s conversion strengthens Islam 83 An offer no ordinary man could refuse 84 Bargaining and renunciation 86 Hastening on the punishment 89 Total boycott 90 Boycott ends 91 The Quraysh petition Abu Talib 93 The year of sorrow 94 Khadeejah dies 94 Sorrow after sorrow 95 The Prophet marries Saudah and then ‘Aishah 95 The Prophet journeys to Ta’if 96 The polytheists demand a sign 99 The moon splits in half 102 5 The Night Journey and Ascension 102 Various tribes are invited to Islam 106 Seeds of faith sprout outside Makkah 107 Suwayd bin Samit 107 Ayas bin Mu’adh 107 Abu Dhar Ghifari 108 Tufayl bin Amr Dausi 108 Dhimad Azdi 109 Six pilgrims from Yathrib 109 First pledge of Aqabah 110 Islam speads in Yathrib 111 The second pledge of Aqabah 112 Twelve chiefs 115 The Muslims migrate to Madinah 116 The council of Dar Al-Nadwah 117 Jibreel brings the Prophet happy news 118 The Prophet leaves home 119 Three nights in the cave 120 On the way to Madinah 121 Arrival in Qubaa 124 The Prophet enters Madinah 125 Ali (RA) migrates 126 The Prophet’s family migrates 126 Suhayb migrates 126 Muslims in Makkah 127 Difficulties in Madinah 127 The Prophet’s Mosque 128 The call to prayer 128 Brotherhood between the Muhajireen and the Ansar 129 Islamic community 130 The Quraysh test the Muslim’s resolve 133 Permission to fight 134 Military expeditions (Saraya and Ghazawat) 135 A new Qiblah 137 The Battle of Badr 138 6 Challenge to single combat 141 The Battle of Badr begins 142 Abu Jahl killed 143 Day of Distinction 144 News of Badr reaches Makkah and Madinah 145 Return to Madinah 146 The captives 146 Ruqayya dies and Uthman marries Umm Kulthum 147 Events after Badr 147 Expedition against Banu Qaunuqa 148 Expedition of Saweeq 148 Ka’b bin Ashraf is killed 149 The Sariyya of Qardah 151 The Battle of Uhud 152 Fighting begins 154 The Prophet is rumoured dead 156 Plight of the encircled Muslims 158 In the ravine 159 Dialogue and resolution 161 The Muslims tend to their own 162 Back to Madinah 163 The expedition of Hamra Al-Asad 164 Incidents and expeditions 165 The incident of Raj’i 165 The tragedy at Bir Ma’una 167 Expedition against Banu Nadir 168 An appointment at Badr 171 The Battle of the Trench 172 Digging the trench 172 Across the trench 174 Banu Auraydha’s treachery 177 The coalition splits and the battle ends 178 The Battle of Banu Quraydha 181 Abu Rafi Sallam bin Abul Huqayq is killed 184 The chief of Yamamah is captured 186 7 Expedition of Banu Lihyan 187 Abul Aas accepts Islam 187 The expedition of Banu Al-Mustaliq or Muraysi’ 188 The slander against ‘Aishah, Mother of the believers 190 Departure for Umrah and arrival at Hudaybia 195 Negotiations between the Prophet and the Quraysh 197 Uthman’s mission and the pledge of Ridwan 199 A treaty is concluded 200 The Muslims dejection over the truce 202 The issue of Muhajir women 204 The Muslims in Makkah are freed 205 Effects of the truce 206 The Prophet’s letters to monarchs and potentates 206 Letter to the king of Abyssinia 206 Letter to Muqauqis, king of Alexandria and Egypt 207 Letter to Chosroes (Khusro Pervez), the king of 208 Persia Letter to the Roman Emperor 209 Letter to Harith bin Abu Shammar Ghassani 213 Letter to the Amir of Basra is intercepted 213 Letter to Haudha Bin Ali, chief of Yamamah 213 Letter to the ruler of Bahrain 214 Letter to the rulers of Oman 214 Expedition of Ghaba or Dhu Qarad 216 Conquest of Khaybar 218 The emigrants of Abyssinia return 222 Division of Khaybar 223 The Prophet is poisoned 224 Surrender the people of Fadak 224 Wadi Al-Qura 225 Reconciliation with the people of Taymaa 225 The Prophet marries Safiyah 225 The expedition of Dhat Al_Riqa’ 226 Who will save you now? 226 Umrah is finally performed 227 8 The expedition to Muta 229 The mission to Dhat Al-Salasil 232 The battle for Makkah 232 On the way to Makkah 235 Abu Sufyan appears before the Prophet 236 The Prophet enters Makkah 237 The ka’bah is purified 240 Have no fear this day 241 The Quraysh pledge Allegiance 241 Death for criminals 242 Prayer of victory 243 Bilal calls the Adhan from the Ka’bah 243 The Prophet in Makkah 243 Uzza, Suwa and Manat are destroyed 244 Khalid is sent to Banu Judhayma 244 Battle of Hunayn 245 The polytheists take flight 248 The battle of Ta’if 249 The spoils of war 250 The Ansar’s complaint 251 Banu Hawazen petition the Prophet 252 The Umrah of Je’rana 253 Banu Tameem enter Islam 253 Mission against Banu Tai 254 The Muslims prepare to meet the Romans 256 The expedition to Tabuk 257 Twenty days in Tabuk 259 Ukaydir is captured 259 Return to Madinah 260 Demolition of the Hypocrites’ Mosque 261 The Prophet is welcomed back 261 The case of those who stayed behind 262 The Prophet mourns three deaths 263 Ghazawat 263 Abu Bakr (RA) performs Hajj 264 9 The year of delegations 265 The delegation of Banu Abdul Qays 266 Daman bin Tha’laba interrogates the Prophet 267 The delegations of Adhra and Bala 269 The delegation of Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah 270 The delegation of Tujib 270 The delegation of Banu Fazara 271 The delegation of Najraan 271 The delegation of Ta’if 273 The delegation of Banu Amr bin Sa’sa’a 275 The delegation of Banu Haneefa 276 The kings of Hamir send an envoy 277 The delegation of Hamdaan 278 The delegation of Banu Abdul Madan 278 Banu Mazhaj accept Islam 279 The delegation of Azd Shanwah 280 Dhul Khalasa is destroyed 280 The rise and fall of Aswad Ansi 281 Hajjatul-Wada’: the Farewell pilgrimage 281 Expedition to Palestine 285 Signs of the Prophet’s imminent death 286 The Prophet falls ill 287 Covenant and counselling 288 Abu Bakr (RA) leads prayer 289 All for charity 290 The Prophet’s death draws near 290 The Prophet dies 291 Hadeeth 291 Abu Bakr (RA) unites the mourners 291 Abu Bakr (RA) chosen as Khalifah 293 Funeral rights and burial 294 Mothers of the believers 294 The Prophet’s children 298 The Prophet’s features and character 299 10 From the Author The biography of the Prophet is a very noble and exalted subject. It teaches Muslims about the rise of Islam, and how the Prophet Muhammad was chosen by Allah to receive divine revelation. Muslims also learn of the hardships the Prophet and his Companions faced, and how they eventually succeeded with Allah’s help. Muslims who study the Prophet’s life, learn much more from it than the story of one man’s life. They discover how Allah prepared the Prophet for his mission; how Allah revealed the Qur’an to the Prophet ; how the teachings of Islam fortified the hearts of early Muslims; how a small band of faithful Muslims defeated Arabia’s fiercest warriors; and how the truth of Islam triumphed over falsehood and its many devotees. The Prophet’s biography thus helps Muslims better understand their religion. For this reason, scholars from the time of the Prophet to the present have been very careful about determining the authenticity of sources of the Prophet’s biography. However, not all biographers have made use of the available research.
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