DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF MUSLIM CONVERTS IN AND AROUND MAKKAH DURING 610-622 A. D.
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF jUagter of ^I)ilos(opI)p IN Sunni Theology
BY ISRAR AHMAD KHAN
Under the supervision of Dr. Iqbal Hasan Khan READER
DEPARTMENT OF SUNNI THEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1989 DS1400 A^O(i^-^^c>^\ CONTENTS
S.NO« PAGE NO.
i . INTRODUCTION 3 ii . CHAPTER I MUSLIM POPULATION IN MAKIO\H 10 iii . CHAPTER II MUSLIM POPULATION IN BEDOUINE' TRIBES 46 iv . CHAPTER III MUSLIM POPULATION IN MEDINAH 54
V . CHAPTER IV MUSLIM POPULATION IN CHRISTIAN SOCIETY 66
vi . CONCLUSION 7 2
vii . NOTES AND REFERENCES 76 viii • BIBLIOGRAPHY 87 INTRODUCTION All praise be to Allah, the Almighty, the Lord of the universe, and peace and blessings of Allah be upon * Muhammad the Prophet, the benefactor of the whole humanity. The Prophet Muhammad (S.A.V7.) announced his prophethood after he was chosen by Allah as His last messenger in 610 A.D. in Makkah, From the very moment he was conferred the Prophethood, he devoted his whole energy, time and wealth in convassing the truth to the mankind. As a result of his efforts a number of Arabs and Non-Arabs entered the fold of newly- announced croed, Islam, And , on the other hand the majority of Makkan population stood in defiance to the call of the Prophet, Leaders of Quraish left no means unused in opposing rather eradicating the voice of the true religion propagated by the Prophet, Despite the harsh xeslst^racfi of the Arabs the Islamic circle u did not cease to expand , Noble souls contined to accept the truth. As a matter of fact it was the success of the P rophet 's call on a large scale in Arab that forced the opponents of the Prophet is consider over the ways to corner or mitigate the efforts of the Prophet and they decided to martyre the Prophet, But they failed in their plan. It was by the grace of Allah that the foes could not even touch the Prophet ( S.A.W. ) . After long 13 years the Prophet migrated to Yathrab, ' the Medinah al-Rasool in 622 A.D. Generally it is thought that at the time of Prophet 's migration to Medinah the number of Muslims was very small, and 2slam> was in a very pitiable condition. It is totally wrong. At the time of historic Hejirah of the Prophet ( S.A.W. ) the I slamic movement had emerged as the unavoidable and challenging force in the Arabian peninsula. The adherents of Islam were in several thousand nusnbers. Makkah, Medinah , Yatten^ Abyssinia and the other belts and areas of Arabian peninsula witnessed the emerging force of Islam on their soil. Original sources of the Islamic history such as Ibn T&is.qye",, Ibn Sa'd, Baladhuri, Tabri, Ibn Hisham etc. give ample evidences to the fact that the M'Jisli"}., population at the time of Prophet 's migration wias more than twenty thousand. Though rw historian tes tried to give total and accurate strength of the Muslim at that time^ but the deep study of Seerah al-RasQolillah of Ibn ishaque, Tarikh of Tabari,Al-Tabaqa Al-Kubra of Ibn Sa'd, Al-Istee'ab of Ibn Abdul Barr, Usud al-Ghabah of Ibn Athir, Al-lsabah Fi al- Tarayeez al-3ahabah of Ibn Ha jar and Ansab al-Ashraf of Baladhuri certify the above notion of large number of Muslim population . No effort has been made so far from any quarter e: St or v/est to stdy extensively the total strength of Muslims in 622 A.D. Some orientalists have tried to prepare the list of those who accepted Islam during the Makkan period of the Prophet (3.A.W.) , Leon caetani and Montgomery Watt are prominent among them. They have edited lists of the Muslims of Makkan period but those It^ts are inadegnate. There are so imny defects in the lists Prepared by orientalists , Firstly, they do not give only those iluslims who accepted Islam before Prophet's migration to Medinah but they include the Muslims of Madani period also in the lists. .Secondly, they do not take the Non- Quraishite Muslims into consideration . And thirdly theirlists do not consist the names of Muslim slaves Mawali, Women and cnildren. Because of these short_comings those lists are not proper and acceptable. In the modern world the experts have evolved and deduced the demographic principle of population on the basis of which the approximately total strength of the population of a particular society can be calculated. According to the said demographic principle : the known and available figure of adult male persons is multiplied by 4.5 or 6 or 7. The result will be the total number of population o This principle was invented and used first o£ all by W.H.Moorland in 19 20 in his book " India at the death of Akbar" . Detailed discussions can be seen in " Cambridge Economic History of India", edited by Bipin Roy Chaudhari & Prof. Irfan Habib . Mr.Barakat Ahmad has also applied this rule in his book"Muhammad and the Jews' while calculating the Muslim population in Medinah of the Prophet's era. In respect of Arabs of the 7th century figure 7 will apply because the average Arab had more or less 7 family members including several wives, children, slaves and Hawaii. In the coming pages I have tried to locate the available and known Muslim names in Makkan era of the Prophet (S.A.w.)to know the total strength of Muslim 8 popxolation - thereby . This effort is the first of its kind, I do not claim that I have done complete justice to the topic o I, however have tried my best to study the subject in its real perspective. First of all I express my innumberable gratitude to Allah Subhanahu W Ta 'ala. The completion of this *!ork became possible only by His bounty and grace. And then comes the name of my Si:pervisor, Dr. Iqbal Hasan Khan, Reader department of Sunni Theology. I fail to find proper words to thank him. liis guidance, advices and good wishes to me enabled me to complete my job. May Allah give him suitable reward in this world as well as in the hereafter. It would be sheer ingratitute on the part of me, if I do not thank the Chairman of the department of Sunni Theology, Prof. Mrs. Raufa Iqbal. She always helped me in respect of this uptill task of research. All the teaching and non-teaching staff of the department of Sunni Theology especially Dr. Abdiol Aleem Khan, Reader and Maulana Asadullah, Lecturer deserve a lot of thanks from me. Maialana Asadullah always encouraged me not only by moral support but by fiscal also. I can not return its price to him, Insha Allah he will be rewarded on the day of Akhirah. I also thank the Dean office bearers especially the sectffln Officer, Arif Bhai for their sincere assistance to me. In the end I pray to Allah to give me more strength to take many more topics regarding the Holy life of the Prophet (S.A.W.) in my hands and accomplish them with full justice. Ameen * Aligarh : Date-20.1.1989. ISRAR AHMAD KHAN 10 CHAPTER I Muslim population in Makkah Makkah possessing a preveledge of beincj the birth - place and original city of the last prophtit Muhammad ( S.A.W. ) experienced the long awaited call to the unity of God by the prophet Muhammad at the age of 40 when hs was appointed as the last messenger of Allah, Despite the historical fact that the formidable resistance to the Prophet's call was organized by the same Makkans who once loved and took pride in the existerKie of young Muhammad (S.A.W.) , it were a number of Makkans who responded positively to the forgotten Abrahamic messege. The prophet (S.A.W.) continued to disseminate Islamic Dawah in Makkah for long 13 years . This period of time saw a number of i^ss and downs in the streets of Makkah. The first Muslims :- Who accepted Islam first of all ? Over this question there are differences of opinion among the historians and Seerah writers , Some says that All was the first Muslim, While the others are of the view that 11 Abu Eakr was ahead of all in embracing Islam . And some other put claim with proofs that it was none but Khadijah , the beloved wife of the prophet , who joined her husband the Prophet after being told the first ejcperience of revealation in the cave of Hira by the Prophet, But over the list of first group of Muslims there is consensus of opinion among the Seerah writers. This first grovjp of Muslims consists of four names : 1. Khadijah Bint Khuwailed , the Prophet's wife. 2. Zaid Bin Haritha, the Prophet's Mawla and adopted son. 3. Abu Bakr Bin Abi Qahafa , the Prophet's bossom friend. ,-v>^4^ Ali Bin Abi Talib, The Prophet's consin» who later on in Medineh married The Prophet's daughter, Fatimah , 12 The second group of Muslims :- As a matter of fact there is nd such second group of Muslims in Hakkah in the stricter term, but this classification may be termed valid on the consideration that they were those v;ho accepted Islam after the first Muslims and their Islam v/as the result of the efforts of Aba Bakr, one of the first Muslims o 1. Uthman Bin Affan. 2. Suber Bin Awivam 3. Abd\il Raliman Bin Auf, 4. Sa 'ad Bin Abi ' .v;aqqas . 5. Talha Bin Obaidullah . 5. Abu Obaidah Bin Jarrah . 7» Abu Salmah 8, Ai-Arqara Bin Abi Ai-Arqam <, 9. Usman Bin Mazoon o 10. Qudam:ih Lin Mazdon . 11. 4bd ullah Bin Maz 'oon . 12. Obaidullah Bin Harithc 13. Saeed Bin Zaid Bin^Amr Bin Nufail . 13 14. Fatimah Bint Khattab, wife of above Saeed Bin Zaid. 15. Asma flint Abi Bakr. 2 16c Khabbab Bin Arat « Ibn Hisham has also included Aisbah Bint Abi Bakr in this list. Her name shoxild not figvire) in the group of Muslims who pledged their solidarity with the Prophet on the hands of Abu Bakr becs-use ^Aishah was an innate Muslim as she was born in the family of Abu Bakr three or four years after Abu Bakr entered the fold of Islam. The migrants to Abyssinia : When the persecution and high handedness of the Makkans against the Prophet and his companions crossed the limit and became intolerable for the persecuted Muslims, the Prophet advised them to migrate to Abyssinia, .whogs king^ '^^q\is irS© lenient and hospitable. In the fifth year of prophethood a group of 11 Muslim men and 4 Muslim women migrated to Abyssinia for limited period. 14 1, Uthman Bin Affan. 2o His wife Ruqayyah Bint Muhammad the Prophet (S.A.W.) 3. Abd-al -Rahman Bin Auf 4. Zxiber Bin Awwam 5. Abu Hudhayfah .. 6. His wife Umm Hudhayfah . , To Mus 'ab Bin. Umer. 8o Abu Salmah 9. His wife Umm Salmah. 10. Uthman Bin Maz 'oon . 11. Amir Bin Rabi'ah. 12. His wife. 13. Suhail Bin Baydha. 14. Abu Sabra Bin Amr . 15. Hatib Bin Amr"^. In regard to the number ofl miaratersji^o Abyssinia there is some difference of opinion, Ibn Ha jar Al- Asgalani has given only 14 names 4 including four women , while Ibn Sayyid-al Nas's 5 list consists of 11 men and 5 women . 15 In the next year another group of Muslim men and women migrated to Abyssinia. They numbered 83. 1. Ja 'far Bin Abi Talib. 2. His wife Asma Bint Umays • { Banu Hashim . H 3. Usman Bin Affan . 8 0 4. His wife Rugayyah Bint . { Muhammad the Prophet « 5. Amr Bia Saeed Bin 'As. Banu Umayyah . o. ru.5 wife Fatimah Bint Safwan 5 Bin Umayyah. { J 7. Khalid Bin Saeed Bin 'As . J 8. His wife Umaynah Bint Khalaf { Din AS 'ad . 9. Abdullah Bin Jahash . 10. Obaidullah Bin Jahash . iv- 11. His wife Umm Habibah Bint Abi Suf iyan. Banu Asad Bin Khuzayimah . 12. Q^%s. Bin Abdullah . 13. His wife Barakah Bint Yasar 14. Muayqab Bin Abi Fatimah , 15. Abu Hudhayfah Bin Utbah Bin Rabi'ah } J Banu Abd Shams . 16. Abu Musa Abdullah Bin Qais . \ 16 17. Utbah Bin GJBzwan Bin Jabir \ Banu Naufal . ^ 18. Zuber Bin Awr^am { \ 19. Al-Aswad Bin Naufal g^n Khuv/aylad ! » Banu Asad ^i"^^^^- \ AbdulUEza^S I 20. Yazid Bin Zam'ah \ 21c Amr Bin Umayyah Bin Harith 22<, Tulayb Bin Umer Bin Wahab. I Banu Abd^Bin Qusayy ^ 23. iMus'ab Bin Umer x 24. Suwayba/ Bin Sa'd \ 25. Juhm Bin Qais. \ ^^"'^ -odul Dar \ bin Qusayy1 3 26. liis wife Umm Hirmaiah Bint « Abdul Asv;ad . if \ 27. Amr Bin Juhm . \ \ 23. Xhuzaymah Bin Juhm . ! \ 29. Abu al - Rum Bin Umer Bin ilashim ,\ \ \ 30. Firas Bin Al-IIazr Bin Harith \ 17 31. Abdul Rahman Bin Auf , j I 32. Amir Bin Abi'"Wagq»s . { I 33. Abu Waqqas Malik Bin Uhayb. J Eanu Zuhrah * 34. Al- Mattalib Bin Azher . I 35. His wife Ramlah Bint Abi Auf. J 3 6. Abdullah Bin Masood J j Banu Hudhayl-^^. 37. Utbah Bin Mas'ood J 38. Miqdad Bin Amr Bin Tha'labah.} Banu Bahra '. 39. Harith Bin Khalid . 40. I-Iis wife Raytah Bint Harith . I Banu Teem"'"^ 41. Amx Bin Uthman Bin Amr Bin Ka'b. 42. Abu Salmah Abdullah Bin Abdul Asad I l^^ { 43. His wife Umm Salmah Hand Bint Abi I I Banu Makhzoom , Umayyah, ! i 44o Shammas Bin Uthman Bin Al - tharid I 45. Mu'attab Bin Auf I Ally of Banu I Makhzoom^®. IS 46. Uthraan Bin Haz "oon. 47. Saeb Bin Uthman 48. Qudamah Bin Maz 'oon* 49. Abdullah Bin Maz'oon. 50. Hatib Bin Karith.... 51. His wife Fatimah Bint Al-Mujallal. 20 52. Mxihammad Bin Hatib . Banu J\inh 53. Harith Bin Hatib. 54. HuttaS Bin Harith .' 55. His wife Fukaylah Bint Yasar 56. Sufian Bin Ma'mar . 57. Jabir Bin Sufiyan . 58. Janadah Bin Sufiyan „ 59. Hasanah w/o Sufiyan Bin Ma'mar , 60. Shurahbil Bin Hasanah . 61. Uthman Bin Rabi'ah . 19 62. Khunays Bin Hudhafah. 63. Abdullah Bin Harith . 64. Hisham Bim 'As Bin Wael . 65. "^As Bin Wael. 66. Qais Bin Hudhafah . 67. Abdullah Bin Hudhafah . 68. Harith Bin Harith Bin Qais . Banu Saliam 21 69. Ma'mar Bin Harith Bin Qai's 70. Bishr Bin Harith. 71. Saeed Bin Harith . 7 2. Saeb Bin Harith . 73. Umer Bin Riab Bin Hudhayfah , I » „ 22 74. Saeed Bin Amr { Banu Tameerft , 23 75<, Mahmiyah Bin Al -Jaza i Banu Zubayd . 20 76. Ma 'mar Bin Abdullah Bin Nazlah. i! i I 77. Urwah Bin Abdul Uzza. | I 78. 'Adi Bin Nazlah . I I { 79. Numan Bin 'A di . j J Banu 'Adi^*. 80. Amir Bin Rabi'ah . j i h 81. His wife Lailah Bint Abi Khathmah. j i 82. Abu Sabrah Bin Abi Ruham . J I 83. His wife Umm Kulthum Bint Suhail I Bin Amr . 1I I 84. Abdullah Bin Makhramah . I I I 85. Abdullah Bin Suhail Bin Amr. { I 86. Sulait Bin Amr . 0 Banu Amir 87. Sakran Bin Amr • { } 88. His wife Saudah Bint Zam'ah \ 89. Malik Ban Zam'ah } 900 His wife Amrah Bint Su'da { I 91. Hatib Bin Amr. { 92.Sa'd Bin Khaulah 26 . J 21 93. Abu Obaidah Amir Bin Abdullah Bin 5 Al - Jarrah • 94. Suhail Bin Baydha . 95. Amr Bin Abi Sarh . 96. 'Ayaz Bin ZuMir • 27 Banu Harith 97. Arar Bin HarithrBin Ziibair, 98. Uthman Bin Abd Ghanam Bin Zuhair . 99. Sa'd Bin Abd Qais . lOOoHarith Bin Abd Qais . I In this list of second group of migrants to Abyssinia occur a few names again who are included A"*!" ^^ t-he first groip of migrants because they had returned from Abyssinia to Makkah on hearing the news that the Non-Muslim Makkans having shonned the hostile attitude towards the Prophet Mutfimmad(o.A.W.) and his Da 'wah , had accepted the faith of unity of God , but having the experience of some kind of torture and perseention had joined the second group of migrants ti.o ^vAbyssini. . . a 28 22 Ibn Ishaque has indicated to,a very important fact in connection with migrants to Abyssinia that the available list of the migrants consisted of only adult male and female Muslims and it did not contain the innumerable names of those minors who were also bound to leave their homes with their parents in the path of Allah^^. Orientalists and some modern hj-storians have forthrightly rejected the idea of two groups of migrants to Abyssinia. They are of the view tloat there was only once that more than hundred M Muslims were forced to leave Makkah and take refuge in %HJi \ ^y^s^^^ • •- (if this idea is given green signaT; there occurs no difference over the number of migrants to Abyssinia. It is however non-controversial and established fact that the migrants to Abyssinia out numbered hundred. 23 As was indicated in the introdxjction that there is an accepted demographic rule : The approximate total strength of the populace is always foxir, five, six or seven times of the available figure of the adult male members of the area or society • The variation depends on the climate and region 31 . In the Arabian peniusula the men generally had more than one wives . The Arabs, therefore, had , in average seven children. Keeping the above-mentioned demographic principle in view the total strength of migrants to Abyssinia, male and female adult and ninor may be reckoned as follows :- Number of adult male migrants = 100 Nos.- Average of family members approx= 7 Nos. Total strength = 100 x 7 = 700 Nos. Thus the total migrants in the path of All, the Almighty were approximately 700. It is not mere guess and conjecture but two things si^port this great number. Umar bin Khattab ( Raz) before entering the fold of Islam was very much grieved to look at the deserted streets of Makkah on account of the Muslim migration in large number 24 to Abyssinia . The deserted look could not be effected by the migration 6f merely one hundred belonging to different clans of Makkah. It was possible only by en-mass migration . The streets of Makkah which were day and night filled with the hustle bustle and noises of innocent children and youths posed as uninliabited place. It was this deserted look of the Makkan streets that melted the hardened heart of Umar Bin Khcittab and created a soft corner for Islam and its adherents. The second thing to stpport this idea is the delegation of Non-Muslim Qurashites to Negus of Abyssinia tc demand the repatriation of Muslim migrants to Makkah. Merely 100 Muslims were of no importance in their eyes. Actually the several hundred migrants had compelled the enemies of the Prophet to think the gravity of the event. Thev might have thought that migration of Makkan Muslims in such great numbers could have turned the holy city into a small locality. Muslims among the Mawali and slaves of Makkah : The Arab society was divided into four major sections : Upper class. Free male and female, Mawali and slaves. The call of the Prophet was meant not only 25 for the shuyukh and free masses but for the Hawaii and slaves also. From every section of the society a niimber of men and women listened to the messacje of islam, and at last decided to adhere to its teachings. Islam is the only religion which has an universal appeal and its faiths^ beliefs and instructions are for all. It-^'-therefore impressed the rich as well as the weaks and slaves . At the time of Prophet's propagation in Makkah there were many a slaves whose hearts and minds were illumined by the light of Islamic faith. Their names are preserved in the annals of Islam. 32 1. Bilal Bin , Ribah : His mother was a slave wom^an of Banu Jumh. He accepted ' Islam while he was in service of his non Muslim master , Umayyah Bin Khalaf. 2o Amir Bin Fuhayrah 33 : He was freed by Abu Bakr after he accepted Islam and experienced torture mental and physical at the hands of his master. 34 t_r 3. Yasir Bin 'Amir : His masters v;ere Banu Makhzoom. 4o Sumayyah 35 : She was a slave in Banu Makhzoom and wife of the above Yasir Bin 'Amer. She was the first lady who was martyred in the path of Allah. She was killed meTOllessly by Abu Jahl. 26 3 fi 5. Ammar Bin Yasir : Yasir and sijmayyah were his parents , Like his parents he was also put to intoterable ways of torture. 6. Abdullah Bin Yasir : Younger brother of above Ammar. He embraced Islam with his elder brother. 38 7. Mihja • Bin Swaleh : He was mawla of Umar Bin Khattab, He was yamainte by origin. He was in the first grotjp of migrants to >5edi]:»h. 39 8. Umer Bin Auf : One of the Hawaii of sxihail Bin Amr. 40 9. Sa'd Bin Khaula Bin Sabrah : He was a freed slave of one Hatib Bin Abi Balta 'h, 10. Khabbab Maula Utbah Bin Rabi'ah^-^. 42 11. Salim : H e was Maula of Abu Hudhayfah Ein Utbah Bin Rabiah. 12. Suhaib Bin Sinan : Oriyinally he belonged to Rome . He was a Maula of Abdullah Bin J tad'an of Banu Teem Bin Murrah. 44 13. Abu Kabshah ^^: The Prophet's Maula. 14. Anasah Abu Masrooh. : 0 ne of the Prophet's Mawali. 15. Abu Abdullah Tteuban^^: Freed slave of the Prophet (S.A.W.). 27 47 16. ShuqranSaleh I He was a slave of Abdul Rahman Bin AU Auf and was later on presented to the Prophet. There 1^ was manumitted • 17. Umm Ubays . 49 18. Zinnirah . 50 19. Nahdiyyah^ . 20. Bint Nahdiyyah^-'-, 52 21. Lubniyyah : a slave-girl in the family of Umar Bin Khattab. 53 22. Umm Ayman : The Prophat's Maulat and wife of Zaid Bin Harithah. 54 23. Usamah Bin Zaid • He was the son of Zaid and Umm Ayman. Non - Migrant Muslim Strength in I'^akkah :- Despite the migration of a large number of Muslims to Abyssinia considerable number of believers stayed in Makkah to face the situation whatsoever it might be . And moreover the persecution and torture of believers at the hands of Non- believers did not deter the new entrants into the newly established camp of Islam, but rathar 28 it increased the arrival of noble souls xmder the shade of Allah and this last Erophet (S.A,W.) . This trength was so great that the non-believing Quraishites had to clelk out a ' plan to assassin the Prophet (S.A.w.) and thus eradicate the e:>d3tence of fountain which was irrigating the garden of Islam on the soil of Makkah. To know the real strength of Muslims in Makkah after the event of migration to Abyssinia till that to Medina in 622 A.D. it is proper to find out the Muslim papulation clan -wise, Banu Hashim r- Banu Hashim was having an upperhand among all the other Quraishite clans'-and families. Abu Talib , the Mutawalii of Ka 'bah and uncle and patron of the Prophet ( S.A.W.) was the head of this clan. Authentic traditions manifest that Abu Talib, despite the much concerted efforts of the Prophet, did not yeild to the faith of Tawhid. But two of his sons and his wife made no delay in accepting the trutho 29 After deep scrutin.y of the seerah literature 25 names of Muslim members of Banu Hashim come into . light, 2 out of them, Ja 'far Bin Abi Talib and his wife Asma Bint Umays, migrated to Abyssinia, Those remaining 26 were : 55 lo Khadijah wife of the Prophet (S.A.VJ.), 2. Umm -KxiLthiBnBint Muhammad the. Prophet^^. 57 3. Fatima Bint Muhammad the Prophet . 4o Harith Bin Abi Halah : He was a son of Khadijah by the ex-husband, Abu Halah Tamimi. since he was a minor, his responsibility was on the shoulder of 58 Khadijah and the Prophet 5. Tahir Bin Abi Halah : He was younger brother of above Harith and attached to the family of the Prophet^^. 6., Maysarah : a slave of Khadijah • 7. Abu Rafey : a Mawla of the Prophet^'''. 8. Swaleh Shuqran : a Mawla of the Prophet . 9. Abu Kabshah : a Mawla of the Prophet , lO.Anasah : a Mawla of the Prophet^'^, 11» Ruwaifa': a Mawla of the Prophet^^. 30 12. Zaid Bin Haritha : Mawla of the Prophet^^. 13. His wife Umm Ayman . go 14. His son Usamah Bin Zaid 15. One son of Khadijah by her first husband, Ateeq Mukhzoomi. He was also attached to the Prophet 's familc -1y 69 16. One da lighter of Khadijah by her first husband . She also lived with her mother and the Prophet, 70 her foster -father . 17. Ali Bin Abi Talib"^""-. 18. Patimah Bint ^sad : wife of Abu Talib. She is reported to have accepted Islam after the death 72 of her husband 19. Hamzah Bin Abdul Muttalib: One of the uncles of 1:he Prophet''-^. 20. Abu Murthad and his sons . 21. Murthad*^^. 22o Anas . 23. Unays'^'^. 31 The above four names of Abu Murthad and his three sons were not the real members of Banu Ifeshim, but they were under the direct patronage of Haimzah Bin Abdul Muttalib. According to the Arab tradition and custom the Hulafa ( allies ) were counted as the family members of the family concerned. Two daughters of the Prophet have not been included in this list because they were married to other .ei.ans. One of the two, Rugayyah had accompa nied her husband, Uthman Bin Affan to Abyssinia. As a matter of surprise there is no mention of the Islam of the wife and children of Hamzah Bin Abdul Muttalib in the history, though he was a staujich belie ver and head of his family. His Hulfa, Abu Murthad and his sons accepted Islam but why not his own family members ? I think that his wife and children must lave embraced Islam. If it was so the number of Muslims in Banu Hashim must have been more than the available figure. 32 Banu Muttalib :- Among the Quraishite clans and familieis Banu MMuttalib occupied the position next to Banu Irfashim. Akhabar and Seyar show a very astonishing picture of the Banu Muttalib. This family earned good name in favouring the new creed propagated by the Prophet. There were nearly hundred Muttalibis who had accepted I slam. This figure has been calculated on the basis of demographic principle. Not less than 26 names of Muttalibi Muslims are preserved in the pages of history. Those are :- 1. Obaidah Bin Karith"^®. 2. Tafail Bin Harith*^^. 3. Haseen Bin Harith^. Bin Harith^^, Books of history mention one more son of Harith Bin Muttalib but they do not give the name o 5. Muawiyah Bin, Obaidah 82 . 83 6o A an Bin Obaidaii . 7. Munqidh Bin Obaidah®^. 33 8. Harith Bin Obaldali ^. 86 9» Muhammad Bin Obaidah . 87 10. Ibrahim Bia Obaidah , 88 11. Raytah Bint Obaidah . 89 12. Khadijah Bint Obaidah . 90 13. Saheelah Bint Obaidah . 14. Safia Bint Obaidah^"*". 15. Mistah Bin Uthathah^^. 16. Umm Mistah^•^. 17. Ibad Bin Mistah^'^. 95 18. Qais Bin Makhramah . 19. Salt Bin Makhramah . 20. Juhem Bin Salt^"^, 21.Hakim Bin Salt^^. 99 22. Amr Bin Salt . 23. Kuhaym Bin Salt-''^^. 24. Hakim Bin Juhem''-^-'-. 25. Amr Bin Juhem''-^^. 26. Makhramah Bin Qasim Bin Makhramah^^^, 34 These are Muttalibi Muslims whose names have come to light but there must have been many other names which failed to attract the attention of Ashab-al-Seyar ( Historians), Reason says that the other three brothers and six sons of Ohaidah Bin Hdrith, might have had their own progeny and like wise the Makhramah family should have consistejd of many more members than the strength shown by the historianso Banu Asad Bin Khuzaymah :- According to one statment of Ibn Ishaque there were at least 40 adult Muslim persons in Banu Asad Bin Khuzaymah, and tliis strength was e3 1. Muhammad Bin Abdullah Bin Jahash. 2. Ukasha Bin Mahsi.n. 3. Shuja • Bin Wahab. 4. Uqba Bin Wahab. 5. Arbad Bin Humayrah . 6o Munqidh Bin Nabatah, 7. Saeed Bin Rogaish. 8. Yazid Bin Ruqaish . 9. Abdul Rahman Bin Ruqaish , 10. Mihraz Bin Nazlah . 11. Qais Bin Jabir , l2o Amr Bin Muhsin . 13o Malik Bin Amr. 14o Safv/an Bin Amr. 15o Thaqaf Bin Amr. 16. Rabi'ah Bin Aktham » 17. Zuber Bin Ubaid , 18. Tamam Bin Obaidah . 19. Sakhrah Bin Obaidah. 36 20. Abu Sinan Bin Muhsin . 21. Sinan Bin Abi Sinan . 22. Zainab Bint Jahash . 23. Umm Habib Bint Jahash . 24. Hamnah Eint Jahash . 25. Judhamah Bint Jandal . 26. Umm Qais Bint Mxihsin . 27. Umm Habib Bint Thumamah . 28. Aminah Bint Ruqaish . 29. Sakhrah Bint Tamim , 30. Umaymah Bint Abdul Muttalib : She was the motaer of Abdullah Bin Jahash etc, Ibn Ishaque has not inclu ded her name in his list. It is surprising. Umaymah 108 had embraced Islam in its very early ptese « As the above list depicts^ there are 21 men. This strength of adult male members indicates that the total figure might have been nearly 150o 37 Banu Makhzoom :- The formidable appon«sit of the Prophet, Abu Jahl Amr Bin Hisham belonged to Bann Makhzoom. Eecause of his hostile attitude towards the Islamic movement in Makkah most of the Makhzoorals seemed not to have dared to go against the leader of the family in accepting Islam, the only true religion, yet many a truth-loving persons defied their leader and entered the camp of Islam, Those ferave Muslims were :- 1. Ayyash Bin Abi Rabi'artT . 2. Salmah Bin Hisham . 3. Arqam Bin Arqam , 112 4. Hibar Bin Syfiyan 5. Abdullah Hashim Bin Sufiyan"'""^"^. 6. Hisham Bin Abi Hu2ai£ah-'--^^, 7. Umar Bin Sufiyan''"''"^. 8. Obaidullah Bin Sufiyan''"-'-^. Abu Salma Bin Abdul Asad and his wife Umm Salmah had migrated to Abyssinia on account of intolerable per il 7 secution at the hands of Abu Jahl . 38 Yasir, his wife Simayyah and two sons, Ammar Bin Yasir and Abdullah Bin Yasir were attached to this 118 family or clan • Their names have already been included in the grovp of Hawaii Muslims of Makkah. Banu'Adi :- Banu 'Adi was known as the family of Hunafa even before the voice of Islam echoedo One of the prominent Hunafa in Makkah, Zaid Bin Amr Bin Niifayl was a member of this clan. There may be a speculation ^that the whole family of Banu 'Adi barring one or two manbers, might have accepted the truth in the search of which it had struggled much before the advent of Islam. Available names who accepted Islam are given here below :- 1. Saeed Bin Zaid''"'''^. 1 2n 2. His wife Fatimah Bint Khattab » She was sister of Umar Bin Khattab. 121 3. Atikah Bint Zaid » sister of Saeed Bin Zaid. 4.. Niaym Bin Abdullah"^'^. 5. Ibrahim Bin Nuaym 123 . 39 6o Zainab Bint Handhlah^ , wife of the above Ibrahim Bin Nuaym. 7. Amah Bint Nuaym"'- ^. 8<, Jarba Bint Masaraah , sister of Nuaym Bin Abdullah. 127 9. Sulaiman Bin Abi Khaitt^mah . 1 2s 10.His mother Shafa Bint Abdullah Ein Abd Shams . 11,Ma'mar Bin Abdullah"^^^. 12.. 'Adi Bin Nazlah^"^^. 13. -Nil'man Bin 'Adi''-"^-'-, 14. Urwah Bin Abi Uthathah-"--^^, 133 15. Mas'ood Bin Suwayd . 16. Abdullah Bin Suraqah"*-^^. 17. Amr Bin Suraqah'''^^. 18. Kharijah Bin Hudhafah"^^^. 19. Armb Bint 'Afif^^"^. 20. Umar Bin Khattah^"^^. 21. Abdullah Bin Umar"*--^^. 22. Hafsah Bint Umar^^^^, 40 141 23. Zainab Bint Maz'oon,wi£e of Umar 142 24. Abdurrahman Bin Umar 25. Zaid Bin Umar''-'^^. 1 4.4 26. 'Asim Bin Umar . 27.0baidullah Bin Umar"'''^^. 146 28. 'Aqil Bin Abi Etakayr °o 29. Khalid Bin Abi Bukayr''"^'^. 1 43 30. Ayas Bin Abi ..Bukayr . 31. 'Amir Bin Abi Bukayr''-'*^. These four sons of Abi Bukayr were actually allies of Banu 'Adi. They are reported to have accepted Islam in the very begining in Makkah. Historians are silent about the Islam of the other members of the Banu Bukayr family. At the time of migration to Medina they were 1 *^0 32,30,28 and 26 years old . Naturally they should l:^ve had their wives-, children and slaves. It is reported tl^t after their migration to Medinah their houses were locked because there was none to live in them as the whole family had left Makkah. In the light of this fact the total strength of Banu Eukayr Muslims was more than 25. 41 3 2o Wagid Bin Abdullah Tameemi ^^. 152 33. Khaula Bin Abi Khaula , 34o Malik Bin Abi Khaula^^^. 35. Amir Bin Rabi'ah"^^^. 155 3 6. Layla Bint Abi Hathmah , wife of the above 'Amir Bin Rabi 'ah. 37o HilaL Bin Abi Khaulah . 157 38. Abdullah Bin Abi Khaulah^^'. These seven Muslims were also allies of Banu •Adi"8. Banu Teem :- Scrutiny of original sources indicate tliat at least 30 persons of Banu Teem accepted Islam, soxorces also claim that most of the members of Banu Teem such as Abu Bakr came forward with full support to the Prophet and his message at the very moiHijnt the voice of truth entered their ears. 1. Abu aakr Bin Abi Qahafah''-^^, 2. Asma Bint Abi Bakr 3, Aisteh Bint Abi Bakr"'-^-'-, 42 162 4. Talha Bin Obaidullah Teemi » 5o Umm Kulthum Bint Abi Qahafah^^\ wife of Talha Bin Obaidullah. She was a sister of Abu Bakr' 164 , 6. Mother of Talha Bin Obaidullah^^^. 7. Harith Bin Khalid-"-^^. 8. Raytah Bint Harith''' , wife of above Harith. 168 9. Amr Bin : Usman . 10. Musa Bin Harith"""^^. 170 110 Aishah Bint Harith . 12. Zainab Bint Harith"'-'^-'-. 13. Fatimah Bint Harith-"-"^^. Banu Zahrah :- 1. Sa 'd Bin Abi Waqqas"'-'^"^, 2, Amir Bin Abi Waqqas . 17c 3« Umayr Bin Abi Waqqas . 4. Utbah Bin Abi Waqqas"*-"^^. 5. Abdul Rahman Bin Auf''''^'^. 6. His wife Umjn Kulthum Bint Utbah Bin Rabiah- 178 43 179 7. His another wife Bint Shaybah Bin Rabi *ah 8. Hulaminad Bin Abdul Rahman o 181 9. Uinm al-Qasim Bint Abdul Rahman . 10. A|ikah Bint Auf^"^182 , 11. Masood Bin Makhfemah 183 , son of above Atilcah Bint Auf. 12. Muttalib.. Bin Azhar"'-®^. 13. l^ulayb Bin Azhar^®^. 14. Abdul Rahman Bin Azhar . 15. Ratmlah Bint Abi Auf, wife of Muttalib Bin Azhar^^"^. 16. Abdullah Bin Shahab. He is reported to have died before the historic event of migration to Abyssinia"^ 17. Abdullah al -Asgl:».r Bin Shahab. He diei in Makkah 189 before the Hejrat to Medinah , 18. Abdullah Bin MasGodAl-Hadhly-'-^^. 19. Utbah Bin Kasood Al-Hadhly-'"^-''. These two brothers Abdullah and Utbah were the 1 Q2 allies of BanuZahrah families . 44 19 3 20. Shurahbeel Bin Hasanah Kind! 21. His mother''"^^. 195 22. Migdad Bin Amr Bahrani . 19 6 23. Umays Bin Abd Amr Bin Kazlah Dhu-al-Sh>jmalay 24. Mas'ood Bin Al-Rabi ' ^^"^. According to Ibn Sa 'd Abdul Rahman Bin Auf had several wives, 19 sons and 7 daughters 198 . But he does not mention whether they were in Medinian period or Kakki. However speculation^s.-ajc tt^f^some-'of^ilftem belonged to the period before migration to Medinah. Like wise Sa 'd Bin Abi Waqqas had marriejd with several women as a result of which he had 2G sons and 18 daughters 199 , It is however difficult to find out the esmct figure of Makki Muslias out of these 38 children of Sa 'd Bin Abi Waqqas. Total strength of non-migrant Muslims at^ a glfjTCe'- Thus we have seen that the names of a large number of non-migrant Muslims in Makkah are preserved in the books of history. Keeping their available 45 strength in view an approximate total strength may be calculated on the basis of the already-mentioned demographic principle. Available names clans Demographj.c calculation. 23 Banu Piashim. 23 x 7 =161 26 Banu Muttalib, 26 X 7 =182 30 Banu Asad Bin 30 X 7 = 210 Khuzaymah ^ Banu Makhzoom 8x7= 56 38 Banu 'Adi 38 x 7 = 266 13 Banu Teem 13 x 7 = 91 24 Banu ^ahrah 24 x 7 = 168 Total = /h ^^2^ Doubtless ^ the non- migrant Makkan Muslims C\^ out numbered one thousands It can not be in any case less than one thousand* 46 CHAPTER II Muslim popiilation in Bedouine tribes : The Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) did not confine his Dawah work only to his own city, Makkah but extended his Tabligh mission to the other areas also. He missed no opportunity to d'isseminate his Islamic teachings to the inhabitants of other Arabian cities and Bedouine tribes who used to come to Makkah for Hajj and to participate in the fair and trade activi ties , Different Bedouine tribes such as Banu Kalb, Bana Ghassan, Bana Fazarah, Banu 'Amir Bin Sa 'sa 'a , Banu Maharib, Banu Harith Bin Ka 'b , and Banu 'Azrah etc, were the prominent ones who attended the famous fairs organized at Okaz, Dhu-al-Majaz and Majannah 2 in the outskirts of Makkah , Reports of historians give evidence to the fact tlHt the Prophet (S.A.W.) used to go to the above- mentioned fairs and special markets and approached nearly all the camps of Bedoin tribes-as well as the individiHls teiling from outside Makkah to tell them the eternal truth revealed to him from Allah"^. 47 Generally majority of the historians is of the view that the Pprophet 's Dawah could not win over even a single individxjal from among the Eedouine tribes who either came to perform Hajj or attended the fairs and markets of Makkah. This notion do«s carry no weight . There are several evidences of accepting Islam by individuals of those tribes. The news of Islam and its prophet Muhammad(S.A.w) un-ioubtedly reached every nook and corner of Arabian peninsula , though the Prophet himself did nist go to those f/ar and wide areas. The trade and Hajj Caravans played a very important role in this regard . They carried with them the news of the Prophet's teachings and mission and the tussle between the Makkans and the Prophet. These news naturally aroused curiosity in the individuals . Consequently the individuals investigated the whxile episode and then came near the ultimate truth Islam, Now we shall try to have an idea of the Muslim population in the different Bedousne tribes . Banu Ghifar :- This tribe lived near the international trade high way leading to Yaman in between Makkah and Madinah. It 48 is reported that following the efforts of the first Ghifari Muslim, Abu Zarr Ghifari at least half of the population of Banu Ghifar embraced Islam before the Prophet's migration to Medinah and the rest half follo'wed the s\iit after the event of Prophet's migra tion , What was then the strength of Banu Ghifar? It is hard to find out its mention in the annals or histories. But there is one indication to the approximate Ghifari Muslims in Medinah. According to Ibn Ishaque Ghifari contingent in different expeditions led by the Prophet himself (S.A.W.) such as khaibar, Tabuk and Makkah consisted of heavy strength . And on the occassion of victory of Makkah there were 400 Ghifari Muslims in the Muslim army , Naturally it was not the total strength of Banu Ghifar in Medinah . They must have been many more than this figure. If applied demographic principle the total approximate strength of Ghifari Muslims would be 400 X 7 = 2800. As has been seen above tlriat half of Banu Ghifar were Muslims in the Makkan period , it would not be improper to take their strength to be nearly 1400 . 49 Banu A slam :- This tribe lived in the neighbourhood of Banu Ghifar. tike Banu Ghifar telf of the Aslami population embraced Islam in Makkan period and the rest fater the Prophet's migration to Medinah , It was Abu Zarr Ghifari who propagated Islamic faith among Banu Aslam along with his own tribe, Banu Ghifar. Ibn Ishaque says that in the 7 Makkan expedition Banu Aslam were 400 » This figure shows that total popution of Aslam rnight have been nearly 2800* If it was so, half of this fiaure , that is, 1400 must have accepted Islam during Makkan pl^se of the Prophet's mission. Banu Sulaym ;» We find only one name from Banu Sulaym who embraced Islam in the very begining of the Prophet 's Dawah. It is 'Amr Bin Abasah, In Sahih Bukhari, the most authentic book after the Holy Quiran in the world , Q there is a detail of his accepting of Islam . He came to Makkah to learn Islam and after sometime he went back 50 to his clan on the advice of the Prophet. There he ried to convince his feliowmen the truth of Islamic belief. We are given no more detail about the effect his preachings made on his tribe by the historians. Moreover 'Amr Bin 'Abasah left his land and settled 9 permanently in Medinah . Whether his tribesmen respond ed to his call to Islam positively or not is hard to speculates Banu Kalb :- In the description of Banu Kalb also we find only one name^ Dehyah Bin Khalifah Kalbi as Muslim in the Makkan period of the Prophet , Banu Ashja' :- This tribe announced its faith in Islam just before or after the victory of Makkah^ but one Jariyah Bin Humayl declared his allegiance to Islam before the Prophet's migration to Medinah . Banu Sa 'd Bin Bakr :- Zamad Bin tha 'labah , leader of Banu Sa 'd Bin Bakr had been a very close friend and business partner of the 51 Prophet before his prophet hood. Once he came to Makkah to perform Umrah, There he met the Prophet, listened to his teachings and announced his Islam, On the advice of the Prophet (S.A.W.) he went back to his tribe and busied himself in preaching and teaching his tribesmen*1 2 , There is an authentic tradition in Sahih Muslim ttet Zamad Bin tha 'labah performed his Dawah work very extensively 13 . On the basis of this clue it may be speculated that his Dawah must have succeeded in winning over the people of Banu Sa'd Bin Bakr, But nothing can be said about the exact position of Islam in this tribe during Makkan phase of the Prophet 's mission. Banu Da us :- According to Ibn Hisham the leader of Banu Daus Tufail Bin 'Amr embraced Islam in Makkah during the Hajj period. He having gone back to his tribe preached Islam to his people. His father and his wife adopted the faith of Tufail. There is a very clear mention of the hostile attitude of Banu Daus towards the news teachings. Tufail Bin 'Amr contacted the Prophet about 52 his failure in diverting his tribe to the side of Islam. The Prophet prayed to Allah for his success. Tufail went again in his clan and started to call his fellowmen to Islam with more zeal and passiop . History tells us that his efforts yeilded fruits. He migrated to Medinah after the battle of Ahzab accompanying 80 Dausi families 14 , It is^ however, not clear, how many of them embraced Islam before the Prophet 's migration to Medinah . Battle of Ahzab took place in the 5th year of Hejraho Keeping this period and the Prophet's prayer for Tufail 's success in view an speculation may be made that at least 40 families of Banu Daus accepted Islam during 610-622 A.D. This 40 families,on the basis of demographic principle, means nearly 300 persons including women, children, slaves and Mawalis. Thus the following -figure of Bedouine Muslims comes to light :- Banu Ghif ar = 1400 Banu Asiam = 1400 Banu Sulaym = 1 Banu Kalb = 1 Banu Ashja ' = 1 Banu Sa 'd = Not clear Banu Daus = 300 Total =, 2103 53 No historical evidence is available to speculate the Muslim population in Banu Sa 'd Bin Bakr, li: it is any how found out, the total strength of Bedouine Muslim would be more than 3000o 54 CHAPTER III Muslim population in Medinah : - Yathrib, former name of Medinah was the dwelling city of two great Arabcians^ Banu Aus and Kl»2ra| / and the Jewish tribes. There was always tussle and battle between themo Aus and Khajiraj had heard the news of a Prophet being ^waited by the Jews. Jews were very oft^n heard to utter th^it very soon the Prophet of Allah would come and then with his help we would take revenge from the Aus and KhazraJ of all the atrocities incurred on them. Besides this like other tribes Medinians also came to Makkah to perform Hajj. There they heard the echo of the Islamic faith propagated by the Prophet, On finding the news of the Prophet 's arrival in Makkah, they thought of the menace of Jewish tribes .In Wedlnah. It is reported that the whole of Aus and Khazraj barring a fev; accepted Islam even before the advent of the Prophet in Medinah, The prophet reached Medina on the invitation extended by Muslims of Medinah and 55 established there a society and state completely- identified with Islamic rules and laws. The invitation to the Prophet and the establishment of Islamic society in Medinah prove that the whole Medinah had fallen in the lap of Islam, Tte existence of Munafiqun , whose leader was Abdullah Bin Ubayy, itself shows that in Medinah there was no place for a non-believer. Those who did not like the faith of Islam were also compelled to pose themselves as Muslims though not introvertly. The warm welcome accorded to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) by the Medinians indicate that Aus and Khazraj having forgotten their enmity and hatred, agreed over the leadership of the Prophet. It was possible only when the majority of the Medinian population t)a.d shunned their former faith and creed and accepted the new one. The first Muslims in Medinah :- Sources such as Ibn Ishaque , Ibn Sa 'd , Tabri and waqidi claim that the first Muslim of Yathrib was 56 Suwaid Bin Samit: , He met the Prophet in the very begining of its early phase in Makkah and accepted Islam, But he could do nothing for the propagation of Islam as he was killed in the fierce mutual battle of Bu'athbetween Aus and Khazraj . QOB more name , Ayas Bin Muaaz is taken in this context as an early Muslim 2 in Medinah » The first collective conversion to Islam :- In 620 A.D. just two years before the Pixjphet's migration to Medinah a group of Khazrajites entered Makkah for Hajj. The Prophet (3.A,W,) tried tc contact stealthly the Medinian delegation and succeeded. He called them to the true religion. The delegation consisted of 7 persons, embraced Islam at the hands of the Prophet (S.A.W.) , TheiiJ names were :- 1. As'ad Bin Zararah . j { 2. 'Auf Bin Harith . | Banu Najjar^. J 3. 'Afra Bin Obaid . I 57 > 4 4. Raf ey Bin Malik { Banu Zurayque . 5. Qutba Bin 'Amir J Banu Salmah » 6. Uqbah Bin 'Amir { Banu Haram o 7. Jabir Bin Abdullah ( Ubadah Bin Samit ) { Banu Obaid . The name of 'Afra Bin Obaid does not figure in the list presented by Ibn Ishaque. He has given only 8 six names » These seven or six Muslims laid the foundation stone of Islamic movement in Medinah, They pireached the Islamic faith in Medinah with full zeal. Their 9 efforts proved fruitful , The first 3ai'ah al-Aaabah :- The next year in 621 A.D. i.e. two years before the Prophet 's migration to Medinah a delegation of 12 Yathr±>i Muslims came to Hakkah to perform Hajj and met the Prophet (5.A.;'.'.) . In this delegation 9 were Khazrajites and the rest 3 belonged to Aus. They were :• 58 lo As "ad Bin Zararah. 2. 'Avf Bin Harith . 3. Muaaz Bin Harith . 4. Rafey Bin Malik . 5. Zakwan Bin Abd Qais , 6. Ubadah Bin Samit . 7. Yazid Bin Tha'labah . 8. Abbas Bin Ubadah . 9. Ugbah Bin 'Amir. lO.Qutbah Bin 'Amir . 11. Abul - HaithaJia Bin Al-Taihan , 12. Uwaijfn Bin Sa'dah . In this meeting the Prophet administered ^*^'* oath of faith and allegiance to them. They pledged their allegiance and solidarity with the Prophet (S.A.W.) . This figure of 12 Muslims indicate to the fact that till then nearly one hundred Medinians had accepted Islam, This strength has been calculated on the basis of demographic principle. 159 Mus'ab Bin Umayr as teacher in Medinah, On the reofuest of the above delegation of 12 Medinian Miislims Mus 'ab Bin Umayr was sent to Medinah by the Prophet to teach the new Muslim children and youths alike and moreover to preach Islamic faith to the Non-Muslim population. Mus 'ab Bin Umer succeeded in his job and he turned the whole Non- Muslim Yathrib into Islamic Medinah within a very short span of time. Conversion of Aus tribes to Islam :- According to Ibn Sa 'd once two leaders of Banu Abdul Ashhal^ Sa'd Bin Mu'a'az and Usayd Bin Huzayr approached Mus'ab Bin Umayr, the Makki teacher and preacher in Medinah, with hostile intention to either kill him or prevent him from his activities. Mus 'ab Bin Umayr dealt the situation with very care wisdo.Si Instead of killing him both of them accepted the new faith and returned to their tribe only to call their tribesmen to the fold of Islam. The very day total Banu Abdul Ashhal including its women and children chose to walk on the path of true religion . 60 Famous seerah writer Allamah Shibli Numarii says that the Islam o£ Sa 'd and Usayd was enough proof for the truthfulness of Islam in the eyes of all the families of Banu Aus 12 . The second .Bai 'ah al~Aqabah :- In 622 A.D. 75 Muslims from Medinah reached Medinah to perform Hajj and meet their beloved Prophet ( S.A.W. ), They pledged their allegiance with the Prophet cind invited him to Medinah to take thsir leadership in.hisrOWSnfe^nds. Those 75 pious souls were :- 1. Usayd Bin Hud hay r. 13 2o Abul Haitham Bin Al-Tayhan, Banu Abdul Ashtel 3« Salmah Bin Sulamah « 4, Zuliayr Bin Rafey . 5. Abu Burdah Bin Niyar Banu Harithah Bin Harith' 14 6. Nahayr Bin Al-Haitham 7. Sa'd Bin Khaithamah 8« Rif a 'ah Bin Abdul Mundhir. Banu 'Amr Bin Auf"""^. 9. Abdullah Bin Juber . 10. Imraul Qais Bin Tha'labah* 61 11. xMa 'an Bin 'adi , i 15 V Banu 'Amr Bin Auf , 12. Uwaym Bin Sa'adah . { These 12 Muslims belonged to Aus tribe and the rest 63 hailed from Banu Khazraj 13, Taymullah Bin Tha 'alabah. j I 14, Abu Ayub Khalid Bin Zaid. i « 15. Ma'aaz Bin Harith. « 16. Auf Bin Harith. { { Banu Najjar^-^, I 17. Ammarah Bin ilazm } 18. As'ad Bin Zararah I 19, Amir Bin Malik. J J Banu '/imr Bin 20. Suhail Bin Utayk. { Habzul^^ 21. Aus Bin Thabit , . » i Banu 'Amr Bin Malik^^. 22. Abu Talha Zaid Bin Sahal. 0 23. Qais Bin Abi Sa'sa'ah. 0 I Banu Mazin Bin 24. Amr Bin Ghaziyyah , j ^^^ Najjar^^ 62 25. Sa'd Bin Al-Rabi , 26. Kharijah:Bln:Zaid. 27. Abdullah Bin Rawahah. 28. Bashir Bin Sa 'd Bin Tha 'lahah. 29. Abu al- Numan Bin Bashir. t Bantt Baiharith I 20 30. Abdullah Bin Zaid Bin Tha'lateh. 8* Bin Khazrah^^. I 31. Khallad Bin Suwayd Bin Tha'lahah. j 32. Ugbah Bin Amr Bin Tha'lahah. J 33. Zeyad Bin Labeed. Bin Tha'lal^h. { « Banu Bayadhah 34. Farwah Bin 'Amro d Bin 'Amir 2l . 35. Rafey Bin Malik Bin 'Ajlan. 36. Zakwan Bin Abd Qais. 0 Banu 2yUrayq 22 37.1bad Bin Qais Bin Amir { I 38. Harith Bin Qais . 39. Bara Bin Ma'roor. 40. Bishr Bin Bara. I 23 X Lanu Salmah 41. Sinan Bin Saifi 42o Tufayl Bin Nurten. 63 43. Ma 'qal Bin M-ondhir. 44. Mas 'ood Bin Yazid. I 45. Zahhak Bin Haritha. 0 23 46o Yazid Bin Haram . JBanu Sal-Tiah "'. I 47. Jabar Bin Sakhar. J I I 48. Tufayl Bin Malik Bin Khansa. { 49. Ka 'ab Bin Malik . V 24 f Eanu Sawad Bin Gtenam, 50. Sulaym Bin Amr. 51. Qutbah Bin Amir, } J 52. Yazid Bin 'Amir. I C Banu Ghanam Bin I 25 53. Adul Yasar Ka'b Bin 'Amir. 1 Sawad I 54c Saifi Bin Sawad ! 55. Tha 'labah Bin Ghanamahc 56.Amr Bin Ghanamah. 57. Abas Bin 'Amir, Banu Naba Bin 'Amr 26 58. Abdullah Bin Unaya. 59. Khalid Bin 'Amr. 64 60. Abdullah Bin 'Amr Bin Haram. { J 61. Jabir Bin Abdullah. ! 0 62. Muaaz Bin Amr Bin Al - Jamuh, I { 63. Thabit Bin Al - Jaz'. } 1» Banu 2Hara7 m Bin 64. Umayr Bin Harith. { Ka'b . 0 I 65. Khadij Bin Salamah. I I 66. Muaaz Bin Jabal. 0 « 67. Ubadah Bin Samit I { 68. Abbas Bin Ubadah Bin Nazlah. I } ' J Banu Auf 69. Abu Abdul Rahman Yazid Bin Tha'labah. » Q. Khazrai 70. Amr Bin Harith. { 71. oalim Bin Ghanam Bin Auf. Y 0 72. Rifa 'ah Bin Amr Bin Yazid. j. Banu Salim Bin y 29 73. Uqbah Bin V/aiteb. J Ghunam 74. Sa 'ad Bin Ubadah. 75o Mundhdr Bin Amr Khunays { Banu Sa'adah Bin i Ka •b''". 65 Ibn Hisham has ^iven two more names. They were women from Banu Majin Bin Al-Najjar, Maseebah Umm 'Ammarah Bint Ka'b / and from Banu Salmah ,Umm 31 Maneea Asma Bint 'Amr Bin 'Adi . The tribal breaK of above 75 Medinian Muslims shows that more or less the total population of Medinah had accepted Islam. Only one family^ Banu Manat of Aus tribe stayed away till the battle of Ahzab. The reason of negative , attitude of this frimily v/as that its leader Abu Qais Saifi did not embrace I slam . After 3attle of Ahzab he accepted Islam, the whole family surrendered to the will of Allah"^^. Now what was t^e Muslim. popMation in Medinah when the Prophet steped in ? Sources claim that on the occassion of victory of M^kkah the Muslim army consisrea ot 10.000 warriors. Out of them the Medinian contingent consisted of 3000 - 4000 persons. TJrr'€hi's"15asis'Tt~may be speculated that at the time of Prophet's migration to Medina-h~the Muslim ~" popuianorTin^Medinah w^sCrearly 20,000, 66 CHAPTER IV Muslim population in Christian society :- Though the differences are very great and of serious nature between Islam and Christianity , but many things are common in them. Sources claim that in the era of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) Christians t?^- awaited very impatiently the advent "^ of the last Prophet somewhere in the Arabian peninsula. They , unlike jews, were more prone and inclined to the I slamic beliefs and teachi;ngs. Books of Ahadith and history give evidence to this effect. Islam of Abyssinian King :- The Muslim migration in large number from Makkah to Abyssinia caused great concern in the circle of enemies of Islam, The leaders of Quraish did not like the new creed, which had ript the Makkan families apart, to survive and flourish in any other land. To them the success of Islam outside Makkah did not lessen the possibilities of Islam getting triumph over the whole Arab including Makkah. Thus this situation posed more danger to the very existence of Jahiliyyah Society in Makkah. In order to nip in the bud the Quraish sent a delegation to Negus, the king of Abyssinia to request his excellency to .rei^atriate the absconded Muslims to Makkah. On the request of the Makkan delegation Negus asked for a meeting with the Muslim refugees. Sources say that following the conversation and talks with the Muslim leader the King not only refused to oblige to the demands of Makkans but also returned their gifts and presents and granted the Muslims full freedom to live in Abyssinia, practice their faith and propagate it to the Abyssinians. Sources also claim thcit Negus was impressed very much by the speech of Ja 'far Bin Abi Talib, leader of Muslim migrants in the court of the king, and the verses of the Holy Quran . 68 j^This ^liking >knd_fjill^freedom to Muslims to practice ancKpsfSpagate their faith indicate to the fact that the king had found the truth and accepted o in his innerself the prophettusod of the Prophet Muhammad, Although there is no clear indication that' ne declared pu£iTi"ciy""nis belief in the unity of God, in the messengership of the last Prophet and in the day of resiirrectionJaeeaiuse of the known reasons^ his soul and mind accepted Islam. This notion is not merel conjecture but the later evidences prove that he was really a staunch believer. The very evident proof of his Islam is that (Ms funeral prayer* in absence was led by the Prophet (S.A.W.) in Medinah on hearing the 2 news of his death . If he was not a Muslim, why did the Prophet (S.A.W.) lead the Salat -al - Ja;nazah for the believers. The Prophet (S.A.W.) knew that Negus wars a Muslim. On one occassion the Prophet uttered the word 'Akhukum • ( Meaning your brother ) for Negus . 69 J Ibn Ha jar Asqalani narratolan incident involving' ithe personality of Negus. He says tnat the Prophet (S.A.W.) sent a letter to Negus. In reply to this letter the King penned down very impressive lines speaking of his deep and sincere Iman and Islam , He had sent his son, Arma Bin Ashamah along with other 60 Abyssinians in the service of the Prophet (S.A.w.), but all of them were drowned in the sea following the sinking of their boat in the water before reaching 4 their destination, Medinah , Most probably they were Muslims . On this basis we can conclude that some more Abyssiaa christians might have accepted Islam. Propagation of ::islam by Makkan Muslims :- Islam is basically proselytising religion. It calls for propagation of its faiths among the non-believing societies. The Muslim refuees had been granted the freedom to practice and propagate Islam in Abyssinia by the Kingo Naturally they took the benefit out of this permission, and tried to dissmani- nate the Islamic teachings among the Abyssinians who were christians by faith. 70 Although the history does not throw any light on the outcome of the efforts of Muslims in Abyssinia, it would be reasonable to speculate their success. They must have convinced the people about the truth fulness of Islam. Some deeper research in this context may bring the new findings supporting the success of Islamic faith in winning over the christians. Conversion of NaIrani Christians to Islam :- According to Ibn Hisham during the Makki ;.- period a delegation of 20 christians from Majran arrived in Makkah and following the consultations and talks with the Prophet (S.A.W.) they accepted Islam o On their acceptence of Islam the Quraishite leaders made a hue and crybut no effect on the new Muslims, They returned to their country fully satisfied and equipped with the new beliefs and teacMngs gained from the Prophet (S.A.W.)^. Three christians in Makkah :- Reports are evident in the books of history 71 that there were three Christians,Addas, Yasar and Jabr by name who were alleged to have dicta tec! the Injeelic teachings to the Prophet. The Kuffar of Makkah made propaganda that the Quranic verses were actually the dictations taken-from the above three Ahl-al-Kitah , They emphatically refuted this allegation not only by verbal statement but by their actual conversion to Islam with complete sincerety . The above considerations speak of a very strange phenomena in Abyssinia, We are bound to think over the success of Islam in the regime of Negus from a positive point of view . 7 2 Conclusion In the previous pages an analytical study of the Muslim strength in the Makkan period o£ the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) has been made on the basis of available sources. At least 700 Muslims including women, children^ slaves and Mawalis from the different Quraishite families migrated to Abyssinia, And those who stayed behind them and lived with the Prophet till the Prophet's migration to Medina in 622 A.D. numbered more or less 1064. Thus the total strength of Makkan, Muslims was 1774 at the time of the Prophet's Hejirah to Medinah. Sources give evidences to the fact ttat in Abyssinia a number of infants were born to tlie Makkan Muslim espouses. A few names of those Muslim kids are available in the sources. They are :- 1. Abdullah Bin Jafar Bin Abi Talib. 2. Saeed Bin Khalid Bin Saeed Bin 'As. 3. Amatun Bint Khalid. 73 4. Abdullah Bin Al-Muttalib Bin Azhar. 5. Musa Bin Harith, 6. Aishah Bint Harith . 7. Zainab Bint Harith « 8o Fatimah Bint Harith „ 9. Zainab Bint Abi Salmah . 10o Muhammad Bin Abi Hudhayfah. We do not have any clear evidence to prove that how many of the Muslim infants opened their eyes in this mundane world before the Prophet 's migration to Medinaho Since our area of study is limited to the Makkan period we can nbt go beyond this limit. Anyway it is established now tlnat the Makkan Muslim population toucned the figure 2,0'00o As for the Muslim population in Arab Bedouine tribes living outside Makkah,it is based on the demographic principle because among them the names and numbers of Muslim are not clearly mentioned in the sources and books of history. On the basis of demogra phic principle we calculated their total strength as 74 many as 2103. The Muslim population in Medinah at the time of the migration of the Prophet (S.A.w.) to -Medinah was reckoned as many as 20,000. After scrutinjf we reached to the conclusion that at least 85 persons from the christian societies entered the fold of Islam, If applied the demographic principle it may increase to the point of 595. From the following table the total Muslim strength at the time of the Prophet's Hejrah to Medinah can be had at a glance : Area Total strength of Muslims Makkah 1834 Medinah 20000 Sedouine tribes 21153 Christian Societies 595 Grand iOT:dl=24532 75 Thus we may conclude that the total Muslim strength in 622 A.D. was around 25,000. It is not the last word in this regard. More researches and studies may increase or decrease this number. 76 A X u \MJJ(^*^ Notes and References CHAPTER I 1. Ibn Ishaque , Seerah R/SOO1 al-Allah. English Translation by Alfred ©^ London, 1955, pp- 111-15; Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al~Muluk, Cairo 1961, Volu II pp-309-10 ; Baladhuri, Ansab al-Ashraf, Coiro 1959, Vol I, pp-ll2-13 and Ibn Hisham,Al-Seerah, al-Nabawiyyah, Darul Fikr, Cairo 193 8, Vol I pp-224- 2. Ibn Hisham, Al-Seerah al-Nabawiyyah, Cairo 19 55 , Vol I pp 25 2-5-*. 3. Ibn Ishaque , OP. Cit , Vol. II, p. 146, 4. Ibn Ha jar, Path al-Bari, Vol. VII, p.143. 5. Ibn Sayyid al-Nas, (Ligon| al-Athar, Cairo 1356 A.H., Vol. 115. 6o Ibn Hisham, OP. Cit, p. 323. 7. Ibid p. 323. 8. Ibid p. 324. 9. Ibid p. 324. lOoIbid p. 324. 11.Ibid p. 324. 12.Ibid p. 324. 77 13. Ibid p. 325, 14. Ibid p. 325. 15. Ibid p. 325. 16. Ibid p. 326. According to Ibn Ishaque his name was Miqdad Bin Al-Aswad Bin Abd Yaghuth. Ibn Hisham comment ing over this view says that Al- Aswad was not real father of Miqdad. Most probably he might have adopted him as son. 17. Ibid p. 326. 18. Ibid p. 326. 19. Ibid p. 327. 20. Ibid p. 323, 21c Ibid p. 328. -\^ 22. Ibid p. 328 . 23. Ibid p. 3 28 24. Ibid p. 328. 25. Ibid p. 329. 26.Ibid p. 3 29. He originally belonged to Yaman. He had settled in Makkah as an ally of Banu 'Amir, 78 27. Ibid pp. 3 29-30. 28. Maududi , Syed Abul A'la, Tafheem al-Q^ Islamic publications ltd. Lahore, 19 85/ Vol.V,pp. 138-89. 29. Ibn Ishaque OP. Cit., Vol. II pp. 147-48. 30i. Watt- , Montgomery w., Muhammad at.Makkah. Oxford 1953, pp 1110-11. 31. This principle was first devised and used by W.H. Moorland in his work, India at the death of Akbar, London 19 20, pp. 9-22. and see for detail : Bipin Roy ch. & Irfan Habib (ed.) , Cambridge Economic History of ndia, orient longnen, Delhi 1984, Vol, I pp. 163-71. 32. Ibn 3a 'd , Al - Tahagat al-Kubra^ Beirut 1956-7, Vol. Ill, p. 232. 33. Ibid Vol III p. 230. 34. Ibid Vol.Ill p. 246. 35. Ibid Vol.Ill p. 246. 36. Ibid Vol.Ill p. 246. 37. Ibid Vol.Ill p. 246, 79 38. Ibid Vol. Ill p. 391. 39. Ibid Vol. Ill p. 407, 40. Ibid Vol. Ill p. 115. 41. Ibid Vol III P. 100* 42. Ibid Vol. Ill p. 88. 43. Ibn Hisham^ OP.Cit., p. 261, 44. Ibn Athir^ Al-Kamil Fi al-Tarikh, Beirut 1965^ Vol. II, p. 312. 45. Ibid Vol. II p. 312. 46. Ibid Vol. II p. 311. 47. Ibid Vol. II p. 311. 48-51 Ibn Hisham, OP. Cit. pp. 318-19. 52 Ibn Sa'dJ, —OP . Cit. ^^Vol.Il l , pp.388-89. 53. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit. Vol.37111 , p. 223j and Baladhuri, J> ) OP. Cit. Vol. I , p. 269c 54. Ibn Sa'd , OP Cit.^Vol. Ill p. 61 and 72; Baladhuri, OP. Cit. Vole I , pp. 269, 473-76. 55.-58 . Ibn Ishaque, Seerah Rasool -al-Allah, Urdu 80 translation by Noor Ilahi, Nuqoosh Rasool especial No. 11 , January ,1985, p. 262, 59. Ibn Athir, Usudal-Ghabah, Tehran 1377 h.H., Vol. Ill, P.50. 60o Baladhuri , OP.Cit. Vol. I p. 467. '^• 61. Ibid, Vol. I pp. 477-78. 62o Ibid, Vol. I pp. 478-79- 63c Ibid, Vol. I p. 478. 64. Ibid, Vol. I p. 478. 65. Ibid, Vol, I p.. 482. 66. Ibn Hisham, OP.Cit,Vol.I p. 265. 67. Ibn 3a 'd , OP.Cit. Vol, VIII p. 223. 68. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit. Vol.Ill p. 61; Ibn Abdul Barr, Kitab-al-Isteeaab Vol. I pp. 29-30, 69. Ibn Ishaque, Urdu Translation OP.Cit. F»262. 70. Ibid P. 262. 71. Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit, vol. Ill pp. 21T22. 72. Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit. Vol. VIII p. 222, 81 73. Ibid Vol, III, pp. 8-9, 74. Ibid , vol. Ill, p. 47, 75. Ibid, Vol. Ill , p. 48, 76. Ibn Athir, OP.Cit., Vol, I p. 129. ; WafS, Montgomery W,, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford 19 53, p.171. 77. Ibn Athir, OP. Cit., Vol.1 p. 129. 78? 94 Ibn Athir, Usud-al-Ghabah, OP.,Cit.Vol. IV, p. 354. 95- 103. Ibn Ifejar, Al-Isabah, OP. Cit. No. 7235 and No. 1256. 104. Iba Ishaque, English tr. OP. Cit. pp. 116,146 and ;. 215. 105, Ibn, Sa "-i , OP.Cit. Vol. Ill pp. 89-90 and Vol. IV--^ pp. 102-4. 106. Ibn Hicham, OP. cit. Vol. I p. 324, 107. Ibn Sa'a-OP, cit.. Vol. Ill pp. S-90. 108, Ibid , 'Vpl. vill pp. 45-46. 109, Ibid , Vol. IV p. 129. 82 110. Ibid , vol.IV pp. 130-31. 111. Ibid vol.Ill P.24, Watt, Montgomery w. OP. Cit., P. 93. 112.-116. Ibn Ha jar, Al-Isabah , No. 3914. 117o Ibn Hisham, OP, Cit., p. 326. 118. Ibn Ishaque, English tr. p. 116. 119. Ibid, p.-116i Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit Vol. Ill PP. 379-85. 120. Ibid p. 116 ; Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit, Vol. Ill pp. 379-85. 121. Ibid P. 116 ; Ibid vol.Ill pp. 379-85. 122.-126. Ibn Ishaque, English tr. p, 116. 127, In Ha jar, Al-Isabah, OP.Cit, No. 3640 ; 619, 128. Ibid No, 3 640 ; 619. 129.-137. Ibid No 5483. 138-145. Ibid No.2891, 146-149. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit, pp. 388-9. 150, Ibn Ishaque, English tr. OP.Cit; p.116. 83 151T158. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit. Vol. Ill pp. 390-91 and vol. "^/III p. 267. 159.-161 Ibn Ishague, English tr. OP.Cit., p. 116. 162-165. Ibid p. 115. 166-172. Ibid p. 147. 173-176 Ibid pp. 115-116. 177-181. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit,Vol. Ill pp. 127-128. 182. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit., Vol. VIII pp. 247-8 . 183. Ibn Ha jar, Al-Isabah, No. 7993. 134-187. Ibn Isliaque , OP Cit,, P. 147. 188- Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit.Vol. IV pp. 125-126. 189. Ibid pp. 125-126. 190-19 2. Ibid vol.Ill pp. 150-51 and vol. IV pp.126-28. 193. Ibid vol,IV pp. 127-28. 194. Ibid vol.IV pp. 127-28. 195. Ibid vol. Ill p. 161. 196. Ibid vol. Ill p. 167. 197. Ibn Ishaque OP.Cit.p. 116. 198- Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit.Vol, III pp. 124-28. 199. Ibid vol. Ill pp. 137 - 138. 84 CHAPTER II 1-3 Ibn Ishaque, OP. Cit. pp. 114-18 and pp. 194-8. 4. Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit. vol. IV , p. 221; Ibn Hisham OP. Cit. vol.Ill p^2l3 ; Ibn Athir, Usad al-Ghabah OP. Cit. vol.IV p. 250. 5. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit vol.iy pp. 244-5. 6. Bukhari, Al-Jami 'al-Sahih, Bah Aslam W.Ghifar ; Ilan ' Ishaque , OP.Cit. p.390: Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit. vol. IV p. 222. 7. Ibn Ishaque, OP.Cit., p. 557; Ibm Athir, Usud-al- Ghabah OP.Cit. vol. I pp. 175-6. 8o Bukhari OP. Cit., Bah Al Rija. 9. Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit. vol.IV pp. 214-19. 10.ibid vol.IV pp. 249-50. 11. Ibid, vol.IV p. 28i . There is a controversy over his name , Some says that his name was Harith Bin Jameel. 12. Ibid , vol. IV p. 241. • 'fi, 13. Muslim , Al- Jami'al-Sahih, Ball* Takhf eef al-Salat W al~Khutbato 14. Ibn Isteque, OP. Ci't, pp. lli-16 , Bukhari Al-Jami' al-Sahih, Bah DauSo 85 CRZ^PTER III 1-2. Ibn Ishaque, OP.Cit. pp. 196-7. 3-7 Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit. vol. I p. 219. 8. Shibli Numami, Seerat al-Nabi, vol. I pp.. 262-63. 9. Ibn 3a'd OP. Cit. vol. Ill pp. 420-21. 10. Baladhuri, OP.Cit. vol.Ill p. 239. 11. Ibn Sa'd OP. Cit. vol.Ill pp. 420-21. 12. Shibli Numani, Seerat al Nabi, vol. I pp. 266-67, 13. Ibn Hisham , OP.Cit. vol, II pp. 454-55. 14. Ibid p. 455. 15. Ibid p. 456. 16. Ibid p. 456-57, 17. Ibid p. 457. 18. Ibid p. 457. 19 o Ibid p. 458, 20. Ibid p. 458-459. 21. Ibid p. 459, 86 22. I bid p. 460o 23. Ibid p. 460-462. 24. Ibid p. 462. 25. Ibid p. 462. 26. Ibid p. 463. 27. Ibid p. 464. 28. Ibid p. 464-465. 29. Ibid p. 465. 30. Ibid p. 466. 31. Ibid p. 466-67. 32. Ibn Ishaque, OP, Cit. p. 230 ; Ibn Sa'd OP.Cit. Vol. Ill p. 118 and pp. 420-21. CHAPTER IV 1. Ibn HishafnOP. Cit. vol. I^pp,334-38. 2-3./Muslim.Al-Jami • al-Sahih vol. II Hadith narrated / •' r • by Anas p. 99, 4. 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