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534717.Pdf (2.549Mb) TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ POLİTİKALARI: MISIR ÖRNEĞİ Doktora Tezi Ertuğrul Cevheri Ankara-2018 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ POLİTİKALARI: MISIR ÖRNEĞİ Doktora Tezi Ertuğrul Cevheri Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Çağrı Erhan Ankara-2018 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI Ertuğrul Cevheri AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ POLİTİKALARI: MISIR ÖRNEĞİ Doktora Tezi Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Çağrı Erhan Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. Tez Sınavı Tarihi: ……………………… TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (……/……/2……..) Tezi hazırlayan öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı …………………………………… İmzası ……………………………………. İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ İ KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... İV GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM: KAVRAMSAL VE KURAMSAL TARTIŞMALAR .............. 23 A. OTORİTER MUKAVEMET PARADİGMASI ............................................................... 25 1. Arap İstisnacılığı/Müslüman İstisnacılığı (Kültürel Faktörler/Dini Faktörler) ................................................................................................................................ 26 2. Materyal Faktörler ............................................................................................ 26 B. DEMOKRATİKLEŞME PARADİGMASI ..................................................................... 27 1. Demokratikleşmenin Yerel Faktörler Üzerinden Açıklaması .......................... 28 a. Modernleşme Teorisi ve Demokratikleşme (Yapı Temelli Açıklama) ..... 28 b. Orta Sınıflar ve Demokratikleşme .............................................................. 31 c. Modernleşme Teorisinin Karşıtları (Aktör Temelli Açıklamalar) .......... 32 2. Demokratikleşmenin Dış Faktörler Üzerinden Açıklaması ............................. 35 a. Demokratikleşme Dalgaları ve ‘Kartopu Etkisi’ ....................................... 35 b. Demokrasi Teşviki ........................................................................................ 37 (1) Liberal Yaklaşım ..................................................................................... 45 (2) Realist Yaklaşım ..................................................................................... 50 (3) Eleştirel Yaklaşım ................................................................................... 56 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM: AB’NİN AKDENİZ POLİTİKALARINDA DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ-İSTİKRAR ARAYIŞI DENGESİ ............................................................. 63 A. AB-GÜNEY AKDENİZ İLİŞKİLERİ ......................................................................... 64 1. Barselona Süreci ................................................................................................ 68 2. Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası ............................................................................. 77 B. AB’NİN AKDENİZ’DEKİ DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ POLİTİKALARI ............................ 81 1. Demokrasi ve Demokrasi Teşvikinin Yasal Dayanakları ................................ 81 2. Demokrasi Teşvikinde Kullanılan Araçlar ....................................................... 85 a. Antlaşmalar ve Ortaklıklar Üzerinden Demokrasi Teşviki ..................... 87 (1) Barselona Süreci’nde MEDA I VE MEDA II Desteklemeleri ............ 87 (2) Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası’nda ENPI/ENI Desteklemeleri ............. 95 b. Sivil Toplum Üzerinden Demokrasi Teşviki ............................................ 111 (1) MDP/DİHAA Üzerinden Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesi ve Demokrasi Teşviki .......................................................................................................... 117 (2) Arap Baharı Sonrası Ortaya Çıkan Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesine Yönelik Araçlar .......................................................................................... 125 i. Demokrasi için Avrupa Bağışı Üzerinden Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesi ve Demokrasi Teşviki .................................................... 126 ii. Sivil Toplum Tesisi Üzerinden Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesi ve Demokrasi Teşviki .................................................................................. 128 c. Yaptırımlar .................................................................................................. 130 C. AKDENİZ’DE DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ-İSTİKRAR DENGESİ: İSTİKRAR UĞRUNA DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİNİN GERİ PLANA ATILMASI .................................................. 132 1. AB’nin Akdeniz’deki Demokrasi Teşviki Faaliyetlerinde Retorik ve Pratik Arasındaki Uçurum ............................................................................................. 132 a. AB’nin Aktörlüğü Üzerine Tartışmalar ve Aktörlüğün Demokrasi Teşviki Üzerindeki Etkisi ............................................................................... 134 b. Çıkarların Retorik ve Uygulama Arasında Farklılık Doğmasına Yol Açması ............................................................................................................. 136 2. Demokrasi Teşvikinin Geri Plana Atılması .................................................... 139 a. MEDA ve ENPI/ENI Projelerinde Demokrasi Teşvikinin Geri Planda Kalması ............................................................................................................ 141 b. DİHAA’da GONGO’ların Desteklenmesi ve İslamcı Aktörlerin Devre Dışı Bırakılması .............................................................................................. 144 c. Negatif Koşulsallığın Devre Dışı Bırakılması ve Pozitif Koşulsallığın Potansiyelinden Faydalanılmaması .............................................................. 146 3. ‘Demokrasi Teşviki’ Politikalarının Bölge Rejimlerini Güçlendirmesi ........ 149 a. AB Tarafından Desteklenen Sınırlı Politik Liberalizmin Otoriter Rejimlerde ‘Baskı Azaltıcı’ Etki Yapması ................................................... 151 b. Demokrasi Teşviki Adı Altında Yürütülen Faaliyetlerin Otoriter Rejimleri Ekonomik Açıdan Daha Güçlü Kılması ...................................... 153 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM: AB’NİN MISIR’LA OLAN İLİŞKİLERİNDE DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ ..................................................................................................................... 156 A. MISIR’IN SİYASİ VE EKONOMİK ÖZELLİKLERİ İLE MISIR-AB İLİŞKİLERİ ....... 157 1. Mısır’ın Siyasi Yapısı ....................................................................................... 158 a. Mübarek Öncesi Dönem ............................................................................ 158 b. Mübarek Dönemi ........................................................................................ 161 c. Arap Baharı ve Sonrası Dönem ................................................................. 163 2. Mısır’ın Ekonomik Yapısı ............................................................................... 166 3. Mısır-AB İlişkileri ............................................................................................ 169 B. AB’NİN MISIR’DAKİ DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ FAALİYETLERİ ............................... 174 1. Antlaşmalar ve Ortaklıklar Üzerinden Mısır’da Demokrasi Teşviki ............. 174 a. MEDA I ve MEDA II Desteklemeleri ....................................................... 174 b. ENPI/ENI Desteklemeleri .......................................................................... 179 2. Sivil Toplum Üzerinden Mısır’da Demokrasi Teşviki .................................... 187 a. MDP/DİHAA Üzerinden Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesi ve Demokrasi Teşviki .............................................................................................................. 197 b. EED Üzerinden Mısır’da Sivil Toplumun Desteklenmesi ve Demokrasi Teşviki .............................................................................................................. 201 3. Yaptırımlar Üzerinden Mısır’da Demokrasi Teşviki ...................................... 203 C. MISIR’DA DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ İSTİKRAR DENGESİ: İSTİKRAR UĞRUNA DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİNİN GERİ PLANA ATILMASI .................................................. 215 1. İstikrarlı Bir İş Birliği Ortağı Olarak Mübarek Rejimi ................................. 215 2. Mısır’da Demokrasi Teşvikinin Geri Plana Atılması ..................................... 218 3. Arap Baharı: Yeni Bir Başlangıç mı, Yoksa Eskinin Aynısı mı? .................. 223 4. AB Politikalarının Mısır’daki otoriter rejimi güçlendirmesi ......................... 226 SONUÇ ........................................................................................................................ 233 KAYNAKÇA ..............................................................................................................
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