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Ap Obrero E Puntes Pa Egipcio De Ara La Reco Esde Sus Onstrucc S Orígene

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Ap Obrero E Puntes Pa Egipcio De Ara La Reco Esde Sus Onstrucc S Orígene Universidad de Chile Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades Departamento de Ciencias Históricas El movimiento obrero egipcio deesde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad: apuntes para la recoonstrucción de su historia Informe de Seminario para optar al graado de Licenciatura en Historia Elisa Morales Giménez Profesor guía: Ricardo Marzuca Butto Santiago de Chile 2013 Agradecimientos Agradezco a todos los profesores que enseñan, difunden e investigan historia universal en Chile, por permitirnos abrir una ventana al mundo que enriquece la vida académica e intelectual local. En particular, agradezco a mi profesor guía, Ricardo Marzuca; al profesor Zvonimir Martinic y al profesor Sebastián Salinas, quienes, con sus cursos y su labor en general, me han dado la oportunidad de acercarme a mi área de interés. ii Introducción................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo I: Herramientas teórico-metodológicas para el análisis de la historia del movimiento obrero ................................................................................................. 8 1. Clase obrera y movimiento obrero .......................................................................... 8 2. El proletariado en los países coloniales y semicoloniales.................................... 12 3. Una historiografía del movimiento obrero ............................................................. 15 Capítulo II: Breve historia del capitalismo egipcio: formación y características de la clase obrera ........................................................................................................ 17 1. El experimento industrialista de Mohammed Alí .................................................. 17 1.1. ¿Una primera clase obrera en Egipto? .......................................................... 19 1.2. El fracaso del proyecto de Alí y sus consecuencias ...................................... 20 2. Integración de Egipto en el mercado mundial ..................................................... 21 2.1. Origen de la clase obrera en Egipto .............................................................. 25 3. La época de las guerras mundiales en Egipto: industrialización y diferenciación social ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Un proletariado industrial ............................................................................... 33 4. Nasser y el “socialismo árabe” ............................................................................. 35 4.1. La clase obrera y la economía estatal ........................................................... 40 5. Apertura económica: la Infitah y las reformas estructurales del FMI .................. 41 5.1. La Infitah ......................................................................................................... 42 5.2. Ajuste estructural ............................................................................................ 45 5.3. El impacto de la liberalización sobre la clase trabajadora ............................. 47 Capítulo III: La etapa fundacional del movimiento obrero (1882-1924) ................ 49 1. Primeras acciones colectivas y organizaciones sindicales .................................. 50 1.1. Los trabajadores del carbón en Port-Said y Alejandría ................................. 50 1.2. Los trabajadores griegos de la industria del tabaco ...................................... 52 1.3. Los trabajadores ferroviarios y de tranvías .................................................... 54 2. El Partido Watani y el movimiento obrero ............................................................. 57 3. El movimiento obrero y la revolución de 1919 ...................................................... 60 4. Extensión de la organización sindical del movimiento obrero .............................. 62 iii 5. La izquierda: el PSE y la Confederación General del Trabajo ............................. 65 Capítulo IV: El movimiento obrero y la lucha por la independencia nacional (1924-1952) ................................................................................................................... 71 1. La disputa de los partidos burgueses por el movimiento obrero.......................... 73 2. Una organización independiente del movimiento obrero ..................................... 79 3. La recomposición de las fuerzas de izquierda ..................................................... 83 3.1. El comunismo en la clandestinidad ................................................................ 83 3.2. El resurgimiento de la izquierda socialista en Egipto .................................... 84 4. La confluencia: la izquierda y el movimiento obrero............................................. 88 4.1. El auge del movimiento obrero y nacional en 1946 ....................................... 91 5. En vísperas del golpe de estado de 1952 ............................................................ 96 Capítulo V: Los trabajadores bajo el régimen de Nasser .................................... 100 1. La represión del movimiento obrero y la izquierda ............................................. 100 1.1. Kafr al-Dawwar o la inauguración de una política ....................................... 101 1.2. La crisis de marzo de 1954 .......................................................................... 104 1.3. La resistencia y la integración de la izquierda ............................................. 106 2. La política de coptación del movimiento obrero ................................................. 108 2.1. El partido único ............................................................................................. 109 2.2. La estatización de los sindicatos.................................................................. 112 2.3. La incorporación de sectores obreros a la administración .......................... 115 3. El fin del “socialismo árabe” ................................................................................ 116 Capítulo VI: La resistencia obrera a la Infitah ....................................................... 119 1. Enfrentando la Infitah .......................................................................................... 119 1.1. Los “motines del pan” de enero de 1977 ..................................................... 121 1.2. La agitación de 1984-1989 ........................................................................... 123 1.3. Resistencia a las privatizaciones ................................................................. 125 2. El rol de los sindicatos oficiales y los intentos de organización independiente . 126 2.1. La Federación General de Sindicatos Egipcios ........................................... 127 2.2. Iniciativas de organización independiente ................................................... 130 iv 2.3. La situación de la izquierda .......................................................................... 132 Capítulo VII: El movimiento obrero y la caída de Mubarak en 2011 ................... 134 1. La Ley Unificada de Trabajo de 2003 y el “gobierno de los negocios” .............. 135 2. Las luchas obreras entre los años 2006 y 2010 ................................................. 138 2.1. La formación de los primeros sindicatos independientes ............................ 142 3. El “Día de la Ira” y la dimisión de Mubarak ......................................................... 144 4. Los trabajadores tras el fin de la era Mubarak ................................................... 147 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................. 149 Reflexiones finales.................................................................................................... 155 Bibliografía................................................................................................................. 158 v Resumen En este trabajo se aborda la historia del movimiento obrero egipcio desde su origen a fines del siglo XIX hasta su participación en las manifestaciones populares que provocaron la caída de Mubarak, el presidente egipcio, en febrero de 2011. Se da cuenta de la formación y evolución objetiva de la clase trabajadora egipcia en el seno del capitalismo dependiente egipcio, así como también de su actividad sindical y política, y sus proyecciones como sujeto significativo en la escena nacional. vi Introducción Nuestro interés por la historia de la clase obrera egipcia nace a partir del reciente estallido social y político en el país que culminó con la caída del gobierno de Mubarak. Una parte importante de los medios periodísticos y académicos se dedicó a atribuir este hecho a una explicación que podríamos calificar de simplista, en la cual se daba cuenta del fenómeno sucedido como un enfrentamiento entre ciudadanía y dictadura en el marco de una lucha por la democracia. Si bien esta explicación aporta en general variables a tener en cuenta, consideramos que es insuficiente y que se inscribe en el “tono” ideológico de la época que tiende a diluir las fuerzas sociales y políticas en nociones políticas abstractas, como la categoría de “ciudadano”, o bien en agrupamientos sociales poco definidos como los “movimientos sociales”. En concreto, la noción de “movimiento obrero” como un sujeto histórico específico se ha desvalorizado durante las últimas décadas en función de estas definiciones que ganan en amplitud
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